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The consequences of an ageing workforce are magnified in the public sector because it generally has an older demographic profile than the private sector (OECD, 2006). The challenge of attracting and retaining capacity within the public service as large numbers of experienced public servants retire is set to be a growing concern in many OECD countries. This report looks at the degree to which pension reform may be assisting in meeting this challenge....
French

How governments keep control over large and complex operations and how they are held to account has changed over the past 15 years because of technological innovations, changes in the size of government, and the introduction of performance budgeting and management. This paper looks at the challenges and changes under way to control systems in OECD member countries. It is an interim report. More comprehensive information on the topic will be gathered in a survey to be completed in 2005.

French

This paper argues that if governments are to adapt successfully to the changing needs of their society, they require better analytical and empirical tools, and more sophisticated strategies for change than OECD member countries have generally had to date....

French
One of the main problems facing big-city school districts in the United States is deteriorating and underutilised school infrastructure. The Detroit public school district is attempting to tackle this issue with an injection of federal funding and a comprehensive school facilities renovation plan. Money from a bond issue passed in November 2009 will be used to construct new replacement school buildings and renovate existing ones to efficiently transform the school district and the city.
French
This paper examines the policies to obtain public rights-of-way permits in a number of OECD countries and access to ducts, which may act to slow down the pace of fibre roll-out in local access market, and suggests the policy options available.
French
SIGMA Brief 1 provides a description of the legal framework of the EU public procurement system: two “procedural” Directives for the public sector (2004/18/EC) and for the utilities sector (2004/17/EC), and two other “remedies” Directives (89/66/EEC, 92/13/EEC, both amended by Directive 2007/66/EC). Additionally, Directive 2009/81/EC applies to the procurement of military supplies, works and services. In order to understand the basics of public procurement in the European Union, it is necessary to look not only at the Directives themselves but also at the general principles contained in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The Treaty principles guide the interpretation of the Directives. It is also important to understand the role of the various European institutions (European Commission, Court of Justice).
How do Member States regulate their national public procurement systems below the EU thresholds and in areas not regulated in detail by the EU Directives? This paper provides the reader with an overview of different national policies, rules and procedures and presents common features and patterns in the regulatory approach of the countries covered. It will help Sigma partner countries design efficient and sound legal frameworks also outside the scope of the EU Directives. It may as well be of interest to the Member States themselves and to the international procurement community at large.
French
This study provides a comparative analysis of the public procurement review and remedies systems of Member States. Twenty-four separate overviews of public procurement systems in the 24 participating Member States were produced on the basis of national responses to a detailed questionnaire. An in-depth review of these country system overviews provided the comparative analysis portion of this study.
French

The main objective for the establishment of a public procurement complaints review and remedies system is to enforce the practical application of substantive public procurement legislation. Such a system gives this legislation its “teeth”: the possibility of review and remedies serves as a deterrent to breaking the law and thus encourages compliance. Moreover, violations of the law and genuine mistakes can be corrected. Therefore, a functioning public procurement review and remedies system may ultimately contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the substantive rules, such as non-discrimination and equal treatment, transparency, and value for money. The public procurement review and remedies systems of EU Member States need to comply with the requirements of European Community law: the EC Treaty, the EC Public Sector Remedies Directive 89/665/EEC and the EC Utilities Remedies Directive 92/13/EEC...

Public procurement review procedures are intended to guarantee effective remedies for complaints in public procurement. This paper guides central and eastern European countries that are seeking to join the European Union on how to identify the public procurement review procedures best suited to each country’s specificities. These countries are adapting their existing public procurement legislation to the European Council “Remedies Directives”. The annex contains summaries of complaint review systems in eleven western and eastern European countries. The purpose is to provide possible institutional reform models for central and eastern European countries.

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the public procurement system in three East African countries: Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. In response to both domestic and international pressures, these countries have recently undertaken important initiatives to make their public procurement systems more efficient and transparent in line with international procurement guidelines. The experience of the three countries with the reforms has been quite varied. While Tanzania has moved fast with the reforms and has already put in place a legislative framework for public procurement, Kenya and Uganda have yet to enact procurement legislation. In Kenya, a number of significant changes have already been effected through a ministerial gazette notice pending the coming into force of a Procurement Act. There is also an urgent need for strengthening institutions involved in public procurement, as these institutions tend to lack technical and human resource capabilities.

Although the current East ...

The use of public private partnerships (PPPs) for investment in transport infrastructure has a long history, spreading rapidly in Latin America in the 1980s and in the 1990s in the UK. There are many forms of PPP, ranging from the project finance type (e.g. Design, Build, Finance, Maintain, Operate (DBFMO) contracts) to concessions with economic regulation, with the line between partnership and outright privatisation somewhat blurred. PPPs sought to bring efficiency incentives from private sector management into network industries (power transmission, water supply, road and rail infrastructure provision) that bear the hallmarks of natural monopoly and were traditionally managed by the state in many places.

Kazakhstan has put in place a well-structured legal and institutional framework for preparing Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) at both the national and regional levels. The government has prioritised PPPs as a delivery mode for both economic and social infrastructure. The central emphasis on PPPs had a strong impact at the regional level with a large number of relatively small projects signed in the past years. At the national level the impact has been modest mostly due to financing challenges. In terms of priority areas for reform, the report outlines capacity building (particularly during the project preparation phase), the need to promote quality over quantity of PPPs, strengthening the methods used to guide the choice of delivery mode, and transparency and accounting of contingent liabilities

India’s road network of over 4.1 million km is second largest in the world consisting of expressways, national highways, state highways, major district roads and other roads. These roads carry about 65 per cent of freight and 80 per cent of passenger traffic. National highways constitute only 1.7 per cent of the road network, but carry about 40 per cent of the total road traffic. Road Transport has emerged as the dominant segment in India’s transportation sector with a share of 4.7% in India’s GDP in 2009-10. The number of vehicles on Indian roads has been growing at an average pace of 10.16% per annum over the last five years. Hence, development of road network assumes paramount importance in the context of a rapidly growing economy.

Government involvement in “voluntary” initiatives for corporate responsibility has been extensive. This chapter reviews four main types of involvement -- legal and regulatory incentives, tax expenditures on the NGO sector, contributions to compliance expertise and moral suasion.

The most influential government measures have been closely co-ordinated with broader public strategy, especially in relation to regulatory reform. Many of the private initiatives studied here are closely related to the legal and regulatory environments from which they emerge. Indeed, in some instances, these initiatives are so clearly a response to legal and regulatory incentives, that they could almost be called the extension or reflection into private management practices of public law and regulation. As a result, it is often difficult to analyse the impact or effectiveness of these initiatives independently of the legal and regulatory framework from which they emerge -- the two form an interdependent ...

The correlation between a firm’s size and its productivity level varies considerably across OECD countries, suggesting that some countries are more successful at channelling resources to high productivity firms than others. Accordingly, we examine the extent to which regulations affecting product, labour and credit markets influence productivity, via their effect on the efficiency of resource allocation. Our results suggest that there is an economically and statistically robust negative relationship between policy-induced frictions and productivity, though the specific channel depends on the policy considered. In the case of employment protection legislation, product market regulations (including barriers to entry and bankruptcy legislation) and restrictions on foreign direct investment, this is largely traceable to the worsening of allocative efficiency (i.e. a lower correspondence between a firm’s size and its productivity level). By contrast, financial market under-development tends to be associated with a higher fraction of low productivity relative to high productivity firms. Furthermore, stringent regulations are more disruptive to resource allocation in more innovative sectors, though the nature of innovation turns out to be important.

How can public policy influence investment in infrastructure in network industries? Network industries rely mainly on fixed networks to deliver services, with investment being lumpy and largely irreversible. As a result, public policies – such as public provision, the introduction of competition and the regulatory environment – can potentially have an important impact on investment behaviour, with the net effect depending on the extent that policies boost socially-productive investment or reduce inefficient investment. Drawing on responses to a unique questionnaire assessing public policy in the network sectors, the information in this paper presents a systematic picture of relevant policies in place across OECD countries. Econometric analysis – both at the sectoral and firm level – finds that public policies can have significant quantitative effects. In particular, the introduction of competitive pressures through the reduction of barriers to entry and the combination of regulator independence and incentive regulation can promote investment in the sector.

The evidence shows that citizens in OECD DAC member countries want more solidarity and justice in the world. They support international development co–operation, and if they were more and better informed, if their capacity to critically engage in the policy debate was stronger, they could be a precious constituency for its reform and improvement. There lies an opportunity for governments, especially for those that have pledged to increase their ODA, to kick–start a virtuous circle of transparency and reform, and effectively rise to the challenge of global poverty reduction...

French
This report examines the use of public opinion surveys as tools to advance administrative reforms in western European countries and central and eastern European countries. The aim is to demonstrate to central and eastern European governments and civil servants the utility of public opinion surveys before, during and after reforms in their countries and to encourage their systematic use. Up to now, public opinion surveys have received a great deal of scientific attention with regard to methodological problems of data gathering, data analysis and interpretation of data. There is also much literature on administrative reforms in both OECD countries and central and eastern European countries. Although this literature is widely used, there is very little information on the use of public opinion surveys in the context of administrative reforms. By providing an overview of surveys in western countries, as well as country studies of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Lithuania, and by using examples from different administrative settings, this publication can contribute to a broad understanding of how surveys can provide useful inputs to administrative reforms.
French

Summary of trends on public opinion and international development co-operation in OECD DAC member countries: i) Public support in OECD DAC member countries for helping poor countries has remained consistently high for almost two decades: there is no aid fatigue; ii) Donations from the public to development and emergency NGOs have been increasing, mostly in reaction to emergencies and natural disasters in developing countries; iii) Concern among the public about aid effectiveness exists alongside continued high support for aid; iv) The relationship between public support and ODA volumes is complex, but a positive correlation exists at the national level between satisfaction with ODA volume, and reaching or bypassing the UN target of 0.7 per cent of Gross National Income; v) People’s understanding of poverty and development issues remains very shallow. Public awareness about ODA and development co-operation policies is also low; vi) Awareness does increase significantly as a result ...

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