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This annual publication provides detailed data on the level and composition of support and protection to agriculture, and evaluates the extent to which countries are reforming their agricultural policies. Despite some reduction in support in 2000, market price support and output payments continue to be dominant in most countries, insulating farmers from world market signals and distorting global production and trade.
Aid Activities in Africa provides detailed information on individual commitments, i.e. intended disbursements, of Official Development Assistance (ODA) to African countries for the years 1999 and 2000. This publication records the commitments reported by Members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and by multilateral institutions to the Creditor Reporting System (CRS). Data presented are unique, comparable and consistent with DAC statistics' definitions and methodologies. The information is designed for use by development agencies and institutions involved in country and sector programming and analysis. Within each country, transactions are ordered by commitment year and sector, and within each sector, by donor. DAC STATISTICS ALSO AVAILABLE ON INTERNET AND ON CD-ROM The data are taken from the CRS database which is regularly updated and contains records from 1973 onwards. Data are available on the International Development Statistics Online on the DAC website at the following address: http://www.oecd.org/dac/htm/online.htm, and on the yearly CD-ROM International Development Statistics.
This ninth edition of Agricultural Policies in Emerging and Transition economies finds that the use of non-tariff measures on food and agricultural products has risen rapidly in recent years. At the same time, countries outside the OECD area face constraints that limit the effectiveness of their participation in the multilateral system and their say in which NTMs should be considered legitimate. This report suggests that technical assistance can help countries to address the economic and legal challenges that they face, but that such assistance needs to be combined with easier access to OECD markets. This publication includes country-by-country analysis of policies and support as well as statistics on support.
Aid Activities in Latin America and the Caribbean provides detailed information on individual commitments, i.e. intended disbursements, of Official Development Assistance (ODA) and Official Aid (OA) to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean for the years 1999 and 2000. This yearly publication records the commitments reported by Members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and by multilateral institutions to the Creditor Reporting System (CRS). Data presented are unique, comparable and consistent with DAC statistics' definitions and methodologies. The information is designed for use by development agencies and institutions involved in country and sector programming and analysis. Within each country, transactions are ordered by commitment year and sector, and within each sector, by donor.
DAC STATISTICS ALSO AVAILABLE ON INTERNET AND ON CD-ROM The data are taken from the CRS database which is regularly updated and contains records from 1973 onwards. Data are available on the International Development Statistics Online on the DAC website at the following address: http://www.oecd.org/dac/htm/online.htm, and on the yearly CD-ROM International Development Statistics.
Aid Activities in Asia provides detailed information on individual commitments, i.e. intended disbursements, of Official Development Assistance (ODA) and Official Aid (OA) to Asian countries for the years 1999 and 2000. This publication records the commitments reported by Members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and by multilateral institutions to the Creditor Reporting System (CRS). Data presented are unique, comparable and consistent with DAC statistics' definitions and methodologies. The information is designed for use by development agencies and institutions involved in country and sector programming and analysis. Within each country, transactions are ordered by commitment year and sector, and within each sector, by donor. DAC STATISTICS ALSO AVAILABLE ON INTERNET AND ON CD-ROM The data are taken from the CRS database which is regularly updated and contains records from 1973 onwards. Data are available on the International Development Statistics Online on the DAC website at the following address: www.oecd.org/dac/htm/online.htm, and on the yearly CD-ROM International Development Statistics.
- What has been achieved in rural finance and institutional reform during more than a decade of transition and what challenges remain? - What are the special needs of South Eastern European countries to attract agricultural credit and finance to their troubled agro-food sectors? - What should be the role of governments to facilitate the development of sustainable rural finance and credit systems? - How should the banking sector innovate to respond to significant transformations in farm ownership and production structure? - What are the advantages and perspectives of rural credit co-operatives? - What is the role of trade and manufacturer credit? - Can micro-finance be successful in helping to reduce rural credit constraints and stimulate rural development? These are some of the issues addressed in the proceedings of the OECD expert meeting: "Agricultural Finance and Credit Infrastructure in Transition Economies", held in Portoroz, Slovenia on 29-30 May 2001. Over 90 participants, including policy makers, government officials, bankers, agro-business, independent experts, and academics from 22 countries and international organisations focused on the special issues in this sector for South Eastern Europe, Russia and Ukraine. This book is part of the OECD's ongoing co-operation with non-Member economies around the world.
Aid Activities in Europe and Oceania provides detailed information on individual commitments, i.e. intended disbursements, of Official Development Assistance (ODA) and Official Aid (OA) to countries in Europe and Oceania for the years 1999 and 2000. This yearly publication records the commitments reported by Members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and by multilateral institutions to the Creditor Reporting System (CRS). Data presented are unique, comparable and consistent with DAC statistics' definitions and methodologies. The information is designed for use by development agencies and institutions involved in country and sector programming and analysis. Within each country, transactions are ordered by commitment year and sector, and within each sector, by donor.
DAC STATISTICS ALSO AVAILABLE ON INTERNET AND ON CD-ROM The data are taken from the CRS database which is regularly updated and contains records from 1973 onwards. Data are available on the International Development Statistics Online on the DAC website at the following address: http://www.oecd.org/dac/htm/online.htm, and on the yearly CD-ROM International Development Statistics.
Do older road users pose a safety risk to others? Is mandatory testing effective in determining the driving competence of older drivers? Are OECD Member countries prepared to meet the safety and mobility needs of the baby boom generation in the 21st century?
This report on the mobility needs and safety problems of ageing populations dispels many of the myths and misperceptions commonly held regarding elderly road users, and offers policy and research recommendations to provide for their safe, lifelong mobility.
This publication describes the activities of the European Conference of Ministers of Transport during 2000 and sets out the Resolutions and Reports approved by the Council of Ministers of Transport during that year. The organisation chart of the Conference is also given at the end of this volume.
Aid Activities in CEECs/NIS provides detailed information on individual commitments, i.e. intended disbursements, of Official Development Assistance (ODA) and Official Aid (OA) to central and eastern European countries and the New Independent States of the former Soviet Union for the years 1999 and 2000. This yearly publication records the commitments reported by Members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and by multilateral institutions to the Creditor Reporting System (CRS). Data presented are unique, comparable and consistent with DAC statistics' definitions and methodologies. The information is designed for use by development agencies and institutions involved in country and sector programming and analysis. Within each country, transactions are ordered by commitment year and sector, and within each sector, by donor. DAC STATISTICS ALSO AVAILABLE ON INTERNET AND ON CD-ROM The data are taken from the CRS database which is regularly updated and contains records from 1973 onwards. Data are available on the International Development Statistics Online on the DAC website at the following address: www.oecd.org/dac/htm/online.htm, and on the yearly CD-ROM International Development Statistics.
This landmark study of the material well-being of older people in nine OECD countries -- Canada, Finland, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States -- uses a wealth of new data to shed light on the challenges that face policy-makers as they anticipate the coming retirement of the baby-boom generation. The findings are often surprising.
In all the countries surveyed, policies have been fundamentally successful: older people at all income levels tend to maintain or even increase their material standards of living once they stop working. This happens despite large differences in approaches to public policy, including the size of public pensions. The systems that provide resources to older people are considerably more complex than is usually taken into account in policy-making, and the effects of policy, while large, are less direct than often thought.
Demography and changing labour market patterns make reforms to these systems imperative. The challenge is to make needed changes without undermining past success. This is difficult, but entirely possible; the payoffs from relatively small changes in the balance between work and retirement could be particularly large.
The study examines the many diverse ways in which the nine countries are tackling this challenge and the lessons that have been learned from their experiences. It provides invaluable evidence for policy-makers, researchers and citizens concerned about the challenges posed for societies by ageing populations.
The African Economic Outlook is a joint African Development Bank - OECD Development Centre project funded by the European Commission. The project combines the expertise accumulated by the OECD, which produces the OECD Economic Outlook twice a year, and the knowledge of the African Development Bank on African economies. The objective is annually to review the recent economic situation and the short-term likely evolutions of selected African countries using a unique analytical design. This common framework includes a forecasting exercise for the current and the following year using a simple macroeconomic model, together with an analysis of the social and political context. It also contains a comparative synthesis of African country prospects, placing the evolution of African economies in the world economic context. A statistical appendix completes the volume.
In OECD countries, the number of cities and regions which put learning, education, research and innovation at the heart of their development strategies is rapidly increasing and bringing together governments, the private sector and society. The growing interest in learning cities and regions reflects the fundamental shifts which are taking place. Cities are becoming more knowledge-based and organised as never before around learning and human skills. Today, these factors are central not only to individual success but also to gaining national, regional and urban economic advantage. Comparative advantage is increasingly dependent on human resources, knowledge creation, and continuous, incremental innovation rather than on access to physical capital and raw materials. This book presents different approaches to regional development based on knowledge and innovation in Andalusia, Spain (and some other countries). Potential applications to areas similar to Andalusia are also given. The study contains a synthesis of the presentations and discussions of the conference held in Malaga, Spain, on the 30th September and 1st October 1999, that focused on the current situation of the region, analysing its evolution over the last twenty years, and evaluating the policies already implemented in the region. A diagnosis of the present socio-economic system has been made in order to measure the applicability of policies that would help Andalusia to develop into a learning region, built on human, social, cultural and "synergetic" capital.
Die Entwicklungsländer setzen sich heute – mit Unterstützung der multilateralen Institutionen, der bilateralen Gebergemeinschaft wie auch der zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisationen – nachdrücklicher als je zuvor für die Verwirklichung des prioritären Entwicklungsziels, einer Halbierung der Armut bis zum Jahr 2015, ein. Den Mittelpunkt aller EZ-Bemühungen bilden nunmehr Armutsbekämpfungsstrategien, die von den betreffenden Ländern selbst getragen und unter ihrer Leitung durchgeführt werden und die sich an den lokalen Bedürfnissen und Prioritäten orientieren, wie sie von den unmittelbar betroffenen Parteien selbst definiert werden. Die DAC-Leitlinien für die Armutsbekämpfung enthalten konkrete Informationen über die Art der Armut wie auch über die effizientesten Konzepte, Maßnahmen, Instrumente und Wege für die Bewältigung der Armut.
This report provides information on the average tariff levels and on the use of tariff-rate quotas, export subsidies and export credits by selected OECD countries for temperate-zone agricultural products. The implications of further liberalisation of the various instruments over the medium term are examined. The effects of further trade liberalisation of agricultural markets over the medium-term depend significantly on the modalities and prevailing market conditions against which the liberalisation scenarios are compared. On market access, although the largest impact on world prices is from tariff reductions, each of the current trade policy instruments (i.e. out-of-quota tariffs, in-quota tariffs, and tariff rate quotas) would have to be liberalised to obtain the greatest impact.
On export subsidies, their current use is already at levels much lower than Uruguay Round commitments, and elimination would have modest effects for most commodities (except dairy products). This situation could change and further discipline on their use would prevent back-tracking. Export credits used by certain countries are also found to distort trade, although the effects on world markets and average prices remain relatively small, due to the small share of trade facilitated by these programmes and their small per-unit effect. Disciplines are necessary, however, to avoid even greater use of all forms of export competition policies. Countries have embarked on a new round of multilateral trade negotiations on agriculture. The challenge facing policy makers is to build upon the foundations of the URAA to further reduce trade distortions. This requires strengthening the disciplines already established and addressing weaknesses of the current agreement, such as those that have been identified in this report.
This report provides policymakers, legislators, businesses, civil society organisations and other stakeholders with an assessment of the legal and institutional environment in which civil society operates, together with recommendations for reform designed to enable civil society organisations, business associations, trade unions and the media to play a more active role in the fight against corruption. The report covers a wide range of issues including public attitudes, civil liberties, existing laws that facilitate the establishment of civil society organisations, freedom of the media, governmental transparency and co-operative partnerships between governments and civil society.
This Agreement contains two models for bilateral agreements drawn up in the light of the commitments undertaken by the OECD and the committed jurisdictions. The Working Group was chaired by Malta and the Netherlands and marks the first results of the OECD's collaboration with the jurisdictions that have committed to improve transparency and establish effective exchange of information in tax matters.
New nuclear reactor designs are expected to have a higher level of safety than current designs. As part of the efforts to achieve this, important safety issues related to the new designs need to be identified at an early stage, and research required for problem resolution defined.
These proceedings bring together the papers presented at the OECD/NEA Workshop on Advanced Nuclear Reactor Safety Issues and Research Needs. Conclusions of the workshop discussions are offered at the end of the book, which will be of particular interest to all those involved in planning and designing the next generation of nuclear reactors.
This annual publication provides the most comprehensive description and assessment of agricultural and related policy developments in OECD countries. It presents data on the level and composition of support and protection to agriculture, and evaluates the extent to which countries are reforming their agricultural policies. A special section is devoted to agricultural trade and the implementation of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture.
Support to agricultural producers in OECD countries decreased in 2001 for the second consecutive year, but remained above the record low attained in 1997. Although there has been some progress in agricultural policy reform, it has been slow, variable and insufficient.