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This review analyses the Anti-corruption Policy of the State of Mexico and Municipalities, highlighting its strengths (i.e. inclusion and rigour) as well as the need to include specific integrity risks (i.e. policy capture) to make it more comprehensive. The review analyses how the State Government could develop ownership of ethical rules and values to effectively influence public officials’ behaviour. It also assesses the internal control and risk management scheme of the State of Mexico, providing an overview of its good practices and weak points. Finally, it examines the role of the administrative liability regime for state public officials and its effectiveness in ensuring accountability. It describes the legal framework for administrative responsibilities, which provides a comprehensive and solid foundation for enforcing integrity rules and standards, but requires support to improve implementation.
Este estudio analiza la Política Anticorrupción del Estado de México y Municipios, destacando sus fortalezas (por ejemplo, inclusión y rigor analítico), así como la necesidad de incluir riesgos de integridad específicos (como la captura de políticas públicas) para hacerla más integral. El estudio examina la manera en la que el Gobierno del Estado de México podría desarrollar propiedad de las normas y los valores éticos para influir eficazmente en el comportamiento de los servidores públicos. También evalúa los esquemas de control interno y gestión de riesgos del Estado de México, proporcionando un panorama de sus buenas prácticas y sus debilidades. Finalmente, el estudio analiza el papel del régimen de responsabilidades administrativas para los servidores públicos del estado y su eficacia para asegurar la rendición de cuentas. Describe el marco regulatorio de las responsabilidades administrativas, el cual proporciona fundamentos sólidos e integrales para hacer cumplir las reglas y los estándares de integridad, pero requiere de apoyo para mejorar la implementación.
This review analyses the public procurement system, processes and tools applied in the State of Mexico, the biggest federal entity in the country in terms of population. It assesses the extent of centralisation of the procurement function, its implications and areas of opportunity to reap the benefits of such strategy. By analysing the degree of competition in public tenders, the review provides alternatives to increase competitive pressures to maximise efficiency and value-for-money. Likewise, it evaluates the e-procurement platform COMPRAMEX and its potential to incorporate new transactional functions. Finally, the review assesses measures implemented to advance integrity in public procurement and the professionalisation of the procurement workforce. It provides concrete proposals addressing every aspect of the procurement lifecycle, from planning and market consultations to contract management.
Este estudio analiza el sistema, los procesos y las herramientas de contratación pública aplicados en el Estado de México, la entidad federativa más grande del país en cuanto a población. Evalúa los alcances de la centralización de la función de contratación, sus implicaciones y las áreas de oportunidad para lograr los beneficios de dicha estrategia. Al analizar el grado de competencia en las licitaciones públicas, el estudio sugiere alternativas para incrementar las presiones competitivas con el fin de maximizar la eficiencia y el valor por el dinero. De igual forma, evalúa la plataforma de contratación electrónica COMPRAMEX y su potencial de incorporar nuevas funciones transaccionales. Finalmente, el estudio pondera las medidas implementadas para promover la integridad en las contrataciones públicas y la profesionalización de la fuerza de trabajo dedicada a esta actividad. Proporciona propuestas concretas que abordan cada etapa del ciclo de la contratación, desde la planeación y el análisis de mercados hasta la gestión de contratos.
La pandémie de COVID-19 a causé d’immenses souffrances humaines et provoqué une grave récession au Brésil. Les pouvoirs publics ont réagi à la crise en adoptant rapidement et de manière décisive des mesures économiques pour venir en aide à des millions de Brésiliens. Néanmoins, pour asseoir une reprise forte après la récession, il faudra améliorer durablement les politiques économiques. Obtenir de meilleurs résultats budgétaires reste l’un des principaux enjeux de l’action publique compte tenu de l’ampleur de la dette du Brésil, qui a augmenté de manière considérable sous l’effet de la pandémie. Il faudra accroître l’efficience des dépenses publiques, notamment en s’appuyant sur les progrès accomplis antérieurement dans la lutte contre la corruption et la délinquance économique. La protection sociale peut être renforcée par un meilleur ciblage sur les politiques et les prestations les plus efficaces, ce qui pourrait entraîner une réduction marquée des inégalités et de la pauvreté. Une croissance plus vigoureuse permettra de voir progresser la productivité, quasiment stable depuis des décennies. Pour cela, il est nécessaire de s’employer à régler les problèmes sous-jacents qui se posent en matière d’action publique, notamment de réduire le poids de la réglementation, de réformer la fiscalité, de renforcer l’efficacité du système judiciaire et de favoriser une meilleure intégration à l'économie mondiale. Relever la productivité suppose des réaffectations et des mutations structurelles de l'économie, qui devront être accompagnées de politiques judicieusement conçues en matière de formation et d'éducation. Des programmes de formation mettant l’accent sur les demandes locales de compétences peuvent aider les travailleurs à maîtriser cette transition et à exploiter de nouvelles possibilités d’obtenir un emploi de meilleure qualité.
CHAPITRES THÉMATIQUES : STIMULER LA PRODUCTIVITÉ ; DES POLITIQUES EN MATIÈRE DE COMPÉTENCES PROPRES À FACILITER L’AJUSTEMENT STRUCTUREL
Current population trends and the COVID-19 pandemic reinforce the need for efficient public service provision while guaranteeing good access to all. Population decline and ageing in rural regions affect the provision of services through lower economies of scale and scope, professional shortages and longer distances. Reliable estimates of the costs and access arising from demographic and geographical differences can help adapt the provision of services to different territorial realities. This report provides internationally comparable fine-grained present and future estimates of the cost and physical access to education (primary and secondary) and health services (cardiology, maternity and obstetrics) in European countries. The report finds that demographic change in the next decades will likely further strain the trade-off between costs and access, especially in remote rural areas. Adapting to changes in demand following lower fertility rates and ageing implies that services will need to become more widely available, while others will have to concentrate more. This report aims to support evidence-based policy decisions to ensure service provision allows for both cost efficiency and a sufficient level of access in all territories.
Niniejszy raport zawiera ocenę zarządzania publicznego i rozwoju terytorialnego w polskich jednostkach samorządu terytorialnego (JST). Zawiera on kluczowe zalecenia dla władz na poziomie krajowym, regionalnym i lokalnym w Polsce, dotyczące sposobów wzmocnienia rozwoju i poprawy świadczenia usług oraz usprawnienia procesów zarządzania w jednostkach samorządu terytorialnego. Raport odnosi się do ośmiu kluczowych obszarów tematycznych: planowania strategicznego, koordynacji pomiędzy jednostkami administracji i politykami sektorowymi, wielopoziomowego zarządzania i potencjału inwestycyjnego, wykorzystywania wyników monitoringu i ewaluacji w procesie podejmowania decyzji, budżetowania, strategicznego zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi, otwartego rządzenia oraz polityki regulacyjnej mającej na celu zmniejszenie obciążeń administracyjnych i uproszczenie procedur zamówień publicznych. W raporcie zaproponowano klasyfikację JST w Polsce opartą na typologii OECD, w celu odzwierciedlenia funkcjonalności gospodarczej poszczególnych regionów/terytoriów, aby pomóc JST w opracowaniu bardziej efektywnej polityki rozwoju lokalnego. Narzędzie samooceny dla JST w Polsce uzupełnia raport i dostarcza kluczowych wskaźników, które pozwolą powiatom i gminom ocenić swoje mocne i słabe strony w zakresie zarządzania publicznego i praktyk rozwoju lokalnego, zaplanować, jak lepiej służyć obywatelom, wzmocnić zrównoważony rozwój lokalny i zaangażować interesariuszy w budowanie wspólnej wizji i planu działania.
This report provides an assessment of public governance and territorial development in Polish local self-government units (LSGUs). It offers key recommendations to governments at the national, regional and local levels in Poland on how to enhance development, improve service delivery and strengthen management processes within LSGUs. It addresses eight key thematic areas, including strategic planning, co-ordination across administrative units and policy sectors, multi-level governance and investment capacity, the use of monitoring and evaluation evidence for decision-making, budgeting, strategic workforce management, open government, and regulatory policy to reduce administrative burden and simplify public procurement. The report proposes a classification of LSGUs in Poland based on OECD typology, in order to reflect the economic functionality of specific regions/territories as a means to help LSGUs design more effective local development policies. A self-assessment tool for LSGUs in Poland complements the report and provides key indicators that allow counties and municipalities to assess their main strengths and weaknesses on public governance and local development practices, plan how to better serve citizens, enhance local sustainable development and engage with stakeholders to build a collective vision and plan of action.
Since its first edition in 2010, the OECD Development Centre's Perspectives on Global Development report has tracked development trends and policy priorities in developing countries. This new report examines the phenomenon of discontent. Between the global financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, discontent surged around the world. It was especially evident in middle-income countries and was often most acute amongst the middle classes that have emerged in developing countries over recent decades. The report explores the economic, political and sociological drivers of discontent and argues that building back better from the COVID-19 pandemic in developing countries will require approaches that simultaneously improve citizens' well-being, promote productive transformation and strengthen social cohesion. The report concludes by examining the international dimension of discontent and demonstrates how weaknesses and imbalances in the present multilateral system are eroding humankind's capacity for collective action in the face of global threats, notably the climate crisis. The rise in discontent has exposed failings in prevailing economic, social and political models at all levels: addressing discontent means fixing these systems, and doing so in an inclusive and sustainable manner.
Commodity trading presents specific and heightened risks of corruption due to the large amount of money involved in commodity trading transactions, which are source of important revenues for developing countries, and due to the sophisticated mechanisms used to channel corrupt payments. These include complex and opaque corporate structures, the use of off-shore entities, that render the identification of beneficial owners more difficult, the use of intermediaries (including briefcase or shell companies) and joint ventures with politically exposed persons (PEPs).
This report maps out corruption risks of cross-cutting relevance for the sales of oil, gas and minerals that can arise at several points in commodity trading transactions. It contributes to advancing the global transparency and accountability agenda in commodity trading, by improving understanding and raising awareness of corruption red flags and evolving corruption patterns across a wide range of stakeholders, including home jurisdictions of buying companies, trading hubs, host governments, state-owned enterprises and buying companies.
This report provides an evidence-based overview of developments in capital markets globally leading up to the COVID-19 crisis. It then documents the impact of the crisis on the use of capital markets and the introduction of temporary corporate governance measures. Although the structural effects of the crisis on capital markets and its interplay with corporate governance remain to be fully understood, this report presents trends that can be used to shape policies that will support the recovery and formulates key policy messages that will guide the upcoming review of the G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance.
The report emphasises that the road to recovery will require well-functioning capital markets that can allocate substantial financial resources for long-term investments. It also highlights the need to adapt corporate governance rules and practices to the post-COVID-19 reality, particularly in areas such as increased ownership concentration; environmental, social and governance (ESG) risk management; digitalisation; insolvency; audit quality and creditor rights.
Thanks to tremendous renewable energy and energy efficiency potential and a stable, dynamic economy, Indonesia has become a coveted destination for investors in the clean energy sector. Clean energy investment, however, remains far below the level needed to realise Indonesia’s ambitious clean energy and sustainable finance goals. Instead, investment in fossil fuels continues to dominate.
This first Clean Energy Finance and Investment Policy Review of Indonesia supports efforts to reverse these trends and achieve a clean energy transition. The report provides a comprehensive overview of the current policy framework, highlighting progress and identifying untapped opportunities for strengthening policy interventions that can help scale up clean energy finance and investment. It also provides a number of tailored recommendations for the Government of Indonesia and development partners. The Review was undertaken within the OECD Clean Energy Finance and Investment Mobilisation (CEFIM) Programme, which supports governments in emerging economies to unlock finance and investment in clean energy.
Indonesia telah menjadi tujuan dambaan para investor di sektor energi bersih berkat potensi energi terbarukan dan efisiensi energi yang luar biasa serta ekonomi yang stabil dan dinamis. Namun, investasi energi bersih masih jauh di bawah tingkat yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai tujuan energi bersih dan keuangan berkelanjutan Indonesia yang ambisius. Sebaliknya, investasi bahan bakar fosil terus mendominasi.
Tinjauan Kebijakan Pembiayaan dan Investasi Energi Bersih pertama di Indonesia ini mendukung upaya untuk membalikkan tren ini dan mewujudkan transisi energi bersih. Laporan ini memberikan gambaran menyeluruh tentang kerangka kebijakan saat ini, menyoroti kemajuan dan mengidentifikasi peluang yang belum dimanfaatkan untuk memperkuat intervensi kebijakan yang dapat membantu meningkatkan pembiayaan dan investasi energi bersih. Laporan ini juga memberikan sejumlah rekomendasi yang disesuaikan untuk Pemerintah Indonesia dan mitra pembangunan. Tinjauan dilakukan dalam Program OECD Clean Energy Finance and Investment Mobilisation (CEFIM), yang mendukung pemerintah di negara berkembang untuk membuka pembiayaan dan investasi dalam energi bersih.
National Urban Policy (NUP) is a key instrument to achieve sustainable urban development in a shared responsibility across countries, regions and cities. The scale and urgency of the current urban challenges has given prominence to NUPs. The COVID-19 crisis has amplified the potential of NUPs in shaping more resilient, green and inclusive cities as part of countries recovery packages.
This report reviews NUPs of 162 countries across the globe. Building on the first edition launched in 2018, the report serves as a critical source of information and analysis for policymakers and urban professionals, as it establishes the foundation for understanding how and in what forms NUPs have been developed, implemented and monitored globally. The overarching objective of the report is to assist national governments in advancing their NUP processes, especially in creating a stronger link between NUPs and urban-related global agendas, such as the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development and the New Urban Agenda, and in mainstreaming climate action into NUPs. The report is a co-creation of the OECD, UN-Habitat and Cities Alliance, as a key outcome of the National Urban Policy Programme, a global partnership launched in 2016 at the Habitat III Conference.
This report quantifies the magnitude, value, scope and trends of global trade in counterfeit and pirated goods, also known as fakes. Using a unique enforcement dataset and tailored methodology, it estimates the overall scale of this threat and outlines which industries are particularly at risk. It also gauges the main economies of origin of fakes in global trade, and the key directions of trade flows. Finally, it analyses recent trends in terms of modes of shipment and the evolution of trade routes.
Students in Scotland (United Kingdom) engage in learning through Curriculum for Excellence (CfE), which aims to provide them with a holistic, coherent, and future-oriented approach to learning between the ages of 3 and 18. CfE offers an inspiring and widely supported philosophy of education. Schools design their own curriculum based on a common framework which allows for effective curricular practices. In 2020, Scotland invited the OECD to assess the implementation of CfE in primary and secondary schools to understand how school curricula have been designed and implemented in recent years. This report analyses the progress made with CfE since 2015, building upon several months of observations in Scotland, the existing literature and experiences from other OECD countries. The OECD analysis and recommendations aim to support Scotland as it further enhances CfE to achieve its potential for the present and future of its learners. Just as Scotland’s Curriculum for Excellence was among the pioneers of 21st century learning, its most recent developments hold valuable lessons for other education systems and their own curriculum policies.
Promover la integridad en los gobiernos a nivel subnacional puede ser un reto, pero es crucial. En efecto, a menudo es en este nivel donde se forja la confianza en el estado, y donde las acciones para promover la integridad tienen el mayor impacto. Este informe revisa los esfuerzos realizados en el Perú para introducir una función de integridad a nivel de los gobiernos regionales. Se analiza cómo las regiones del país están implementando esta función y se proponen recomendaciones concretas para la mejora. El informe también examina cómo mejorar el impacto de las Comisiones Regionales Anticorrupción y cómo los actores nacionales, en particular la Secretaría de Integridad Pública del Perú, pueden proporcionar apoyo a la función y al sistema de integridad a nivel regional.
Promoting integrity in subnational government can be a challenge, but it is crucial. Indeed, it is often at this level where trust in government is forged, and where actions to promote integrity have the greatest impact. This report looks at efforts in Peru to introduce an integrity function at regional government level. It analyses how regions are implementing this function and proposes concrete recommendations for improvement. The report also looks at how to improve the impact of Regional Anticorruption Commissions and how national actors, in particular the Peruvian Secretary of Public Integrity, can provide support to the integrity function and system at the regional level.
First published in 2017, Fighting Tax Crime - The Ten Global Principles is the first comprehensive guide to fighting tax crimes. It sets out ten essential principles covering the legal, institutional, administrative, and operational aspects necessary for developing an efficient and effective system for identifying, investigating and prosecuting tax crimes, while respecting the rights of accused taxpayers.
This second edition addresses new challenges, such as tackling professionals who enable tax and white-collar crimes, and fostering international co-operation in the recovery of assets. Drawing on the experiences of jurisdictions in all continents, the report also highlights successful cases relating to the misuse of virtual assets, complex investigations involving joint task forces, and the use of new technology tools to fight tax crimes and other financial crimes.
The Ten Global Principles are an essential element of the OECD’s Oslo Dialogue, a whole-of-government approach for fighting tax crimes and illicit financial flows.
Alongside the policy document, the second edition is joined by 33 country chapters, detailing jurisdictions’ domestic tax crime enforcement frameworks as well as the progress made in implementing the Ten Global Principles. These chapters are available separately online.
Regulators act as “market referees”, balancing often competing interests of stakeholders in the sector, including governments, current and future actors in the markets, and consumers. At the same time, markets are changing at an unprecedented pace due to new technologies, the international drive toward carbon-neutral economies, shifts in consumer needs and preferences, and, most recently, the profound changes brought by the coronavirus pandemic. Assessing the performance of economic regulators must therefore be a continuous process.
This progress review evaluates the changes put in place by Latvia’s Public Utilities Commission since the previous OECD performance assessment review in 2016, in the interest of increasing the effectiveness of its regulatory activities and improving final outcomes for consumers and the economy.