Browse by: "2021"

L’un des principaux obstacles à une action climatique plus ambitieuse est que les initiatives visent essentiellement à apporter des modifications mineures à des systèmes qui sont fondamentalement non durables. Le rapport précité applique l’approche de l’OCDE axée sur le bien-être au secteur des transports. Il s’appuie sur le rapport « Accélérer l’action pour le climat » et encourage les pays à centrer leur action en faveur du climat sur la mise en place de systèmes qui – par nature – améliorent le bien-être tout en nécessitant moins d’énergie et de matières, et donc produisent moins d’émissions. Le rapport met en évidence trois phénomènes à l’origine de la dépendance à la voiture et du niveau élevé des émissions : le trafic induit, l’étalement urbain ainsi que l’érosion des solutions de mobilité active et partagée. Il formule en outre des recommandations à l’intention des pouvoirs publics pour mettre fin à cette dynamique et réduire les émissions tout en améliorant le bien-être : la réorganisation radicale des rues, l’aménagement de l’espace axé sur la création de proximité, ou des mesures visant à généraliser la mobilité partagée. L’analyse montre également pourquoi l’efficacité et l’acceptabilité par la société de la tarification du carbone ainsi que les politiques incitant à l’électrification des voitures peuvent sensiblement se développer une fois que les pouvoirs publics accordent la priorité à la refonte des systèmes.

Efforts that primarily focus on incremental change in systems that are unsustainable by design are one of the main barriers to scaling up climate action. This report applies the OECD well-being lens process to the transport sector. It builds on the report Accelerating Climate Action and encourages countries to focus climate action on delivering systems that - by design - improve well-being while requiring less energy and materials, and thus producing less emissions. The report identifies three dynamics at the source of car dependency and high emissions: induced demand, urban sprawl and the erosion of active and shared transport modes. The report also provides policy recommendations to reverse such dynamics and reduce emissions while improving well-being, from radical street redesign, to spatial planning aimed at increasing proximity, and policies to mainstream shared mobility. Analysis also shows why the effectiveness and public acceptability of carbon pricing and policies incentivising vehicle electrification can significantly increase after policy reprioritisation towards systems redesign.

Los mecanismos y herramientas regulatorias domésticas están llegando a sus límites para hacer frente a los desafíos transfronterizos. La acción conjunta permite a los países navegar eficazmente el rápido crecimiento de la integración económica y la interdependencia, impulsadas especialmente por tecnologías innovadoras. Sin embargo, los marcos institucionales y los procesos regulatorios contemporáneos están sujetos a las jurisdicciones nacionales que limitan las soluciones comunes para hacer frente a la creciente naturaleza internacional de los desafíos de política pública. Tras las secuelas de crisis globales, como la crisis financiera de 2008 o la pandemia COVID-19, que expusieron las vulnerabilidades de los sistemas de salud, económicos y de gobernanza mundiales, es momento de un verdadero cambio de paradigma hacia una consideración más sistemática del entorno internacional en los marcos regulatorios domésticos. Los Principios de Mejores Prácticas de la OCDE sobre Cooperación Regulatoria Internacional proporcionan una guía práctica que ayuda a los responsables de la formulación de políticas públicas a adaptar los marcos regulatorios a una realidad interconectada. En ellos se describen los elementos clave para definir una estrategia y una estructura de gobernanza, incorporando consideraciones internacionales en todo el diseño, desarrollo y ejecución de la regulación, y aprovechando la cooperación internacional bilateral, regional y multilateral para respaldar los objetivos de las políticas nacionales. Al recopilar diversas formas de cooperación regulatoria internacional y experiencias de los países, estos principios orientan a los funcionarios públicos en distintos entornos legales y administrativos, a formas de promover la calidad y la resiliencia del marco regulatorio en tiempos de un mundo cada vez más interconectado.

Many Latin American countries have experienced improvements in income over recent decades, with several of them now classified as high-income or upper middle-income in terms of conventional metrics. But has this change been mirrored in improvements across the different areas of people’s lives? How’s Life in Latin America? Measuring Well-being for Policy Making addresses this question by presenting comparative evidence for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) with a focus on 11 LAC countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay). Spanning material conditions, quality of life, resources for future well-being, and inequalities, the report presents available evidence on well-being both before and since the onset of the pandemic, based on the OECD Well-being Framework. It also identifies priorities for addressing well-being gaps and describes how well-being frameworks are used in policy within Latin America and elsewhere around the world, providing lessons for governments on what is needed to put people’s well-being at the centre of their action. The report is part of the EU Regional Facility for Development in Transition for Latin America and the Caribbean.

As “market referees”, regulators contribute to the delivery of essential public utilities. Their organisational culture, behaviour, actions and governance are important factors in how they, and the sectors they oversee, perform. The OECD Performance Assessment Framework for Economic Regulators (PAFER) looks at the institutions, processes and practices that can create an organisational culture of performance and results. This report uses PAFER to assess both the internal and external governance of Brazil’s Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL). The review offers recommendations for the regulator to build upon its strong technical reputation and good practices. It proposes an integrated set of recommendations to help the regulator best fulfil its role as a key actor supporting sector modernisation.

Como “árbitros de mercado”, os reguladores contribuem para a prestação de serviços públicos essenciais. Sua cultura organizacional, comportamento, ações e governança são fatores importantes na forma como eles, e os setores que supervisionam, atuam. O Quadro de Avaliação de Desempenho para Reguladores Econômicos da OCDE (PAFER) analisa as instituições, processos e práticas que podem criar uma cultura organizacional de desempenho e resultados. Este relatório utiliza o PAFER para avaliar a governança interna e externa da Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL). O relatório oferece recomendações para que o regulador possa desenvolver sua sólida reputação técnica e suas boas práticas. É proposto um conjunto integrado de recomendações para ajudar o regulador a desempenhar melhor seu papel como um importante ator na modernização do setor.

Networks of illicit trade in counterfeits use many modern solutions, including e-commerce, a tool that offers numerous advantages for consumers and businesses. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated both illicit trade and its misuse of the online environment. This report uses a tailored, statistical methodology to assess the misuse of e-commerce for trade in counterfeit goods. It also presents key government actions and industry initiatives to counter this risk.

This report describes how regulators around the world adapted to the confusion brought by the COVID-19 crisis to ensure the supply of food while maintaining food safety and security. It brings together examples of regulatory responses at regional, national and international levels. The report also discusses how, despite all the challenges, the pandemic has helped uncover new regulatory tools and foster a culture of flexibility and agility in regulatory systems.

Die miteinander verbundenen Herausforderungen unserer Zeit erfordern einen kohärenten und multidimensionalen Ansatz für das Verwaltungs- und Regierungshandeln. Die OECD-Eckpunkte für gutes Verwaltungs- und Regierungshandeln bieten staatlichen Stellen aller Ebenen ein integriertes Diagnose-, Orientierungs- und Benchmarkinginstrument, das auf die Verbesserung der Qualität öffentlicher Governance abzielt ‒ ein Ziel, das für die Staaten gerade bei ihren Bemühungen zur Bewältigung der COVID-19-Krise und zur Vorbereitung einer nachhaltigen und alle gesellschaftlichen Gruppen einbeziehenden Erholung von unmittelbarer strategischer Bedeutung ist. Dieses Eckpunktepapier stützt sich auf einschlägige OECD-Rechtsinstrumente sowie auf Erkenntnisse, die in den letzten zehn Jahren im Rahmen der Public Governance Reviews der OECD und anderer länder- und sektorspezifischer Bewertungen gesammelt wurden. Der erste Teil des Papiers stellt die Bedeutung zentraler Governance-Werte heraus und gibt einen Überblick über die Voraussetzungen guten Verwaltungs- und Regierungshandelns, die staatliche Stellen für erfolgreiche Reformen schaffen können. Der zweite Teil bietet eine Übersicht über Managementtools und Instrumente der Politik, die die Qualität und Wirkung der in den verschiedenen Stadien des Politikzyklus ergriffenen Maßnahmen verbessern können. In jedem Kapitel werden eine Reihe strategischer Fragen gestellt, die die Entscheidungsträger nutzen können, um die institutionellen und entscheidungsrelevanten Fähigkeiten ihrer Regierungs- und Verwaltungsstellen in Schlüsselbereichen der öffentlichen Governance selbst zu bewerten.

Hướng dẫn của OECD về Thẩm định đối với các Chuỗi cung ứng có trách nhiệm trong lĩnh vực May Mặc và Giày Dép (gọi tắt là “Hướng dẫn”) được xây dựng nhằm hỗ trợ các doanh nghiệp thực hiện các khuyến nghị thẩm định nêu trong Bộ Hướng dẫn của OECD cho các Doanh nghiệp đa quốc gia hoạt động trong chuỗi cung ứng may mặc và giày dép, qua đó ngăn ngừa và xử lý các tác động tiêu cực mà hoạt động của họ và các chuỗi cung ứng gây ra. Nhằm hỗ trợ thực hiện Bộ Hướng dẫn của OECD, Hướng dẫn này đặt mục tiêu đảm bảo các doanh nghiệp trong ngành may mặc và giày dép hoạt động hài hòa với các chính sách của nhà nước, qua đó tăng cường cơ sở tin cậy lẫn nhau giữa doanh nghiệp và mỗi trường xã hội mà doanh nghiệp hoạt động. Hướng dẫn này cũng mong muốn tạo điều kiện thuận lợi để các doanh nghiệp thực thi những khuyến nghị về thẩm định nêu trong Các Nguyên tắc Hướng dẫn của Liên Hiệp quốc về Kinh doanh và Quyền con người. Quy định trong Hướng dẫn phù hợp với Tuyên bố của Tổ chức Lao động Quốc tế (ILO) về các Quyền và Nguyên tắc Cơ bản tại nơi làm việc, các Công ước và Khuyến nghị có liên quan của ILO, và Tuyên bố ba bên của của ILO về các nguyên tắc liên quan đến các doanh nghiệp đa quốc gia và chính sách xã hội. Cùng với các hợp phần về thẩm định cho các lĩnh vực rủi ro đặc thù, tài liệu này sẽ cung cấp cho doanh nghiệp một bộ Hướng dẫn hoàn chỉnh để hoạt động và tìm nguồn cung ứng một cách trách nhiệm trong lĩnh vực may mặc và giày dép.

Les objectifs en matière d’égalité femmes-hommes et d’environnement se renforcent mutuellement, avec des progrès lents sur les actions environnementales affectant la réalisation de l'égalité femmes-hommes, et vice versa. Les progrès vers les objectifs de développement durable (ODD) nécessite des actions ciblées et cohérentes. Cependant, les complémentarités et les compromis entre l'égalité femmes-hommes et la durabilité environnementale sont à peine documentés dans le cadre des ODD. Basé sur le cadre des ODD, ce rapport propose une vue d’ensemble de ces liens, en examinant les déficits de données et d'éléments factuels, les bénéfices économiques et de bien-être, ainsi que les aspects de gouvernance et de justice. Il examine neuf ODD liés à l'environnement (2, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12 et 15) à travers un prisme genre-environnement, en utilisant des données disponibles, des études de cas, des enquêtes et d'autres éléments. Il démontre que les femmes partout dans le monde sont affectées de manière disproportionnée par le changement climatique, la déforestation, la dégradation des terres, la désertification, la raréfaction de l'eau et l'insuffisance de l'assainissement. Ces inégalités entre femmes et hommes ont été encore exacerbées par le COVID-19. Le rapport conclut qu’une approche sexospécifique des domaines clés comme d’utilisation des terres, de gestion de l'eau, de l'énergie et des transports, entre autres, permettrait la promotion d’un développement économique plus durable et plus inclusif, et d’accroître le bien-être pour tous. Reconnaissant les multiples dimensions et interactions entre l'égalité femmes-hommes et l'environnement, il propose un cadre d'action intégré, tenant compte à la fois de la croissance inclusive et des considérations environnementales aux niveaux local, national et international.

With a share of 36%, youth (aged 12-30) represent more than one-third of the total population in Jordan. Public governance is critical for supporting youth’s transition to full autonomy and providing opportunities for their participation in economic, social and public life. The COVID-19 has hit young people in Jordan hard and has underlined the importance of access to high-quality public services and to opportunities to participate in decision making. This report provides an analysis of the governance arrangements put in place by the Government of Jordan to deliver youth-responsive policy outcomes with a focus on five areas: 1) Jordan’s National Youth Strategy 2019-25, 2) Institutional capacities of the Ministry of Youth, 3) Governance tools to mainstream youth’s considerations in policy making and service delivery, 4) Youth participation and representation in public life and 5) Youth-responsive legal frameworks.

Laws and regulations govern the everyday life of businesses and citizens, and are essential tools of public policy. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial role regulation plays in the economy and society, but has also exposed gaps in domestic and international rule-making that have cost lives and money. The 2021 Regulatory Policy Outlook, the third in the series, maps country efforts to improve regulatory quality in line with the 2012 OECD Recommendation on Regulatory Policy and Governance, and shares good regulatory practices that can help close the gaps. It provides unique insights into how countries approach the design, enforcement and revision of regulations, and suggests where countries can best focus their efforts to ensure that laws and regulations work as intended. Finally, it discusses some agile and innovative approaches to rule making such as regulatory sandboxes, behavioural insights, and outcome-based, data-driven and risk-based regulation.

Industries and businesses are becoming increasingly digital, and the COVID-19 pandemic has further accelerated this trend. Regulators around the world are also experimenting with data-driven tools to apply and enforce rules in a more agile and targeted way. This report maps out several efforts undertaken jointly by the OECD and Italian regulators to develop and use artificial intelligence and machine learning tools in regulatory inspections and enforcement. It provides unique insights into the background processes and structures required for digital tools to perform predictive modelling, risk analysis and classification. It also highlights the challenges such tools bring, both in specific regulatory areas and to the broader goals of regulatory systems.

This Digital Government Review of Slovenia explores how the Government of Slovenia could enhance and harness digital government to achieve broader strategic goals. It evaluates the efforts made so far by the Slovenian government in shifting towards a digital government approach by looking at institutional governance, institutional digital talent, public service delivery and the strategic use of data. The review provides policy recommendations to allow Slovenia to make the most of digital technologies to foster a citizen and data-driven administration and to enable and sustain the digital transformation of the public sector.

COVID-19 is likely to leave long-lasting effects on local labour markets. It is accelerating a pre-existing trend towards automation, as firms look even more to new technologies to pandemic proof their operations. While automation offers the opportunity to boost productivity, it can also lead to job polarisation as vulnerable workers who lose their jobs may not have the skills needed in a changing labour market. This OECD report examines the potential impacts of automation on people and places across Australia. It also sheds light on policies and programmes that can help regions and cities to prepare for the future of work.

A clear, efficient, and modern regulatory framework for pesticides is essential for addressing their impacts on human health and the environment, supporting a life-cycle approach to their management, and ensuring crop protection and a sustainable agricultural industry. This report identifies the gaps, barriers, implementation flaws and inefficiencies that affect the regulatory framework of pesticides in Mexico. It takes stock of the regulatory framework and recent reforms, and identifies both the areas that pose the greatest challenge for the effective regulation of pesticides and those where regulation – or lack of it – in pesticides most affects policy objectives and economic activity. These challenges and practices are assessed in view of OECD principles and country experiences, and recommendations are provided to support better regulation efforts. The report finds that Mexico would benefit from adopting a comprehensive, mutually-agreed policy strategy for pesticides, recognising that pesticide management is a shared responsibility across national and local governments, the pesticide industry, pesticide users, as well as the general public.