This chapter provides the necessary context to understand the scale of the challenges that Uzbekistan faces in pursuing its green transition and the gap between available financing and the estimated sums required. Uzbekistan’s economy is dynamic and growing, but also highly energy- and GHG-intensive. The Government of Uzbekistan has set ambitious targets for the country in terms of economic development and climate change mitigation, but the scale of the economic transformation required to meet these targets requires sizeable investments, particularly in infrastructure. This transition will necessitate a major shift in Uzbekistan’s existing infrastructure systems, especially its fossil fuel-reliant energy sector. By facilitating private investment, including from international sources, in projects that satisfy growing demand for infrastructure services without exacerbating existing environmental problems, Uzbekistan has an opportunity to establish itself as a regional leader in sustainable development. Such projects could, for instance, seek to harness Uzbekistan’s large renewable energy potential.