Browse by: "2020"

Subnational governments’ capacity to effectively fund and deliver public services are crucial for the realisation of the benefits of decentralisation. However, subnational capacities often suffer from significant weaknesses, ranging from inadequate assignments of own-revenues, through to flaws in tax administration, the design of intergovernmental transfers, spending assignments and various aspects of public financial management. The volume discusses how better diagnostics and more strategic reforms can contribute to easing the resource constraints on subnational governments, as well as creating appropriate incentives for these governments to improve performance. The volume includes studies of the enabling conditions for subnational capacity building in Asia, as well as focused studies of China and India's fiscal relations challenges.

Building on the achievements since the first OECD Investment Policy Review of Indonesia a decade ago, this 2nd Review presents an assessment of the investment climate in Indonesia to support the government in its ongoing reform efforts. It identifies challenges and opportunities in selected policy areas and provides recommendations to increase competitiveness, support growth and ensure investment contributions are shared widely and environmentally sustainable. The review places great emphasis on measures to build a sound, transparent and responsible investment environment to support a resilient economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Georgia’s reform trajectory has been nothing short of remarkable. In less than two decades, successive structural, regulatory and economic reforms have propelled Georgia from one of the poorest post-Soviet states to an upper-middle income economy. Georgia ranks among the best performers in the world according to international indices on doing business and openness to foreign investment – achievements many countries look to for inspiration. Yet in recent years, the Georgian government has reflected on why these reforms have not facilitated more broad-based economic growth. FDI attraction has been strong relative to the size of the Georgian economy, but the positive benefits of investment have not been fully realised. Mobilising investment in sectors that can enhance job creation, exports and productivity will be key for Georgia’s recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. This Investment Policy Review takes stock of recent achievements in improving the investment climate and assesses areas for the government to consider in strengthening its reform efforts to attract FDI that can have a positive impact on inclusive, sustainable growth.

The Guiding Principles for Durable Extractive Contracts (the Guiding Principles) provide guidance on how resource projects can be developed to reflect the balance of risks and rewards that underpins durable contracts, while taking into account community interests and concerns since the very beginning. The Guiding Principles offer a blueprint for the content and negotiation of durable extractive contracts that can reduce the drivers of renegotiation and can provide adaptive and flexible provisions that, for example, can automatically adjust to prevailing market conditions. They also aim to assist host governments and investors in explaining the content of the contract to the public, thereby helping to overcome tensions between stakeholders. The Guiding Principles set out eight principles and supporting commentary that host governments and investors, as well as negotiation support providers and legal practitioners, can use as a common reference for future negotiations of enduring, sustainable and mutually beneficial extractive contracts.

The 2020 edition of the OECD Pensions Outlook examines a series of policy options to help governments improve the sustainability and resilience of pension systems. It considers how to ensure that policy makers balance the trade-off between the short-term and long-term consequences of policy responses to COVID-19; how to determine and assess the adequacy of retirement income; how funded pension arrangements can support individuals in non-standard forms of work to save for retirement; how to select default investment strategies; how to address the potential negative consequences from frequent switching of investment strategies; and, how retirement income arrangements can share both the investment and longevity risks among different stakeholders in a sustainable manner. This edition also discusses how governments can communicate in a way that helps people choose their optimal investment strategies.

ပထမအကြိမ်မူဝါဒသုံးသပ်ချက်ထုတ်ဝေခဲ့သည့် ၂၀၁၄ ခုနှစ်မှစ၍ ခြောက်နှစ်တိုင်မှသာ ဒုတိယအကြိမ် OECD ၏ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံရင်းနှီးမြှုပ်နှံမှုမူဝါဒသုံးသပ်ချက်ကို ပြုလုပ်နိုင်ခဲ့သော်လည်း ကြားကာလအတွင်း မြန်မာနိုင်ငံသည် ရင်းနှီးမြှုပ်နှံမှုမူဝါဒနှင့် ဆက်စပ်သည့်ကဏ္ဍများတွင် သိသိသာသာ တိုးတက်မှုများ ရှိခဲ့ပါသည်။ မည်သို့ပင်ဆိုစေကာမူ လက်ရှိရင်းနှီးမြှုပ်နှံမှုဝန်းကျင် ပြုပြင်ပြောင်းလဲရေးမှ အကျိုးအမြတ်ရရှိမှု ကျယ်ပြန့်ထင်ရှားလာစေရေးအတွက်ဖြစ်စေ၊ ပတ်ဝန်းကျင်ဆိုင်ရာ ရေရှည်တည်တံ့ခိုင်မြဲမှုနှင့် ရေရှည်တည်တံခိုင်မြဲမှုပန်းတိုင်များ (SDGs) ကို မျှော်ရည်ဆောင်ရွက်သည့် အလုံးစုံသော အထောက်အပံ့ပေးမှုများ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေးအတွက်ဖြစ်စေ ပြုပြင်ပြောင်းလဲမှုအရှိန်အဟုန်ကို စဉ်ဆက်မပြတ်စေဘဲ ပိုမိုနက်ရိုင်းစွာဆောင်ရွက်ရန် လိုအပ်ပါသည်။ ယခု ဒုတိယအကြိမ်သုံးသပ်ချက်တွင် လုပ်သာကိုင်သာရှိသော တာဝန်ယူမှုရှိသော စီးပွားရေးဝန်းကျင်ကို ပြုစုပျိုးထောင်ရေးနှင့် အကျိုးကျေးဇူးကို လူ့အဖွဲ့အစည်းများသို့ ကြီးကြီး မားမား မျှဝေပေးရေးတို့အတွက် ရွေးချယ်ထားသည့် မူဝါဒကဏ္ဍများတွင် ကျန်ရှိနေသေးသော စိန်ခေါ်မှုများကို ဆန်းစစ်ထားပြီး မကြာသေးမီက ရရှိခဲ့သော အောင်မြင်မှုများကို လေ့လာသုံးသပ်ထားပါသည်။ ထိုသို့သုံးသပ်ရာတွင် မြန်မာနိုင်ငံအနေဖြင့် SDGs များကို ဖော်ဆောင် ရေးနှင့် မြန်မာနိုင်ငံသားများ၏ လူနေမှုဘဝများတိုးတက်ရေးတို့ကို ဆောင်ရွက်ရာတွင် နိုင်ငံခြား ရင်းနှီးမြှုပ်နှံမှုသည် မည်သို့အထောက်အပံ့ပြုနိုင်ပုံနှင့် သက်ရောက်မှုကို အထူးဂရုပြုလေ့လာ ဆန်းစစ်ထားပါသည်။

Only six years sets this second OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Myanmar apart from the first review published in 2014, but much progress has occurred in investment policies and related areas in Myanmar in the interim. Nonetheless, the reform momentum needs to be sustained and deepened for the benefits of recent investment climate reforms to be shared widely and for growth to be environmentally sustainable, ultimately contributing toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This second review takes stock of recent achievements and assesses remaining challenges in selected policy areas for nurturing an enabling responsible business environment and ensuring benefits are shared with society at large. It places strong emphasis on impact and on how foreign investment can help Myanmar achieve the SDGs and improve the lives of the people of Myanmar.

This report offers guidance on how to prepare regions and cities for the transition towards a climate-neutral and circular economy by 2050 and is directed to all policymakers seeking to identify and implement concrete and ambitious transition pathways. It describes how cities, regions, and rural areas can manage the transition in a range of policy domains, including energy supply, conversion, and use, the transformation of mobility systems, and land use practices. It takes stock of discussions between academic and policy experts emanating from a series of high-level expert workshops organised in 2019 by the OECD and the European Commission. Bringing together frontier thinking and practical examples regarding the transition to a climate-neutral economy, the transition to a circular economy, the transition in cities, the transition in rural areas, and financing and scale-up of transition action, this report identifies cross-cutting lessons to support urban, regional, and rural decision makers in managing trade-offs and in promoting, facilitating and enabling environmental and energy transitions.

The Economic Outlook for Southeast Asia, China and India is a regular publication on regional economic growth, development and regional integration in Emerging Asia. It focuses on the economic conditions of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. It also addresses relevant economic issues in China and India to fully reflect economic developments in the region. This November Update of the Outlook, following the Update 2020 released in July, presents a regional economic monitor, depicting the economic outlook and macroeconomic challenges in the region amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.

في الوقت الذي تتطلع فيه العديد من بلدان منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا إلى تسريع وتيرة النمو الاقتصادي وبناء مجتمعات أكثر استقرارًا وانفتاحًا، يشير هذا التقرير إلى أن المزيد من التمكين الاقتصادي للمرأة هو أحد المفاتيح لتحقيق ذلك. كما يؤكد أنه على الرغم من التحديات التي تواجه بعض البلدان لضمان المساواة للمرأة في الوصول إلى الفرص الاقتصادية، فإن التقدم يحدث حاليًا ويمكن تعزيزه بشكل أكبر من خلال تدابير سياساتية موجهة ومنسقة وشاملة للجميع. وبالبناء على استنتاجات تقرير رصد أول صدر في عام 2017، يحلل هذا التقرير الإصلاحات التشريعية والسياساتية والمؤسسية التي أجريت مؤخرًا لدعم التمكين الاقتصادي للمرأة في مصر والأردن والمغرب وتونس، كما يسعى إلى تحديد عوامل النجاح التي ساعدت على ترسيخ الإصلاح. وعلاوة على ذلك، يقدم التقرير أمثلة لتدابير قابلة للتنفيذ وأدوات عملية لمساعدة صانعي السياسات على تحويل السياسات إلى إجراءات وتدابير فعالة من أجل تحقيق التمكين الاقتصادي للمرأة.

At a moment when many countries of the MENA region are looking to accelerate economic growth and build more stable, open societies, this report argues that greater women’s economic empowerment holds one of the keys. It asserts that despite challenges some countries are facing in guaranteeing women equal access to economic opportunity, progress is underway and can be further nurtured through targeted, inclusive and coordinated policy actions. Building on the conclusions of a first monitoring report released in 2017, the report analyses recent legislative, policy and institutional reforms in support of women’s economic empowerment in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia and seeks to identify success factors that have helped anchor reform. Moreover, it delivers actionable examples and practical tools for policy makers to help them transform policies into effective actions for women’s economic empowerment.

À l’heure où de nombreux pays de la région MENA cherchent à accélérer leur croissance économique et à construire des sociétés plus stables et plus ouvertes, ce rapport soutient qu’une plus grande autonomisation économique des femmes est l’une des clés pour atteindre ce double objectif. Il affirme qu’en dépit des difficultés rencontrées par certains pays pour garantir aux femmes un accès égal aux opportunités économiques, des progrès sont en cours et peuvent être renforcés par des actions politiques ciblées, inclusives et coordonnées. S’appuyant sur les conclusions d’un premier rapport de suivi publié en 2017, le présent rapport analyse les réformes législatives, politiques et institutionnelles récentes en faveur de l’autonomisation économique des femmes en Égypte, en Jordanie, au Maroc et en Tunisie et cherche à identifier les facteurs de réussite qui ont contribué à ancrer ces réformes. Il fournit par ailleurs des exemples concrets et des outils pratiques à l’intention des décideurs politiques pour les aider à transformer les politiques publiques en actions efficaces pour l’autonomisation économique des femmes.

This review analyses regulatory barriers to competition in the sectors of construction and tourism in Iceland, with the goal of helping Icelandic authorities make regulation more pro-competitive while fostering long-lasting growth. This report is based on a competition assessment of laws and regulations conducted by the OECD developing recommendations to promote the competitive and efficient functioning of markets under review. It also includes estimates of how the implementation of certain recommendations could impact the economy.

This report is an update with 2018 figures to the previous publication Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2013-17. It provides insights on the evolution of the following four components of climate finance over the period of 2013-2018: bilateral public climate finance, multilateral climate finance (attributed to developed countries), climate-related officially supported export credits, and private finance mobilised by developed countries public finance interventions. Building on past work, the report deepens the analysis by providing not only aggregate figures but also a further breakdown in terms of recipients and characteristics of climate finance commitments.

Populations in OECD and emerging economies are ageing rapidly, which will have significant macroeconomic impacts, including on public expenditures and tax revenues. The rules and practices that govern fiscal relations among different levels of government, such as their responsibilities for taxation, spending and debt management, have a bearing on economic efficiency and ultimately growth. The consequences of population ageing at subnational government levels are especially intense. Many local governments are vulnerable to the ageing of their populations from a fiscal perspective. The economic and fiscal challenges of an ageing population go beyond intergovernmental boundaries, and they require complex intergovernmental policy responses. This volume brings together cross-country studies of fiscal policy, demographics and spatial productivity, as well as country studies of Brazil, Canada, China and Germany.

Nove Smjernice OECD-a za korporativno upravljanje u poduzećima u državnom vlasništvu predstavljaju međunarodno dogovoren standard koji državama pomaže u vrednovanju i unapređivanju svojih vlasničkih funkcija u poduzećima u državnom vlasništvu. Dobro korporativno upravljanje poduzećima u državnom vlasništvu ključni je reformski prioritet u brojnim zemljama. Poboljšana učinkovitost i veća transparentnost u javnom sektoru donose brojne ekonomske prednosti, posebno u zemljama u kojima je državno vlasništvo važno. Osim toga, stvaranje ravnopravnih uvjeta za privatna i javna poduzeća doprinosi stabilnosti i konkurentnosti poslovnog sektora. Smjernice koje su prvotno usvojene 2005. predstavljaju skup dobrih praksi za pravni i regulatorni okvir poduzeća u državnom vlasništvu, profesionalizaciju funkcije državnog vlasništva i sustave korporativnog upravljanja u poduzećima u državnom vlasništvu. Ova nova verzija preporuka razvijena je nakon gotovo deset godina iskustva u njihovoj provedbi te brojnih tematskih i komparativnih istraživanja razvijenih na temelju ranije verzije Smjernica, koja su ukazala na potrebu za revizijom Smjernica te pomogla u njezinoj izradi, osobito u područjima kao što su objavljivanje i transparentnost, tržišno natjecanje u javnom i privatnom sektoru, prakse nadzornih odbora i financiranje poduzeća u državnom vlasništvu.

A number of countries have created official definitions of sustainable finance as well as more comprehensive classification systems, referred to as sustainable finance taxonomies. This report maps sustainable finance definitions and taxonomies in five jurisdictions: the European Union, People’s Republic of China, Japan, France and the Netherlands. Taxonomies answer a need for greater certainty on the environmental sustainability of different types of investments. When appropriately designed, they can improve market clarity, bring confidence and assurance to investors, and facilitate the measurement and tracking of sustainable finance flows. The report lays out preliminary considerations for good design of taxonomies, which can support policy makers to develop and grow sustainable finance markets to help achieve environmental and sustainable development goals. It also identifies differences among the taxonomies in scope as well as commonalities. These commonalities could provide a basis for creating comparable frameworks that facilitate international investment while also reflecting differing national circumstances.