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This report summarises the findings of the Terrestrial Risk Indicators (TERI) Project, carried out under the OECD Pesticides Programme. It is based on individual reports prepared by participants of an expert group (Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Norway, and Switzerland) on their results of testing the selected TERI indicators with national pesticide sales and use data.

The COVID 19 pandemic has inflicted a series of shocks on the global economy, not least impacting global trade and investment. During the same time, several countries adopted new foreign direct investment (FDI) related policies. This paper presents novel preliminary evidence on the effects of these new FDI policies and COVID-19-related supply-chain disruptions on cross-border investment. It employs, among others, granular data on FDI policies and investment projects undertaken in a wide range of sectors in 175 host economies worldwide by investors from 46 home countries. It finds that a combination of FDI policies and COVID-19-related measures has a statistically significant and economically meaningful negative effect on the probability of a new cross-border greenfield investment project occurring during the sample period. The effect is the strongest in sectors with high R&D intensity.

The OECD Fisheries Support Estimate (FSE) database collects and classifies information on budgetary transfers to the fisheries sector in 31 countries that together account for 35% of global fisheries landings. In 2015, the most recent year, it inventories policies and programmes totalling USD 7 billion. Most of this support is found to be directed towards general services to the fishing sector, mainly in the form of fisheries management costs, but also for, inter alia, infrastructure, research and stock enhancement. Approximately USD 500 million per year is used for programmes that deliver funds directly in the hands of fishers. The share of this form of support has been decreasing over time. Payments based on the use of variable inputs are found to be the most likely to provoke increased fishing effort, while payments based on fixed capital formation are most likely to encourage increased capacity levels. Payments based on fishers income are less likely to increase effort or capacity and may be more effective at improving the welfare of fishers. Payments to general services for the sector are least likely to increase effort or fishing capacity.

This paper delves into Croatia's journey towards a market-based economy post-independence, accentuating the role of higher education institutions (HEIs) in fostering innovation amidst economic constraints. Despite challenges, HEIs are pivotal in shaping Croatia's knowledge-based economy, fostering collaboration with industry and society. The OECD review underscores improvements in knowledge exchange and innovation but calls for enhanced systemic support. Recommendations advocate for increased public investment in HEIs, reforming governance structures, and mainstreaming entrepreneurship education across faculties. By aligning strategic objectives with funding and bolstering institutional support for innovation, Croatia can leverage its HEIs as catalysts for sustainable growth and societal advancement.

This paper delves into the landscape of entrepreneurship and innovation within Greek higher education, examining the country's resilience amid financial crises and the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on the HEInnovate framework, it analyzes dimensions such as entrepreneurial teaching, digital transformation, knowledge exchange, and internationalization. Despite challenges, momentum is growing, particularly in entrepreneurship education and collaboration with Smart Specialization Strategies. Recommendations for policymakers and institutions include incentivizing academic entrepreneurship, enhancing digital capabilities, fostering knowledge exchange, and promoting internationalization. The report underscores the need for flexible policies tailored to regional ecosystems, aiming to bolster Greece's position in the global innovation landscape.

Embark on Lithuania's journey towards fostering innovation and entrepreneurship within its higher education institutions (HEIs) and research institutions (RIs). As a Moderate Innovator, Lithuania is witnessing a surge in engagement with the innovation agenda, driven by personal commitment from students, staff, and academics. The report underscores the pivotal role of entrepreneurship education, digital transformation, and knowledge exchange in Lithuania's evolving landscape. Despite challenges in funding and institutional fragmentation, there's optimism in Lithuania's capacity to cultivate a culture of collaboration and entrepreneurship. With strategic recommendations for policymakers and HEIs, Lithuania is poised to leverage its strengths and chart a course towards sustainable innovation and economic growth.

Explore Romania's economic trajectory from post-Socialist turmoil to robust growth and labor market improvements in this insightful report. Despite positive trends, challenges like demographic shifts and brain drain underscore the urgent need for innovation in higher education. Delving into entrepreneurship education's broader context reveals systemic gaps in content, delivery, and industry engagement. The institutional landscape poses additional hurdles with volatile fiscal policies and bureaucratic hurdles. Yet, Romania's academic tradition and workforce potential signal opportunities for growth. By enhancing entrepreneurship ecosystems, fostering local partnerships, and decentralizing incentives, Romania can unlock its higher education system's full potential in driving innovation and economic prosperity.

Discover the dynamic landscape of Higher Education (HE) in Slovenia and its pivotal role in driving national innovation and entrepreneurship. This comprehensive report delves into Slovenia's diverse HE system, exploring its expansion, government support, and integration with national innovation strategies. Through insightful analysis and interviews with key stakeholders, the report highlights advanced practices, challenges, and recommendations across three critical dimensions: Organisational Capacity, Leadership and Governance, and Entrepreneurial Teaching and Learning. Join us in uncovering Slovenia's journey towards fostering a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship within its HE ecosystem, poised to shape the country's future in the global knowledge economy.

This paper illuminates Sweden's pioneering practices in fostering entrepreneurship and innovation within its higher education institutions (HEIs), positioning the country as a leader in the European Innovation Scoreboard. Swedish HEIs serve as pivotal hubs in the national innovation ecosystem, collaborating extensively with diverse stakeholders to drive sustainability and inclusivity. Despite disparities in research funding distribution, autonomy empowers HEIs to spearhead innovative endeavors. While the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation in education, challenges persist in bridging research outputs with local innovation ecosystems. Recommendations urge policy coherence, enhanced digital pedagogy, and proactive collaboration strategies to fortify Sweden's position as a global innovation frontrunner.

The choice and diversity of upper secondary education create great potential to respond to the needs of Indigenous learners, and high stakes at this level make it critical to promote learners' success. Having historically been marginalized in educational settings around the world, it is essential that Indigenous students receive a supportive environment and the resources to succeed at this level. This policy brief provides reflections on the topic of supporting Indigenous learners in upper secondary education from a Peer Learning Discussion hosted by the OECD’s Above and Beyond: Transitions in Upper Secondary Education project. In December 2021, the project organised an informal discussion with participants from New Zealand and two provinces in Canada (Alberta and Manitoba), focusing on the systems’ experiences of supporting Indigenous learners at this level. This policy brief presents a summary of insights shared during this informal discussion, as well as background on the issues participants raised.

This paper encapsulates the insights gleaned from a seminal seminar jointly organized by the OECD and the European Commission, centered on bolstering public policy support for youth entrepreneurship. Held in Brussels in September 2014, the seminar targeted senior policymakers engaged with the European Social Fund. Delving into the critical facets of youth entrepreneurship policies, funding avenues, and strategies to overcome obstacles, the seminar underscored the urgency of addressing high youth unemployment rates through tailored interventions. Emphasizing the need for entrepreneurial mindsets, diverse training approaches, segmented financial support, and robust networks, the seminar charted a roadmap for crafting effective youth entrepreneurship programs poised to spur economic growth and social empowerment.

Novice teachers bring new energy and ideas to schools and classrooms that could improve the learning environment of students, if harnessed correctly. At the same time, novice teachers are, by definition, inexperienced in some aspects concerning classroom practices and schoolwork. As is the case for any other profession, novice teachers need time, support and guidance to improve their skills and adapt to the tasks they are confronted with on a regular basis. Thus, providing novice teachers with adequate support in their initial years is a key challenge of developing teaching as a profession.

The slowdown of economic activity caused by the COVID-19 outbreak and related emergency measures implemented to tackle the health crisis have led to severe difficulties for companies to meet their financial obligations. Many of the fixed costs, such as rents and interest payments, remain due while the cash flow destined to meet these obligations has vanished. As a result, many otherwise sound companies are facing acute liquidity constraints that eventually might become solvency problems.

This working paper discusses strategic foresight initiatives and methodologies that support decision making and process design. It highlights case studies, international benchmarks, and best practices, as well as methodological recommendations and options for promoting the adoption and use of strategic foresight in government. The paper has four sections, each centred on a critical action to improve decision making through strategic foresight: (i) framing strategic foresight, (ii) building its fundamental components in governments, (iii) fine-tuning foresight interventions to specific contexts, and (iv) undertaking concrete activities to solve specific policy challenges. Given its exploratory nature, this working paper and its proposals should be seen as contributing to ongoing debates about the use of strategic foresight for decision making in government. The ultimate purpose of this paper is to help governments become more proactive and prospective.