Annex A. Methodology for data collection and classification
The information on initial public offering (IPOs) and secondary public offerings (SPOs or follow-on offerings) presented in Chapter 2 is based on transaction and/or firm-level data gathered from several financial databases, such as Refinitiv (Thomson Reuters Eikon, Thomson Reuters Datastream), FactSet and Bloomberg. Considerable resources have been committed to ensuring the consistency and quality of the dataset. Different data sources are checked against each other and, the information is also controlled against original sources, including regulator, stock exchange and company websites and financial statements.
Country coverage and classification
The dataset includes information about all initial public offerings (IPOs) and secondary public offerings (SPOs or follow-on offerings) by financial and non-financial companies. All public equity listings following an IPO, including the first time listings on an exchange other than the primary exchange, are classified as a SPO. If a company is listed on more than one exchange within 180 days, those transactions are consolidated under one IPO. The country breakdown is carried out based on the stock exchange location of the issuer.
It is possible that a company becomes listed in more than one country when going public. The financial databases record a dual listing as multiple transactions for each country where the company is listed. However, there is also a significant number of cases where dual listings are reported as one transaction only based on the primary market of the listing. For this reason, the country breakdown based on the stock exchange is based on the primary market of the issuer.
The IPO and SPO data are collected on a deal basis via commercial databases in current USD values. Issuance amounts initially collected in USD were adjusted by 2021 US Consumer Price Index (CPI). Initial public offering and secondary offering statistics are presented in this report using the Thomson Reuters Business Classification (TRBC).
Exclusion criteria
With the aim of excluding IPOs and SPOs by trusts, funds and special purpose acquisition companies the following industry categories are excluded:
The main source of information is the FactSet Ownership database. This dataset covers companies with a market capitalisation of more than USD 50 million and accounts for all positions equal to or larger than 0.1% of the issued shares. Data are collected as of end of 2020 in current USD, thus no currency nor inflation adjustment is needed. The data are complemented and verified using Refinitiv and Bloomberg. Market information for each company is collected from Thomson Reuters Eikon. The dataset includes the records of owners for 25 766 companies listed on 92 markets covering 98% of the world market capitalisation. For each of the countries/regions presented, the information corresponds to all listed companies in those countries/regions with available information.
The information for all the owners reported as of the end of 2020 is collected for each company. Some companies have up to 5 000 records in their list of owners. Each record contains the name of the institution, the percentage of outstanding shares owned, the investor type classification, the origin country of the investor, the ultimate parent name, among other things.
The table below presents the five categories of owners defined and used in this report. Different types of investors are grouped into these five categories of owners. In many cases, when the ultimate owner is identified as a Government, a Province or a City and the direct owner was not identified as such, ownership records are reclassified as public sector. For example, public pension funds that are regulated under public sector law are classified as government, and sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) are also included in that same category.
Data shown on corporate bond issuances in Chapter 2 are based on OECD calculations using data obtained from Refinitiv that provides international deal-level data on new issues of corporate bonds, that are underwritten by an investment bank. The database provides a detailed set of information for each corporate bond issue, including the identity, nationality and sector of the issuer; the type, interest rate structure, maturity date and rating category of the bond, the amount of and use of proceeds obtained from the issue.
Convertible bonds, deals that were registered but not consummated, preferred shares, sukuk bonds, bonds with an original maturity less than or equal to one year or an issue size less than USD 1 million are excluded from the dataset. The analyses in the report are limited to bond issues by non-financial companies. The industry classification is carried out based on Thomson Reuters Business Classification (TRBC). The country breakdown is carried out based on the issuer’s country of domicile. Yearly issuance amounts initially collected in USD were adjusted by 2021 US Consumer Price Index (CPI).
Given that a significant portion of bonds are issued internationally, it is not possible to assign such issues to a certain country of issue. For this reason, the country breakdown is carried out based on the country of domicile of the issuer.
Data shown on green bond and other ESG bonds issuances in Chapter 2 are based on OECD calculations using data obtained from Refinitiv that provides international deal-level data on green bond issuances. The database provides a detailed set of information for each green bond issue, including the identity, nationality and sector of the issuer; the type, interest rate structure, maturity date and rating category of the bond, the amount of and use of proceeds obtained from the issue. Yearly issuance amounts initially collected in USD were adjusted by 2021 US Consumer Price Index (CPI). For the Brazilian green bonds, data from Refinitiv is complemented with the information received from B3.