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El Salvador has made significant development progress in the past 30 years. The end of the civil war in 1992 marked the establishment of a liberal democracy and an open export-led development model, which led to a reduction in poverty and inequality. However, with economic growth averaging a modest 2.4% in the years before the COVID-19 pandemic, and productivity growth of 0.1% over the past decade, the post-war model has not generated the economic momentum or the jobs that the country needs. Decisive action is necessary to kickstart more robust, inclusive and sustainable development. Based on a multi-dimensional analysis of development in El Salvador, this report makes four priority recommendations: 1) build the conditions for a productive transformation and modernisation of the economy; 2) increase the quantity, quality and relevance of education; 3) manage water resources better to deliver water and sanitation for all in a sustainable manner; and 4) modernise the State so it can effectively deliver key public goods, from security to education to health, and successfully steer the next stage in the country’s development.

The Dominican Republic has made strides on many socioeconomic fronts over the years. The country has been one of the leading economies in Latin America and the Caribbean in terms of GDP growth, reaching upper middle-income status in 2011. However, progress on the different dimensions of well-being has been insufficient. In particular, socioeconomic and territorial disparities are still important, and public institutions remain insufficiently solid. For the Dominican Republic to embark on a more prosperous development path, three critical dimensions must be tackled. First, providing quality jobs for all, with particular emphasis on boosting formalisation and productive transformation. Second, mobilising more public and private finance for development, with more progressive and effective taxation systems, more efficient public expenditure and deeper capital markets. Third, accelerating digital transformation to boost productivity, enhance inclusion and support job creation.

Teachers can shape their students' educational careers. Research shows that children taught by different teachers often experience very different educational outcomes. This begs the questions: how are teachers assigned to schools in different countries? And to what extent do students from different backgrounds have access to good teachers? Building on literature identifying the characteristics and practices of teaching that boost student achievement, this report shows how teachers with different characteristics and practices tend to concentrate in different schools, and how much access students with different socio-economic backgrounds have to good teachers. It points out the aspects of different educational systems that influence how teachers are allocated to schools. The report also discusses the consequences that inequitable teacher allocation systems have on students’ educational outcomes.

Since the launch of the Ðổi Mới economic reforms in 1986, Viet Nam has achieved tremendous economic and social progress. Today, it is well integrated on global markets, has enjoyed robust growth, and has seen remarkable poverty reduction. With its recent successful fiscal consolidation, its attractiveness as a trading destination and rapidly growing domestic middle class, Viet Nam faces a window of opportunity for its transition to an inclusive market economy. Three guiderails should form the basis of this strategy: integration, transparency and sustainability. Better integration between state-owned enterprises, foreign investors and domestic private companies in open markets will be key to future performance gains. Partnerships between universities and enterprises would also help upgrade skills and create innovation, thereby making the integration durable. Transparency and performance of government are prerequisites for trust and a key lever to enhance efficiency and productivity in most areas of the state and the economy. A more sustainable development path will need better management of water, air and energy to address climate change. Reforms of the social security system can also ensure that no one is left behind, especially in the face of a fast ageing population.

Digitalisation is transforming the world of work and societies, and creating opportunities to learn and develop skills in new ways, times and places. The adoption and use of digital technologies can help Latin American countries close the skills gap with more advanced economies. Making the Most of Technology for Learning and Training in Latin America demonstrates how Latin American countries can realise the potential of new technologies for skills development in schools and all stages of life. It identifies barriers to accessing ICT infrastructure and connectivity limitations in Latin America, and provides recommendations on how they can be overcome to ensure that all students and citizens can benefit from new technologies for learning. The report explores the relationship between technology use in initial education and students’ performance in Latin America, and how policies can best support teachers as digital tools enter their classrooms. Digitalisation provides new opportunities for lifelong learning and this report examines the potential of open education and MOOCs in reaching those adults who are most in need of training in Latin American countries.

Paraguay has set itself ambitious development goals for 2030. To achieve them, it will have to tackle two major challenges: buttressing sources of sustainable economic prosperity and putting the country on a more inclusive development path. Progressing towards a more inclusive society will require a broad and vigorous reform agenda. First, the country’s healthcare system requires systemic reform to widen its coverage, reduce Paraguayans’ vulnerability in the face of health risks and increase the efficiency of health service provision. Second, the social protection system needs to overcome its fragmentation and become more effective in delivering the right services and risk management tools to citizens according to their needs. In particular, the pension system requires reforms to increase its coverage and become more equitable and more sustainable. Third, the quality and the inclusiveness of its education and training system need to be strengthened to generate the skills the economy needs, and provide opportunities to all. Based on the analysis and recommendations undertaken in Volumes 1 and 2 of this Multi-dimensional country review, this report identifies key areas for action and presents targeted action plans to kick-start reform. The report also provides a dashboard of monitoring indicators to support the reform agenda in the country.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set a broad and ambitious programme for the world to achieve by 2030. With 17 Goals, underpinned by 169 Targets, the complex and integrated nature of the 2030 Agenda presents national governments with huge challenges for implementation. To assist countries, the OECD has developed a unique methodology allowing comparison of progress across SDG goals and targets. Based on the UN Global List of 244 indicators, this study evaluates the distance that OECD countries need to travel to meet SDG targets for which data is currently available. This 2019 edition of the study presents the latest results for OECD countries, both on average and individually, as well as new exploratory approaches to assessing progress over time and transboundary aspects of the SDGs. By providing a high-level overview of countries’ strengths and weaknesses in performance across the SDGs, this study aims to support member countries in navigating the SDGs and in setting their own priorities for action within the broad 2030 Agenda.

This MDCR is designed to help Panama formulate development strategies, and identify and support the policy reforms needed to achieve further sustainable and inclusive development. This review comes at a time when Panama is achieving high economic growth but further policy action is needed to expand socio-economic benefits across all economic sectors, regions and households.

Measuring innovation in education and understanding how it works is essential to improve the quality of the education sector. Monitoring systematically how pedagogical practices evolve would considerably increase the international education knowledge base. We need to examine whether, and how, practices are changing within classrooms and educational organisations and how students use learning resources. We should know much more about how teachers change their professional development practices, how schools change their ways to relate to parents, and, more generally, to what extent change and innovation are linked to better educational outcomes. This would help policy makers to better target interventions and resources, and get quick feedback on whether reforms do change educational practices as expected. This would enable us to better understand the role of innovation in education.

This new edition of Measuring Innovation in Education examines what has (or has not) changed for students over the past decade in OECD education systems. It reviews no fewer than 150 educational practices. The report casts light on systemic innovation in primary and secondary education, with a focus on pedagogical innovation. Has the use of technology spread? Have assessments become more important in pedagogical practices? Are students given more agency in their learning? Are they still asked to memorise facts and procedures? Do teachers increasingly engage students in peer learning activities? These are some of the questions this book seeks to answer. This report also presents some preliminary findings about the links between innovation and educational performance.

This book will offer precious insights to policy makers, the education community and all those who seek to understand how educational practices are evolving.

Having achieved robust economic growth and remarkable macroeconomic stability over the past 15 years, Paraguay has set a course to become not only more prosperous, but also more inclusive by 2030. To deliver on its development ambition, the country will have to overcome a number of crosscutting constraints that limit progress towards widely shared improvements in citizen well-being, as identified in Volume 1 of the review. Putting Paraguay on a more inclusive development path requires co-ordinated actions to increase the capacity of the state to redistribute, to improve the delivery of public services, and to break the persistence of poverty and inequality across generations. This report discusses policy actions and priorities in three critical areas to make Paraguay’s development more inclusive. It presents in-depth analysis and recommendations to improve the effectiveness of social protection, the delivery of health services, and the formation of skills for all Paraguayans.

As competências se transformaram na moeda global do século 21. Sem investimento adequado em competências,
as pessoas permanecem à margem da sociedade, o progresso tecnológico não se traduz em crescimento econômico
e os países não podem competir em uma sociedade mundial que se baseia cada vez mais no conhecimento. Mas
essa “moeda” perde valor à medida que evoluem as exigências dos mercados de trabalho e as pessoas perdem as
competências que não utilizam.
A crise econômica mundial, com elevados níveis de desemprego, especialmente entre os jovens, torna urgente fomentar
melhores competências. Ao mesmo tempo se deve levar em consideração a desigualdade da renda, causada em grande
medida pela desigualdade entre os salários que remuneram a mão de obra de alta capacitação e os pagos às pessoas
com baixa capacitação. A solução mais promissora para esses problemas é investir eficazmente nas competências no
decorrer do ciclo de vida: desde a primeira infância, durante a educação obrigatória e ao longo da vida profissional.
A Estratégia de Competências da OCDE proporciona um marco estratégico integrado no âmbito governamental para
ajudar os países a entender melhor como investir nas competências para transformar vidas e fomentar economias.
Ajudará os países a identificar os pontos fortes e fracos de suas reservas nacionais de competências e sistemas de
competências, a compará-los no âmbito internacional e a desenvolver políticas de melhoria. Em particular, a estratégia
estabelece as bases sobre as quais os governos podem trabalhar de maneira eficaz com todas as partes interessadas –
governos nacionais, regionais e locais, empregadores, trabalhadores e estudantes.
Sumário
Introdução
Alavanca política 1: Desenvolvimento de competências relevantes
Alavanca política 2: Ativação da oferta de competências
Alavanca política 3: Usar as competências de maneira eficaz
O caminho a percorrer

¿Cómo puede el estado de Puebla mejorar su sistema educativo? Desde una perspectiva internacional, en este informe se analizan los principales desafíos afrontados por el sistema educativo estatal, las iniciativas de políticas públicas actuales y las prácticas innovadoras. En el libro se destaca que una estrategia a largo plazo, una capacidad más fuerte de dirigir las acciones y las reformas en cuatro grandes áreas de políticas públicas son piedras angulares en la mejora educativa. Con aportaciones de sistemas educativos de alto rendimiento y de aquéllos con una trayectoria de reforma similar, aquí se establecen estrategias de acción para hacer posible el cambio.
Índice
Capítulo 1. Desarrollar el Modelo Educativo de Puebla
Capítulo 2. Fortalecer las escuelas y el aprendizaje de los estudiantes en Puebla
Capítulo 3. Elevar la calidad de los maestros y los directores de escuela en Puebla
Capítulo 4. Mejorar la educación media superior en Puebla
Capítulo 5. Mejorar la infraestructura educativa en Puebla

Las competencias se han convertido en la divisa global del siglo XXI. Sin una inversión adecuada en ellas, las personas languidecen al margen de la sociedad, el progreso tecnológico no se traduce en crecimiento económico y los países ya no pueden competir en una sociedad mundial basada cada vez más en los conocimientos. Pero esta divisa se devalúa a medida que las exigencias de los mercados laborales evolucionan y las personas pierden las competencias que no usan. La crisis económica mundial -con altos niveles de desempleo, en especial entre los jóvenes- ha vuelto más urgente el fomento de mejores competencias. Al mismo tiempo, también debe atenderse el aumento de la desigualdad de los ingresos, provocado en gran medida por la desigualdad de los salarios entre trabajadores muy competentes y poco competentes. La solución más prometedora a esos problemas es invertir eficazmente en las competencias a lo largo del ciclo de la vida: desde la primera infancia, durante la educación obligatoria, y a lo largo de la vida laboral. La Estrategia de Competencias de la OCDE brinda un marco estratégico para ayudar a los países para que comprendan más acerca de cómo invertir en las competencias de manera que estas transformen vidas y fomenten las economías. Asimismo, ayudará a los países a identificar las fortalezas y las debilidades de su banco existente de competencias nacionales y sistemas de competencias, compararlos internacionalmente y desarrollar políticas para mejorarlos. En particular, la estrategia establece las bases sobre las cuales los gobiernos puedan trabajar con eficacia con todas las partes interesadas: gobiernos nacionales, locales y regionales, empleadores, trabajadores y estudiantes.