This fourth report in our series on shifting wealth raises the question of whether convergence in the living standards of emerging-market economies and developing countries to the level of advanced economies will continue in the years to come. Although convergence implies much more than economic growth, the dynamism of emerging-market economies has been an important driver in gradually bridging the living standards gap. In 2010, the share of global GDP of non-OECD countries in PPP terms surpassed that of OECD countries. This change in relative economic size is being led by China and India, which together already account for almost one quarter of global GDP in PPP. However, the differential rate of economic growth between OECD and non-OECD countries has narrowed recently and there has been a significant slowdown in the rate of growth of emerging-market economies. Boosting productivity growth in middle-income countries could stem this trend and is the focus of this report. At the same time, this growth needs to be inclusive, so a real convergence in living standards can take place.