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Las brechas de género se encuentran presentes en todas las actividades de la vida económica e implican grandes pérdidas de productividad, en los niveles de vida de las personas y en la economía. Este informe nuevo de la OCDE se centra en cómo cerrar dichas brechas, de la mejor manera, bajo cuatro amplios temas: 1) igualdad de género, normas sociales y políticas públicas; 2) educación; 3) empleo; y 4) emprendimiento.
Mensajes de políticas clave:
-Una mayor igualdad de género en el logro escolar tiene un fuerte efecto positivo en el crecimiento económico;
-Los estereotipos necesitan ser abordados, desde una edad temprana, en las posibles opciones educativas. Por ejemplo, al adaptar las estrategias y los materiales de enseñanza para incrementar el interés de los niños en la lectura y de las niñas en las matemáticas y la ciencia; motivar más a las niñas y orientarlas a los cursos de ciencia, ingeniería y matemáticas en la educación superior; y a buscar empleo en dichos campos;
-El cuidado infantil de calidad y a precio asequible es un factor clave para una mayor igualdad en el empleo. Pero el cambio también debe suceder en el hogar dado que las tareas domésticas y el cuidado se reserva aún a las mujeres en muchos países. La política puede apoyar dicho cambio, por ejemplo, mediante autorizaciones para ausencia laboral que explícitamente incluya al padre.
-Las políticas de apoyo para las mujeres empresarias necesitan dirigirse a todas las empresas y no solamente a las pequeñas y las nuevas. Se necesita asegurar el acceso al financiamiento para hombres y mujeres emprendedores en términos de igualdad.
ÍNDICE
Prólogo
Prólogo a la edición en español
Resumen Ejecutivo
Parte I. La igualdad de género: el argumento económico, las normas sociales y las políticas públicas
Capítulo 1. El argumento económico en favor de la igualdad de género
Capítulo 2. Por qué importan las instituciones sociales en la igualdad de género
Capítulo 3. Incorporación de la perspectiva de género en las políticas públicas
Parte II. La igualdad de género en la educación
Capítulo 4. Mantener a las niñas y los niños en la escuela
Capítulo 5. La ayuda en favor de la igualdad de género en la educación
Capítulo 6. ¿Quiénes destacan en qué en la escuela?
Capítulo 7. Graduados de la educación secundaria: ¿qué sigue a continuación?
Capítulo 8. La ciencia versus las humanidades
Capítulo 9. Consiguiendo el trabajo para el que estudiaste
Capítulo 10. Educación financiera para el empoderamiento financiero
Parte III. La igualdad de género en el empleo
Capítulo 11. ¿Quién trabaja en el empleo remunerado?
Capítulo 12. ¿La maternidad significa trabajar a tiempo parcial?
Capítulo 13. El valor de la mujer
Capítulo 14. El argumento empresarial a favor de las mujeres y de contener las fugas
Capítulo 15. Mujeres en los directorios corporativos
Capítulo 16. Brechas de género en el sector público
Capítulo 17. ¿Quién termina cuidando?
Capítulo 18. Apoyando a los padres a equilibrar el trabajo y la vida familiar
Capítulo 19. Los efectos de la crisis en el empleo masculino y femenino
Capítulo 20. Los trabajadores ocultos: las mujeres en el empleo informal
Capítulo 21. Las mujeres en la jubilación
Parte IV. La igualdad de género en la actividad empresarial
Capítulo 22 Tendencias de género en el emprendimiento femenino
Capítulo 23 Motivaciones y habilidades de las mujeres empresarias
Capítulo 24 ¿Existe una brecha de género en el desempeño de la empresa?
Capítulo 25 ¿El espíritu de emprendedor es rentable para las mujeres?
Capítulo 26 El acceso de las mujeres a crédito
Capítulo 27 Financiación de empresas de mujeres en los países socios
Capítulo 28 ¿Las mujeres innovan de manera distinta?
Capítulo 29 La formalización de empresas femeninas
This book finds that, in many ways, Northern Ireland stands out internationally with its thoughtfully designed evaluation and assessment framework. The major components are well developed, in particular policies for student assessment, school evaluation and school system evaluation. It has been developed using the majority of key design principles recommended by the OECD. The approach to evaluation and assessment combines: central control over policy development and standard setting; transparency over procedures and reporting of results; an increasing responsibility for the implementation of evaluation and assessment among teachers and schools; and central mechanisms to monitor the effectiveness of implementation. For example, while schools and their Boards of Governors are accountable for their educational quality and are accountable to their communities, school development planning processes are also monitored as part of external school evaluation by a central inspectorate. Teachers play a central role in student assessment and their assessment of pupil progress against central standards is moderated by a central agency which engages working teachers in the process. Teachers in primary schools are offered central diagnostic tests to support their assessment of pupil progress. Only teacher appraisal remains entirely school based, but there is a set of common competence standards for teachers.
This report evaluates the education reform agenda of Kazakhstan – its feasibility and focus – by taking stock of present-day strengths and weaknesses of the secondary education system. The report also provides guidance on adjusting the reform implementation plans in line with international experiences and best practices regarding educational change, and consolidates much of the previously dispersed (national) data on primary and secondary schools in Kazakhstan into a common analytical base of evidence, validated by the education authorities.
Chapter 1 of this report provides an overview of the country, it education system and reform plans. Subsequent chapters provide analysis of and recommendations on equity and effectiveness of schooling; assessment and evaluation practices; policies for teachers and principals; expenditure patterns and financing mechanisms; vocational education and training; and a summary of the recommendations.
This first volume of PISA 2012 results summarises the performance of students in PISA 2012. It describes how performance is defined, measured and reported, and then provides results from the assessment, showing what students are able to do in mathematics. After a summary of mathematics performance, it examines the ways in which this performance varies on subscales representing different aspects of mathematics literacy. Given that any comparison of the outcomes of education systems needs to take into consideration countries’ social and economic circumstances, and the resources they devote to education, the volume also presents the results within countries’ economic and social contexts. In addition, the volume examines the relationship between the frequency and intensity of students’ exposure to subject content in school, what is known as “opportunity to learn”, and student performance. The volume concludes with a description of student results in reading and science. Trends in student performance in mathematics between 2003 and 2012, in reading between 2000 and 2012, and in science between 2006 and 2012 are examined when comparable data are available. Throughout the volume, case studies examine in greater detail the policy reforms adopted by countries that have improved in PISA.
L’enquête PISA 2012, dont le domaine majeur d’évaluation est la culture mathématique, mais qui évalue aussi les performances des élèves en compréhension de l'écrit et en sciences, a évalué la capacité des jeunes âgés de 15 ans à se livrer à des raisonnements mathématiques et à utiliser des concepts, procédures, faits et outils pour décrire, expliquer et prévoir des phénomènes, et se comporter en citoyens constructifs, engagés et réfléchis, c’est-à-dire poser des jugements et prendre des décisions en toute connaissance de cause. Ce livre récapitule les résultats.
Skills are central to Norway’s future prosperity and the well-being of its people. This diagnostic report identifies 12 skills challenges for Norway which were distilled from a series of interactive diagnostic workshops held in the course of 2013 with a wide range of stakeholders in Oslo, Buskerud County and Nordland County.
The OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Norway draws upon a wide range of OECD comparative data and analysis to illustrate each skills challenge and offers insights from the experience of other countries in tackling similar skills challenges. The first nine skills challenges refer to specific outcomes across the three pillars of developing, activating and using skills. The last three skills challenges refer to the “enabling” conditions which strengthen the overall skills system.
점점 다양해지는 사회는 우리 교육에 어떤 의미가 있는가? 세계 경제 파워가 새로운 국가로 이전되는 현상은 어떠한가? 변화하는 직업 세계에서 어떤 방식으로 스킬이 요구되는가? 교육에 영향을 주는 글로벌 동향 2013은 주로 OECD, 세계은행 및 유엔을 통한 양질의 국제 자료에 기반한 것이다. 차트 는 다양한 링크를 포함하여 독자가 원본 데이터에 액세스할 수 있도록 했다. 본 간행물에서 제시된 트렌드는 5개의 광범 위한 주제로 구성되며 각 장에는 “자세히 알아보기” 섹션이 있다. 교육에 영향을 주는 글로벌 동향 2013은 이전 버전보다 많은 업데이트가 이루어졌고 다루는 범위도 방대해졌다. 브라질, 중국, 인도, 러시아 연방과 같은 신흥 경제국에 초점을 맞추었고 그 외 새로운 국가들에 대한 내용도 포함된다. 오늘날 우리 사회와 교실이 직면한 주요 문제를 다루고 보안, 스킬 및 신흥 기술에 대한 새로운 지표와 주제도 광범위하게 포함 된다.
본 간행물은 신뢰할 수 있는 비전문가용 자료를 제시하여 정책 전문가, 연구원, 교육계 리더, 관리자 및 교사들에게 학교 나 대학교에서 또는 노인을 위한 교육 프로그램에서 교육계가 처한 문제에 대한 생각을 독려하고 전략적 사고를 할 수 있도록 하기 위해 고안되었다. 이번 간행물은 학생뿐만 아니라 학부모를 포함한 다양한 독자층에게도 도움이 될 것이다.
Panorama de la educación. Indicadores de la OCDE es la fuente autorizada de información precisa y relevante sobre el estado de la educación en todo el mundo. Proporciona datos sobre las structuras, la situación económica y el rendimiento de los sistemas en más de 40 países, incluyendo a los países miembros de la OCDE, así como a otros países del G20.
Panorama de la educación incluye más de 100 gráficos, 200 tablas y 100.000 cifras, y ofrece información clave sobre los resultados de las instituciones educativas; el impacto del aprendizaje en los distintos países; los recursos económicos y humanos invertidos en educación; el acceso, la participación y la progresión en la educación, y el entorno de aprendizaje y la organización de los centros escolares.
En la edición de 2013, nuevos indicadores se centran en los siguientes temas:
• los datos más recientes sobre la crisis económica, donde se muestra que la educación sigue siendo la mejor protección frente al desempleo;
• datos más detallados sobre la orientación del programa (general versus profesional) en educación secundaria y terciaria;
• un análisis sobre la relación entre el tipo de empleo (a tiempo completo, a tiempo parcial, a tiempo parcial involuntario) y el nivel educativo alcanzado por las distintas personas;
• una revisión de la relación entre los ámbitos de educación y las tasas de matrícula, las tasas de desempleo y el nivel de ingresos;
• un indicador que muestra cuántos estudiantes que ingresan en un programa de educación terciaria se gradúan en él;
• un indicador sobre la relación entre el nivel educativo alcanzado y dos problemas de salud: obesidad y tabaquismo; y
• datos sobre tendencias de todos los indicadores clave entre 1995 y 2010-2011.
Las hojas de cálculo Excel ® utilizadas para crear las tablas y gráficos en Panorama de la educación están disponibles en Internet mediante los StatLinks incluidos en la publicación.
Bei der jüngsten PISA-Studie sind asiatische Länder und Regionen die klaren Spitzenreiter – allein in Mathematik kamen sieben davon in die Top Ten. In Europa belegen Liechtenstein und die Schweiz die vorderen Plätze. Deutschland liegt zum ersten Mal in allen Testbereichen über den OECD-Schnitt, Österreichs Ergebnisse kehren nach einem Einbruch wieder zu einem guten Niveau zurück. Zum nun fünften Mal wurden die Fähigkeiten von 15-Jährigen in Lesen, Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften überprüft, der Schwerpunkt lag auf Mathematik.
As competências se transformaram na moeda global do século 21. Sem investimento adequado em competências,
as pessoas permanecem à margem da sociedade, o progresso tecnológico não se traduz em crescimento econômico
e os países não podem competir em uma sociedade mundial que se baseia cada vez mais no conhecimento. Mas
essa “moeda” perde valor à medida que evoluem as exigências dos mercados de trabalho e as pessoas perdem as
competências que não utilizam.
A crise econômica mundial, com elevados níveis de desemprego, especialmente entre os jovens, torna urgente fomentar
melhores competências. Ao mesmo tempo se deve levar em consideração a desigualdade da renda, causada em grande
medida pela desigualdade entre os salários que remuneram a mão de obra de alta capacitação e os pagos às pessoas
com baixa capacitação. A solução mais promissora para esses problemas é investir eficazmente nas competências no
decorrer do ciclo de vida: desde a primeira infância, durante a educação obrigatória e ao longo da vida profissional.
A Estratégia de Competências da OCDE proporciona um marco estratégico integrado no âmbito governamental para
ajudar os países a entender melhor como investir nas competências para transformar vidas e fomentar economias.
Ajudará os países a identificar os pontos fortes e fracos de suas reservas nacionais de competências e sistemas de
competências, a compará-los no âmbito internacional e a desenvolver políticas de melhoria. Em particular, a estratégia
estabelece as bases sobre as quais os governos podem trabalhar de maneira eficaz com todas as partes interessadas –
governos nacionais, regionais e locais, empregadores, trabalhadores e estudantes.
Sumário
Introdução
Alavanca política 1: Desenvolvimento de competências relevantes
Alavanca política 2: Ativação da oferta de competências
Alavanca política 3: Usar as competências de maneira eficaz
O caminho a percorrer
The story of Korean education over the past 50 years is one of remarkable growth and achievement. Korea is one of the top performing countries in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) survey and among those with the highest proportion of young people who have completed upper secondary and tertiary education. Korea is continuously exploring ways to improve its education system and has dramatically increased government investment in education over the last decade. Nevertheless, further reforms are needed to spur and sustain improvements. Rapid globalisation and modernisation are also posing new and demanding challenges to equip young people of today and tomorrow with skills relevant to the 21st century.
The report Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in Education: Lessons from PISA for Korea aims at helping Korea to identify and address education policy challenges in an international perspective. To this end, it examines the Korean education system through the prism of PISA, considers recent policy developments and suggests specific policy options to foster improvements. The report also provides an in-depth analysis of the experience of other high-performing countries.
Dans nos sociétés, les artistes, tout comme les scientifiques et les chefs d’entreprise, sont perçus comme des modèles en termes d’innovation. Il n’est donc pas surprenant que l’éducation artistique soit souvent considérée comme un moyen de développer des compétences perçues comme essentielles pour l’innovation : pensée critique et créative, motivation, confiance en soi, et capacité à communiquer et coopérer efficacement, mais aussi des compétences dans des disciplines scolaires non artistiques telles que les mathématiques, les sciences, la lecture et l’écriture. L’éducation artistique a-t-elle vraiment un impact positif sur les trois sous-ensembles de compétences formant ce que nous appellerons ici « les compétences liées à l’innovation » : compétences techniques, compétences de réflexion et de créativité, et caractère (compétences comportementales et sociales) ?
Cet ouvrage dresse un état des lieux des connaissances empiriques concernant l’impact de l’éducation artistique sur ce genre de retombées. Les différents types d’éducation artistique étudiés comprennent l’enseignement des arts dans le cadre scolaire (cours de musique, d’arts plastiques, de théâtre et de danse), les cours intégrant un enseignement artistique (où les arts sont enseignés en accompagnement d’une discipline scolaire), et l’enseignement artistique se déroulant en dehors du cadre scolaire (par ex., les cours particuliers de musique, les cours extrascolaires de théâtre, d’arts plastiques et de danse). Ce rapport ne porte pas, en revanche, sur l’enseignement théorique des arts ni sur l’éducation culturelle, qui peuvent intervenir dans tout type de disciplines.
La publication Panorama du PISA 2009 a été conçue pour accompagner les Résultats du PISA 2009, le rapport en six volumes du cycle d’enquête 2009 mené par le Programme international de l’OCDE pour le suivi des acquis des élèves (PISA). L’enquête PISA évalue dans quelle mesure les élèves proches de la fin de leur scolarité obligatoire ont acquis certains des savoirs et savoir-faire essentiels à leur pleine participation à nos sociétés modernes. Elle évalue tous les trois ans les compétences de jeunes de 15 ans en compréhension de l’écrit, en mathématiques et en sciences.
Panorama du PISA 2009 offre des données facilement accessibles sur certains des grands thèmes analysés dans le rapport complet : savoirs et savoir-faire des élèves, surmonter le milieu social, apprendre à apprendre, et les clés de la réussite des établissements d’enseignement.
Chaque thème est présenté sur une double page : celle de gauche explique les tenants et les aboutissants à la fois pour les élèves et pour les pays et économies participants, analyse les principaux résultats et propose au lecteur désireux d’approfondir ce sujet des références à d’autres publications et bases de données de l’OCDE ; celle de droite présente des graphiques et des tableaux clairs et accessibles, assortis d’hyperliens dynamiques (StatLinks) qui redirigent le lecteur vers les données correspondantes au format Excel®.
Panorama du PISA 2009 constitue une introduction idéale au PISA et au riche corpus de données comparables au niveau international que collecte l’OCDE dans les domaines de l’éducation et de l’apprentissage.
This fifth volume of PISA 2012 results presents an assessment of student performance in problem solving, which measures students’ capacity to respond to non-routine situations in order to achieve their potential as constructive and reflective citizens. It provides the rationale for assessing problem-solving skills and describes performance within and across countries and economies. In addition, the volume highlights the relative strengths and weaknesses of each school system and examines how they are related to individual student characteristics, such as gender, immigrant background and socio-economic status. The volume also explores the role of education in fostering problem-solving skills.
The importance of financial literacy and specifically the need to promote financial education has been recognised as an important contributor to improved financial inclusion and individuals’ financial well-being as well as a support to financial stability. The relevance of financial education policies is acknowledged at the highest global policy level: in 2012, G20 Leaders endorsed the OECD/INFE High-level Principles on National Strategies for Financial Education that specifically identify youth as one of the priority targets of government policies in this domain. That same year, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Ministers of Finance identified financial literacy as a critical life skill.
The publication addresses the challenges linked to the introduction of financial education in schools, and provides practical guidance and case studies to assist policy makers, and a comparative analysis of existing learning frameworks for financial education in the formal school system.
Higher level vocational education and training (VET) programmes are facing rapid change and intensifying challenges. This report on Israel examines what type of training is needed to meet the needs of a changing economy, how programmes should be funded, how theyshould be linked to academic and university programmes and how employers and unions can be engaged. The country reports in this series look at these and other questions. They form part of Skills beyond School, the OECD policy review of postsecondary vocational education and training.
Education and media services both provide services that embody local cultures, in which there is extensive public sector participation and significant domestic regulation. At the same time, they are dramatically affected by the information and communication technology revolution. The production of information content now involves huge costs in terms of research and development or artistic talent, while the cost of making such products available to other consumers is very low. This in turn challenges the effectiveness of domestic regulation and raises fundamental questions about its purpose, calling for an increased scope for international trade and investment, and the development of supply chains. This book provides readers with a comprehensive and consistent treatment of policy in the higher education and media services sector across a range of Asian economies little studied in the existing literature. It gives an overview of global trends in each area, followed by detailed, country-specific studies. Through comparative work, it identifies common elements across these sectors and highlights critical implications for trade policy.
L’Enquête internationale sur l’enseignement et l’apprentissage (TALIS) de l’OCDE est une enquête internationale à grande échelle portant sur les conditions de travail des enseignants et l’environnement d’apprentissage dans leurs établissements. Le Guide TALIS à l’intention des enseignants aide les enseignants et les chefs d’établissements à comprendre les résultats de l’enquête, tout en leur suggérant des possibilités de mesures pour améliorer l’enseignement et l’apprentissage au sein de leurs établissements.
Comment les pays peuvent-ils préparer les enseignants à relever les différents défis des établissements d’enseignement d’aujourd’hui ? L’Enquête internationale sur l’enseignement et l’apprentissage (TALIS) de l’OCDE aide à répondre à cette question en interrogeant les enseignants et les chefs d’établissement sur leurs conditions de travail et l’environnement d’apprentissage dans leur établissement. En apportant des données précises, récentes et comparables, l’enquête TALIS a pour objectif d’aider les pays à élaborer et à améliorer leurs politiques, de manière à porter la profession d’enseignant au plus haut niveau de qualité. Pour les enseignants et les chefs d’établissement, elle représente une possibilité de contribuer à l’analyse et à la formulation de politiques d’éducation dans des domaines clés. Parmi les thèmes explorés figurent la formation continue, la direction d’établissement, les pratiques pédagogiques, le climat scolaire, les évaluations et les commentaires y afférents, la satisfaction professionnelle et le profil des enseignants. Le présent rapport synthétise les résultats de la deuxième édition de l’enquête TALIS, menée en 2013.
How can countries prepare teachers to face the diverse challenges in today’s schools? The OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) helps answer this question by asking teachers and school leaders about their working conditions and the learning environments at their schools. TALIS aims to provide valid, timely and comparable information to help countries review and define policies for developing a high-quality teaching profession. It is an opportunity for teachers and school leaders to provide input into educational policy analysis and development in key areas. This report presents the results of the second cycle of the TALIS survey conducted in 2013.