In Italy, as in other OECD countries, demographic change, globalisation, and technological progress are having a profound impact on skills needs. Italy has an old and rapidly ageing population, and over half of workers may see their job tasks change significantly as a result of automation. In addition, a large share of adults has relatively low skills. Within this context, the availability of adult learning options of high quality is crucial to support workers through these ongoing, deep, and rapid changes. However, while the share of adults participating in job-related learning in Italy has increased substantially over the past years compared to other OECD countries, participation remains low, especially for those who need training the most. This chapter analyses the key drivers of skills pressures, placing Italy into the international context.