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A review of innovative policies in OECD countries shows that progress has already been made in moving beyond the poor information provided by standardised educational certification. Spurred by the emerging "knowledge economy", government policy makers, human resource managers, financial accountants and educators are developing methods for systematically evaluating and recording knowledge assets acquired through experience, education and training. This book explains why it is possible, in terms of economic theory, and feasible, from the perspective of accounting practices, to implement new human capital information and decision-making systems.
How can curriculum content be adjusted to tomorrow's needs? Can student assessment help make curricula more relevant? How can further training for teachers make their teaching more effective? These questions lie at the heart of curriculum reform, which is unanimously ranked among the top priorities in education, but often approached too narrowly.
To be truly effective, curricula must be fully consistent with both teaching practice and education policy. They must also equip students for the challenge of lifelong learning. Making the Curriculum Work approaches these interlinked imperatives via detailed analysis of the most recent experience and innovation in a number of countries, throwing new light on the curriculum issue.
Are students well prepared to meet the challenges of the future? Parents, students, the public and those who run education systems need to know whether children are acquiring the necessary skills and knowledge to become tomorrow's citizens and to continue learning throughout life. International indicators can describe the levels of achievement in various countries, to which others might aspire. They can provide direction for schools' instructional efforts and for students' learning as well as insights into curriculum strengths and weaknesses.
The 29 Member countries of the OECD, together with other countries, have launched the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) to develop such indicators on a regular basis. PISA aims at assessing how far students approaching the end of compulsory education have acquired some of the knowledge and skills that are essential for full participation in society.
A New Framework for Assessment, the first volume in the PISA series, provides the conceptual framework on which the PISA 2000 assessment is based. It defines the domains of reading literacy, mathematics literacy and scientific literacy forming the core of PISA in terms of the content that students need to acquire, the processes that need to be performed, and the contexts in which knowledge and skills are applied. It also describes the methods developed to ensure that the assessment tasks are valid across countries, are strong at measuring relevant skills and are based on authentic life situations.
The PISA 2000 Assessment of Reading, Mathematical and Scientific Literacy introduces the PISA approach to assessing reading, mathematical and scientific literacy and describes the PISA 2000 assessment instruments in terms of: the content that students need to acquire, the processes that need to be performed, and the contexts in which knowledge and skills are applied. Each of the assessment domains is illustrated with a broad range of sample items.
How to engage and maintain teenagers’ interest in school "work"?
Young children rarely lack curiosity, but as they enter the teenage years their appetite for learning often appears to shrink. Many eventually drop out before the end of compulsory schooling. Others continue to turn up for school but make the minimum effort. They are present in body, but not in mind.
Such problems are generally associated with Western countries but even Japan and Korea, two of the most academically successful Pacific Rim nations, are not immune. These figures take on new significance in an era when one of the essential survival tools for individuals -- and nations -- is a willingness to learn and re-learn.
What can governments and education systems do to inculcate the "zest for learning" that young people will need if they are to thrive in 21st-century post-industrial societies? This is one of the key questions which is addressed in this review of eight countries offering innovative schemes that appear to be developing the skills and attitudes necessary for lifelong learning.
This publication focuses on the role of university museums, their organisation, management, governance and finance. Most university museum collections have been assembled for the purposes of teaching and research rather than for public display. Whether small, of local importance or large, with great public appeal, they are all defined by their relationship to their university and form a distinctive sector in the museum community. The papers gathered in this book take this distinctiveness into consideration. They examine the common issues and problems that university museums are facing, among which the most important ones are funding and collection management. Many examples of good and imaginative practice are presented as regards fundraising, widening public access, integrating information resources, marketing, management and international collaboration. The book has been edited by Melanie Kelly, administrator at the International Center for Higher Education, School of Management, University of Bath.
Knowledge management involves any activity related to the capture, use and sharing of knowledge by an organisation. Evidence shows that these practices are being used more and more frequently and that their impact on innovation and other aspects of corporate performance is far from negligible. Today, there is a recognition of the need to understand and to measure the activity of knowledge management so that organisations can be more efficient and governments can develop policies to promote these benefits. This book offers a synthetic view of the results of the first systematic international survey on knowledge management carried out by national statistical offices in Canada, Denmark, France and Germany.
This wrap-up volume of the PISA 2000 project presents the key findings, including fascinating findings on reading performance, characteristics of successful students, differences between the interests and study habits of boys and girls, the effect of school climate and resources on student performance, and the effect of school autonomy on performance.
The book includes country-by-country profiles that provide information on student performance, socio-economic status, student characteristics, school characteristics, and system characteristics.
Value-added estimates are a significant improvement upon measures of school performance currently used in most education systems across OECD countries. They provide a fundamentally more accurate and valuable quantitative basis for school improvement planning, policy development and for enacting effective school accountability arrangements. This groundbreaking report provides examples of best practices in value-added modeling for measuring school performance.
A medida que los países se esfuerzan por reformar sus sistemas educativos y mejorar los resultados de los estudiantes, el liderazgo escolar se ha convertido en una prioridad de política educativa. Pero en muchos países, los hombres y mujeres que dirigen las escuelas están sobrecargados de trabajo, reciben salarios bajos y se acercan a su retiro. Y hay pocas personas que aspiran a ser los futuros directores escolares.
¿Cuáles son las funciones de dirección más eficaces para mejorar el aprendizaje de los alumnos? ¿Cómo asignar y distribuir mejor las distintas tareas de liderazgo? ¿Cómo desarrollar las habilidades apropiadas para un liderazgo eficaz? ¿Cómo hacer la profesión atractiva para candidatos de alta calidad?
Este libro está basado en un estudio de la OCDE sobre políticas y prácticas de liderazgo escolar en el mundo. Ofrece una valiosa perspectiva internacional, identifica cuatro áreas específicas de acción y una gama de opciones de política educativa para ayudar a los gobiernos a mejorar el liderazgo escolar ahora y desarrollar un liderazgo escolar sostenible para el futuro.
Volúmenes complementarios
Improving School Leadership Volume 2: Case Studies on System Leadership examina métodos innovadores para compartir el liderazgo entre las escuelas de Bélgica (Flandes), Finlandia y el Reino Unido (Inglaterra), así como los programas de desarrollo de liderazgo para la mejora del sistema en Australia y Austria.
Mejorar el liderazgo escolar: herramientas de trabajo está diseñado para apoyar a los encargados de política educativa y a los practicantes en la planificación de procesos de reforma para escuelas y sistemas educativos en su contexto nacional.
El liderazgo escolar eficaz es considerado como clave para la reforma educativa en el mundo. Estos libros serán de interés para encargados de política educativa, consejos escolares, administradores escolares, directores, maestros y padres de familia.
Measuring Innovation: A New Perspective presents new measures and new ways of looking at traditional indicators. It builds on 50 years of indicator development by OECD and goes beyond R&D to describe the broader context in which innovation occurs. It includes some experimental indicators that provide insight into new areas of policy interest. It highlights measurement gaps and proposes directions for advancing the measurement agenda.
This publication begins by describing innovation today. It looks at what is driving innovation in firms, and how the scientific and research landscape is being reconfigured by convergence, interdisciplinarity and the new geography of innovation hot spots. It presents broader measures of innovation, for example using new indicators of investment in intangible assets and trademarks.
Human capital is the basic input of innovation, and a series of indicators looks at how well education systems are contributing to the knowledge and research bases. Further series examine how firms transform skills and knowledge, and shed light on the different roles of public and private investment in fostering innovation and reaping its rewards, with concrete examples from major global challenges such as health and climate change.
Measuring Innovation is a major step towards evidence-based innovation policy making. It complements traditional “positioning”-type indicators with ones that show how innovation is, or could be, linked to policy. It also recognises that much more remains to be done, and points to the measurement challenges statisticians, researchers and policy makers alike need to address.
Mathematics Teaching and Learning Strategies in PISA uses data from the PISA 2003 assessment to examine the relationships between teaching strategies, student learning strategies and mathematics achievement. The report aims to identify instructional practices and learning strategies that contribute to increased achievement in mathematics and general knowledge. It then explains how these strategies may be related to different countries’ school system structures.
This report offers policy insights and stimulates new research to complement and further develop the recent OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) and the upcoming PISA 2012 assessment, which will again focus on mathematics. In addition, this report may be of interest to teachers, educators and officials within national and local educational authorities responsible for the professional development of teachers or for programme development, as well as members of school boards and parent advisory bodies.
Este reporte desarrolla conocimientos comparados sobre reformas en política docente y gestión y liderazgo escolar en el contexto de un país miembro de la OCDE: México. Los resultados educativos en México pueden mejorar si se refuerza la eficacia de sus escuelas. La brecha en estándares entre el desempeño de los estudiantes en México y otros países de la OCDE sólo puede ser reducida si las escuelas se vuelven buenas en lo que hacen. Este reporte analiza las áreas fundamentales y los retos a los que se enfrenta el sistema educativo mexicano, y provee recomendaciones de políticas públicas en las áreas de gestión, liderazgo escolar y política docente. Estas recomendaciones han sido desarrolladas considerando los resultados, la calidad, los estándares educativos y de las escuelas en México en términos de lo que se sabe a nivel internacional sobre las escuelas eficaces. El resultado es una serie de recomendaciones adaptadas al contexto mexicano.
El reporte tiene dos audiencias: Busca apoyar al gobierno de México y a los actores clave del sistema educativo en el desarrollo de una visión común de largo plazo y de políticas en las áreas de gestión escolar, liderazgo escolar, participación social, así como en políticas de selección, formación inicial, desarrollo profesional y evaluación de docentes en México. A su vez, ofrece conocimientos valiosos sobre desarrollo e implementación de políticas educativas para otros países miembros y asociados de la OCDE que se encuentran en procesos de reforma de sus sistemas educativos.
Está diseñado para ayudar a los responsables de política educativa, los maestros y los grupos interesados pertinentes a analizar sus políticas y prácticas de liderazgo escolar actuales y desarrollar una comprensión común de dónde y cuándo tomar acción con base en las recomendaciones de política de la OCDE.
The quality of school buildings is critically important in the drive for improving education. Good quality facilities provide teachers and students with supportive environments which are responsive to their changing needs and can make a real difference to learning and teaching.
This report is a review of the Portuguese Secondary School Building Modernisation Programme (SMP), a major programme to rehabilitate the secondary schools in Portugal.
Esta revisión del Programa Mejores Escuelas (PME) en México se llevó a cabo en el 2012 por el Centro de Ambiente de Aprendizaje Efectivo (CELE por su acrónimo en inglés) de la OCDE. En el 2008, el gobierno federal creó el programa para reparar y mejorar la infraestructura física de las escuelas de educación básica en todo México. Una característica clave del programa es la participación social y el compromiso de cada comunidad escolar. Las recomendaciones del equipo de revisión ofrecen un análisis útil a todos los gobiernos que invierten en infraestructura educativa para mejorar la calidad de la educación.
Las competencias se han convertido en la divisa global del siglo XXI. Sin una inversión adecuada en ellas, las personas languidecen al margen de la sociedad, el progreso tecnológico no se traduce en crecimiento económico y los países ya no pueden competir en una sociedad mundial basada cada vez más en los conocimientos. Pero esta divisa se devalúa a medida que las exigencias de los mercados laborales evolucionan y las personas pierden las competencias que no usan. La crisis económica mundial -con altos niveles de desempleo, en especial entre los jóvenes- ha vuelto más urgente el fomento de mejores competencias. Al mismo tiempo, también debe atenderse el aumento de la desigualdad de los ingresos, provocado en gran medida por la desigualdad de los salarios entre trabajadores muy competentes y poco competentes. La solución más prometedora a esos problemas es invertir eficazmente en las competencias a lo largo del ciclo de la vida: desde la primera infancia, durante la educación obligatoria, y a lo largo de la vida laboral. La Estrategia de Competencias de la OCDE brinda un marco estratégico para ayudar a los países para que comprendan más acerca de cómo invertir en las competencias de manera que estas transformen vidas y fomenten las economías. Asimismo, ayudará a los países a identificar las fortalezas y las debilidades de su banco existente de competencias nacionales y sistemas de competencias, compararlos internacionalmente y desarrollar políticas para mejorarlos. En particular, la estrategia establece las bases sobre las cuales los gobiernos puedan trabajar con eficacia con todas las partes interesadas: gobiernos nacionales, locales y regionales, empleadores, trabajadores y estudiantes.