Country statistical profiles: Key tables from OECD
The key tables by country statistical profiles include a wide range of indicators on economy, education, energy, environment, foreign aid, health, information and communication, labour, migration, R&D, trade and society. Historical data refer to the latest eight time periods.
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Country statistical profile: Estonia 2023/4
Country statistical profiles: Key tables from OECD - ISSN 2075-2288 - © OECD 2023
| | Country statistical profile: Estonia 2023 | |||||||||
| | ||||||||||
| | | Unit | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
| | Production and income | |||||||||
| | GDP per capita | USD current PPPs | 29 223 | 31 310 | 33 868 | 36 489 | 39 068 | 39 461 | 43 505 | 47 152 |
| | Gross national income (GNI) per capita | USD current PPPs | 28 581 | 30 614 | 33 035 | 35 716 | 38 333 | 39 019 | 42 750 | .. |
| | Household disposable income per capita | Annual growth % | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| | Economic growth | |||||||||
| | Real GDP growth | Annual growth % | 1.9 | 3.2 | 5.8 | 3.8 | 4.0 | -1.0 | 7.2 | -0.5 |
| | Net saving rate in household disposable income | % | 5.9 | 6.2 | 7.6 | 8.4 | 7.8 | 10.5 | 6.5 | .. |
| | Gross fixed capital formation | Annual growth % | -3.2 | 5.1 | 13.8 | 10.5 | -3.7 | 24.7 | 2.8 | -10.9 |
| | Economic structure: share of real value added | |||||||||
| | Agriculture, forestry, fishing | % | 3.3 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.9 |
| | Industry including energy | % | 21.4 | 21.3 | 21.0 | 20.7 | 19.5 | 19.1 | 19.7 | 20.4 |
| | Construction | % | 6.1 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 6.9 |
| | Trade, repairs, transport, accomm., food services | % | 22.6 | 22.7 | 22.4 | 22.4 | 21.3 | 20.0 | 19.7 | 19.9 |
| | Information, communication | % | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 6.2 | 6.9 | 7.8 | 8.5 | 8.0 |
| | Finance and insurance | % | 4.4 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 4.6 |
| | Real estate | % | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.0 | 10.4 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.0 |
| | Professional, scientific, support services | % | 8.6 | 8.7 | 9.0 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.7 | 10.1 | 9.6 |
| | Public admin., defence, education, health, social work | % | 15.4 | 15.5 | 15.2 | 15.2 | 15.5 | 16.6 | 15.9 | 15.2 |
| | Other services (ISIC Rev.4 R - U) | % | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.6 |
| | Government deficits and debt | |||||||||
| | Government deficit | % of GDP | 0.1 | -0.4 | -0.5 | -0.6 | 0.1 | -5.5 | -2.4 | -0.9 |
| | General government debt | % of GDP | 12.7 | 13.7 | 13.1 | 13.0 | 13.6 | 24.8 | 24.3 | .. |
| | General government revenues | % of GDP | 39.6 | 39.0 | 38.8 | 38.7 | 39.5 | 39.4 | 39.0 | 38.5 |
| | General government expenditures | % of GDP | 39.5 | 39.4 | 39.2 | 39.3 | 39.4 | 44.9 | 41.5 | .. |
| | Expenditure | |||||||||
| | Government/compulsory expenditure on health | % of GDP | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.2 |
| | Voluntary expenditure on health | % of GDP | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | |
| | Public social expenditure | % of GDP | 17.3 | 17.5 | 17.0 | 17.5 | 17.9 | 19.8 | 18.4 | 17.2 |
| | Private social expenditure | % of GDP | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | .. |
| | Public pension expenditure | % of GDP | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.6 | .. | .. | .. |
| | Private pension expenditure | % of GDP | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | .. | .. |
| | Official Development Assistance - grant equivalent | % of GNI | .. | .. | .. | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.54 |
| | Official Development Assistance - flows basis | % of GNI | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.16 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| | Taxes | |||||||||
| | Total tax revenue | % of GDP | 33.3 | 33.5 | 32.5 | 32.9 | 33.5 | 33.3 | 33.5 | .. |
| | Tax on personal income | % of GDP | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 6.8 | .. |
| | Tax on corporate profits | % of GDP | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.5 | .. |
| | Taxes on goods and services | % of GDP | 14.1 | 14.5 | 14.0 | 13.8 | 14.2 | 13.3 | 13.4 | .. |
| | Taxes on the average worker | % of labour cost | 39.0 | 39.0 | 39.0 | 36.2 | 37.0 | 37.3 | 38.2 | 39.0 |
| | Trade | |||||||||
| | Imports of goods and services | % of GDP | 73.5 | 73.4 | 71.8 | 71.6 | 69.9 | 69.2 | 78.7 | 86.1 |
| | Exports of goods and services | % of GDP | 77.4 | 77.0 | 75.8 | 74.3 | 73.9 | 69.3 | 78.3 | 85.5 |
| | Goods trade balance: exports minus imports of goods | Bln USD | -1.7 | -1.8 | -2.2 | -2.2 | -1.9 | -1.0 | -2.1 | -3.8 |
| | Imports of goods | Bln USD | 14.5 | 14.8 | 16.6 | 19.1 | 18.0 | 17.3 | 23.5 | 26.0 |
| | Exports of goods | Bln USD | 12.9 | 13.0 | 14.5 | 16.9 | 16.1 | 16.3 | 21.4 | 22.3 |
| | Service trade balance: exports minus imports of services | Bln USD | 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 2.5 |
| | Imports of services | Bln USD | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 6.4 | 9.1 | 8.8 |
| | Exports of services | Bln USD | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6.9 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 6.5 | 10.2 | 11.3 |
| | Current account balance of payments | % of GDP | 1.7 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 2.5 | -1.5 | -2.9 | -3.1 |
| | Foreign direct investment (FDI) | |||||||||
| | Outward FDI stocks | Mln USD | 5 607 | 5 843 | 7 232 | 7 311 | 9 450 | 10 246 | 12 139 | 13 256 |
| | Inward FDI stocks | Mln USD | 18 447 | 19 119 | 23 324 | 24 315 | 27 410 | 34 060 | 33 670 | 36 655 |
| | Inflows of foreign direct investment | Mln USD | 36 | 1 058 | 1 947 | 1 516 | 3 196 | 3 467 | 188 | 822 |
| | Outflows of foreign direct investment | Mln USD | 182 | 486 | 888 | 45 | 1 993 | 198 | -535 | 797 |
| | Prices and interest rates | |||||||||
| | Inflation rate: all items | Annual growth % | -0.5 | 0.1 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 2.3 | -0.4 | 4.7 | 19.4 |
| | Inflation rate: all items non food non energy | Annual growth % | 1.4 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 2.8 | 9.7 |
| | Inflation rate: food | Annual growth % | -0.5 | 0.0 | 5.7 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 19.9 |
| | Inflation rate: energy | Annual growth % | -7.0 | -4.0 | 5.6 | 9.3 | 1.9 | -7.2 | 18.4 | 63.5 |
| | Producer Price Indices (PPI): manufacturing | Annual growth % | -2.7 | -0.8 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 1.1 | -1.1 | 11.5 | 20.0 |
| | Long-term interest rates | % | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.06 | 2.29 |
| | Purchasing power and exchange rates | |||||||||
| | Purchasing power parities | EUR per USD | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.58 |
| | Exchange rates | EUR per USD | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.85 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.85 | 0.95 |
| | Indices of price levels | OECD=100 | 68 | 68 | 70 | 73 | 71 | 71 | 74 | 76 |
| | Energy supply and prices | |||||||||
| | Total primary energy supply (TPES) | Mtoe | 4.9 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 5.0 |
| | TPES per unit of GDP at 2000 prices and PPPs | Toe per '000 USD | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.11 |
| | Renewable energy | Ktoe | 933.8 | 1 001.1 | 1 075.7 | 1 156.1 | 1 179.4 | 1 310.2 | 1 540.0 | .. |
| | Crude oil import prices | USD per barrel | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| | Information and Communications Technology (ICT) | |||||||||
| | Households with access to computers | % | 87.9 | .. | 86.9 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| | Households with access to internet | % | 87.7 | 86.2 | 88.3 | 90.5 | 90.4 | 90.0 | 91.8 | 92.4 |
| | Environment | |||||||||
| | Water abstactions | Mln m3 | 1 616 | 1 756 | 1 789 | 1 605 | 1 004 | 848 | 994 | .. |
| | National fish landings in domestic ports | '000 tonnes | 72 | 72 | 75 | 77 | 66 | 56 | .. | .. |
| | National fish landings in foreign ports | '000 tonnes | 11 | 12 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 15 | .. | .. |
| | Aquaculture | '000 tonnes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | |
| | Municipal waste total | '000 tonnes | 473 | 494 | 514 | 535 | 490 | 509 | 525 | .. |
| | Municipal waste total per capita | Kg | 360 | 375 | 390 | 405 | 369 | 383 | 394 | .. |
| | CO2emissions from fuel combustion | Mln tonnes | 14 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 10 | 7 | 8 | .. |
| | Education | |||||||||
| | Tertiary attainment in population aged 25-64 | % | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 42 | 41 | 42 |
| | Expenditure per student: primary, 2010 prices | USD constant PPPs | 6 346 | 6 944 | 7 329 | 8 265 | 9 660 | 10 309 | .. | .. |
| | Expenditure per student: secondary, 2010 prices | USD constant PPPs | 6 882 | 6 959 | 7 333 | 8 487 | 8 711 | 8 522 | .. | .. |
| | Expenditure per student: tertiary, 2010 prices | USD constant PPPs | 12 906 | 13 043 | 14 523 | 17 485 | 17 244 | 17 930 | .. | .. |
| | Youths 15-19 not in education nor employment | % | 5.5 | 4.2 | 5.8 | 9.0 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 7.0 | 7.2 |
| | Youths 20-24 not in education nor employment | % | 15.0 | 13.9 | 13.2 | 12.2 | 10.8 | 13.7 | 16.4 | 16.5 |
| | Employment | |||||||||
| | Employment rate in population aged 15-24 | % | 35.2 | 36.9 | 39.1 | 40.9 | 38.6 | 34.5 | 33.6 | 36.5 |
| | Employment rate in population aged 25-54 | % | 83.7 | 83.3 | 84.8 | 84.9 | 85.0 | 83.7 | 84.0 | 86.5 |
| | Employment rate in population aged 55-64 | % | 64.1 | 65.1 | 67.9 | 68.4 | 71.9 | 71.3 | 71.7 | 73.8 |
| | Incidence of part-time employment | % | 8.6 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 9.2 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 10.3 | 10.6 |
| | Self-employment rate: total employment | % | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| | Self-employment rate: male employment | % | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| | Self-employment rate: female employment | % | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| | Unemployment | |||||||||
| | Unemployment rate: total labour force | % | 6.4 | 6.8 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 4.5 | 6.9 | 6.2 | 5.6 |
| | Unemployment rate: male labour force | % | 6.6 | 7.5 | 6.4 | 5.6 | 4.2 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 6.1 |
| | Unemployment rate: female labour force | % | 6.2 | 6.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 6.7 | 5.6 | 5.0 |
| | Long-term unemployment: total unemployed | % | 38.3 | 31.6 | 33.5 | 24.9 | 20.0 | 17.2 | 25.3 | 22.3 |
| | Labour compensation and hours worked | |||||||||
| | Labour compensation per unit labour input, total economy | Annual growth % | 3.6 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 13.8 | 8.1 | 9.6 | 0.5 | 7.7 |
| | Average time worked per person in employment | Hours per year | 1 763 | 1 767 | 1 768 | 1 707 | 1 694 | 1 637 | 1 767 | 1 770 |
| | Research and Development (R&D) | |||||||||
| | Gross domestic expenditure on R&D | Mln USD | 563 | 492 | 535 | 613 | 736 | 785 | 849 | .. |
| | Researchers: full-time equivalent | Per '000 employed | 6.7 | 6.9 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 7.9 | 8.3 | .. |
| | Population | |||||||||
| | Total population | '000 persons | 1 315 | 1 316 | 1 317 | 1 322 | 1 327 | 1 329 | 1 331 | 1 349 |
| | Total fertitity rates | Children | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 | .. |
| | Youth population aged less than 15 | % of population | 16.0 | 16.2 | 16.3 | 16.4 | 16.4 | 16.4 | 16.4 | 16.4 |
| | Elderly population aged 65 and over | % of population | 18.9 | 19.2 | 19.5 | 19.7 | 19.9 | 20.2 | 20.4 | 20.3 |
| | International migration | |||||||||
| | Foreign-born population | % of population | 14.8 | 14.7 | 14.6 | 14.8 | 14.9 | .. | .. | .. |
| | Foreign population | % of population | 16.1 | 16.1 | 16.2 | 16.4 | 16.3 | .. | .. | .. |
| | Unemployment rate in population of native-born men | % of labour force | 6.3 | 7.3 | 6.3 | 5.1 | 4.0 | 7.1 | 7.0 | .. |
| | Unemployment rate in population of foreign-born men | % of labour force | 7.0 | 9.9 | 6.7 | 7.9 | 5.6 | 7.2 | 7.9 | .. |
| | Unemployment rate in population of native-born women | % of labour force | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 6.3 | 5.2 | .. |
| | Unemployment rate in population of foreign-born women | % of labour force | 8.6 | 8.3 | 6.1 | 7.9 | 6.7 | 8.4 | 11.7 | .. |
| | Health | |||||||||
| | Life expectancy at birth | Years | 78.0 | 78.0 | 78.4 | 78.5 | 79.0 | 78.9 | 77.2 | .. |
| | Life expectancy at birth: men | Years | 73.2 | 73.3 | 73.8 | 74.0 | 74.5 | 74.4 | 72.7 | .. |
| | Life expectancy at birth: women | Years | 82.2 | 82.2 | 82.6 | 82.7 | 83.0 | 83.0 | 81.4 | .. |
| | Infant mortality | Per '000 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 2.2 | .. |
| | Overweight or obese, % of population aged 15 and over | Measured | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| | Suicide Rates | Per 100 000 persons | 14.5 | 13.3 | 16.5 | 14.0 | 14.1 | 15.2 | 13.6 | .. |
| | Transport | |||||||||
| | Goods transport | Mln tonne-km | 9 373 | 9 056 | 8 514 | 8 377 | 6 950 | 6 010 | 7 365 | .. |
| | Passenger transport | Mln passenger-km | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| | Road Fatalities | Per mln inhabitants | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | .. |
| Last updated: 6 October 2023; disclaimer: http://oe.cd/disclaimer | ||||||||||
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Estimated value | ||||||||||
| Source: OECD Data (data.oecd.org). | ||||||||||