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Browse by: "2007"

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The 2006 OECD study offers an analysis of the CII security policies in four countries: Canada, Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States - with a focus on the drivers for and challenges to their development.
French
Evidence suggests that differences in regulatory requirements of individual economies may actually impede gains from trade liberalization, while a smooth functioning, transparent regulatory system can have positive effects on trade and investment flows. This has increasingly induced policy makers to pay closer attention to the complementarities and interconnectedness between domestic regulatory reform and market openness. This study focuses on identifying regulatory processes, tools and policies adopted in order to support market openness and improve trade and investment opportunities. Although the elaboration of a market openness assessment toolkit is still at early stages, a number of promising approaches do come out, even if a number of issues call for further attention and work, on which the trade policy community might wish to focus in the future.
This paper examines aspects of the policy environment and market characteristics of Mexico's pharmaceutical sector, and assesses the degree to which Mexico has achieved certain policy goals. This paper questions the effectiveness of the maximum price regulation. It notes that retail prices for pharmaceuticals are relatively high, although proximity to the United States may have some influence. Although not wholly successful in containing overall drug expenditures, the federal government can claim some measure of success for the public sector market. A high reliance on out-of-pocket spending brings into question the sustainability of financing pharmaceuticals in Mexico. It also contributes to greater inequality, although a new health insurance scheme, the Seguro Popular, is addressing the latter with some success as it endeavours to provide coverage for the half of Mexico's population without health insurance. Finally, the paper acknowledges the government.s efforts in improving efficiency of expenditures and quality of care through new bioequivalency requirements for generics. However, an unintended side-effect of the loss of low cost, non-bioequivalent drugs may be higher average prices for pharmaceuticals.
This paper tests for horizontal tax competition in the VAT for a sample of Brazilian states in the period 1985-2001. The states have considerable autonomy to set their VAT rates and bases, often using this tax as an industrial policy tool. The empirical findings, based on the estimation of a tax reaction function in an error-correction set-up, confirm the hypothesis of horizontal tax competition: the states react strongly to changes in their neighbours? VAT code, especially those that belong to the same geo-economic region. Also, there appears to be a Stackelberg leader among the states, with the remaining jurisdictions responding strongly to its policy moves. There is no co-occupancy of tax bases between different levels of government and hence limited scope for vertical externalities in tax setting. But the fact that the federal government shares with the states part of the revenue of its more elastic taxes, such as the income tax, appears to affect the opportunity cost of horizontal tax competition.
In 1999, new monetary policy regimes were adopted in Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico, combining inflation targeting with floating exchange rates. These regime changes have been accompanied by lower volatility in the monetary stance in Brazil, Colombia and Mexico, despite higher inflation volatility in Brazil and Colombia. This paper estimates a conventional New Keynesian model for these four countries and shows that: i) the post-1999 regime has been associated with greater responsiveness by the monetary authority to changes in expected inflation in Brazil and Chile, while in Colombia and Mexico monetary policy has become less counter-cyclical, ii) lower interest-rate volatility in the post-1999 period owes more to a benign economic environment than to a change in the policy setting, and iii) the change in the monetary regime has not yet resulted in a reduction in output volatility in these countries.
This paper argues that regulatory measures affect the fixed cost of entering a market as well as the variable costs of servicing that market. Moreover, differences in regulation among countries often imply that firms have to incur entry costs in every new market. Indicators of regulatory intensity and heterogeneity are introduced in a gravity model and their impact on market entry and subsequent trade flows estimated for total services, business services and financial services. It is found that regulatory heterogeneity has a relatively large negative impact on both market entry and subsequent trade flows. Further, regulatory barriers have a negative effect on the local services sectors’ export performance. Finally it is found that regulations that aims at correcting market failure can have a positive impact on trade. It is concluded that services trade liberalization and regulatory reforms are complementary in creating competitive services markets.

Cet article décrire les travaux réglementaires nucléaire internationaux de l'AIEA en 2006.

English

For several years now, a significant number of coastal states have claimed a right to deny passage through their territorial seas, or even through their exclusive economic zones (EEZ), to ships carrying ultra-hazardous cargoes. The issue was particularly brought into the limelight with the trips of the Pacific Teal and the Pacific Pintail, in the framework of a nuclear fuel recycling programme between the UK/France and Japan. But claims in this direction have been expressed since at least the negotiation of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS Convention).

French

This article describes the international nuclear regulatory activiities of the IAEA and the EU in 2006.

French

The OECD Nuclear Law Committee first began looking at the impact of terrorist acts upon the nuclear liability insurance market in November 2001, shortly after the attacks which took place in the United States on 11 September of that same year. The Committee was concerned about the impact which terrorist acts might have on the ability of nuclear operators to obtain third party liability and material damage insurance coverage for nuclear incidents resulting from such acts.

French

This article describes the national nuclear legislative and regulatory activities of Belgium, Brazil, Canada, France, Latvia, Moldova, Morocco, Norway, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain and Switzerland in 2006.

French

Cet article décrire les travaux législatifs et réglementarires nucléaires de la Belgique, le Canada, l'Espagne, la France, la Lettonie, le Maroc, la Moldavie, la Norvège, la Roumanie, la République Slovaque, la Slovénie, et la Suisse en 2005 et 2006.

English

This article describes developments in nuclear case law in Frence, Sweden, UK, US and EU in 2006.

French

Cet article décrire les développements jurisprudentials nucléaires aux États-Unis, à la France, au Royaume-Uni, à la Suède et à l'Union européenne en 2006.

English

Le Comité du droit nucléaire de l’OCDE a commencé à examiner les conséquences que pourraient avoir des actes de terrorisme sur le marché de l’assurance de la responsabilité civile nucléaire lorsqu’il s’est réuni en novembre 2001, peu après les attaques terroristes du 11 septembre de cette même année aux États-Unis. Le Comité a exprimé ses préoccupations quant aux conséquences que des actes de terrorisme pourraient avoir sur la possibilité pour les exploitants nucléaires d’obtenir une couverture d’assurance de la responsabilité civile et des dommages nucléaires en cas d’accident nucléaire résultant de tels actes.

English

Depuis plusieurs années, nombre d’États côtiers ont revendiqué le droit de refuser le passage dans leur mer territoriale, ou même dans leurs zones économiques exclusives (ZEE), aux navires transportant des chargements hautement dangereux. Ce problème a été notamment mis en lumière lors des voyages du Pacific Teal et du Pacific Pintail, effectués dans le cadre d’un programme de recyclage du combustible nucléaire entre le Royaume-Uni, la France et le Japon. Toutefois, des revendications similaires avaient été exprimées au moins depuis la négociation de la Convention des Nations Unies de 1982 sur le droit de la mer.

English

Sub-central taxes are needed because sub-central governments spend large sums. This article discusses some key issues in sub-central taxation from an economist’s perspective, including the scale and role of sub-central governments, their main revenue sources, and questions of equity, tax sharing, economic management and accountability. A more detailed discussion explores the relative shares of domestic taxes and business taxes.

Since 1997, a medium-term fiscal framework has been applied to virtually all aspects of budget preparation in Sweden. The longer three-year horizon has enabled better fiscal discipline through the use of fiscal targets and advanced forecasting models. Particular attention is placed on ensuring the consistency and quality of forecasts. In addition, forecasting of revenues and expenditures is an exercise that involves all levels of the central government administration five or six times a year. Thus the preconditions for well-informed and rational decisions on government policies have been drastically enhanced in Sweden.

Experience indicates that fiscal rules can be helpful as a disciplinary device at the central government level. This article explores whether fiscal rules could be usefully adopted in a decentralised framework, where the behaviour of subnational governments may undermine fiscal discipline.

There is a long history describing the structure and evolution of science. Recent unprecedented progress in access, use, and analysis of information on scientific publications and patents open innovative ways to study the structure and evolution of science. Especially, a mapping of knowledge has received wide recognition as a new, evolving area of research.

The ultimate goal of this study is to contribute to endeavours to understand and track the changing nature of science. In this study, current trends in scientific activities were mapped and their characteristics were examined. Research areas were explored through a co-citation analysis and a map of science was generated to analyse how research areas were related to each other. Methodology which is commonly used in social network analysis was also applied to examine knowledge networks at the institutional level.

The analysis clearly shows the multi-disciplinary character of some research, such as ‘Nano materials and devices’, ‘Genomics’, and ‘Environment’. A precursor of the emergence of nano-bioscience is also observed. Measurement of countries’ specialisation clearly indicates an increased share of the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) in some research. The BRICs are currently in a stage of intense catching up and their importance in knowledge networks is likely to become substantial. Social network analysis at the institutional level reveals that the structure of knowledge networks strongly depends on research and each institution probably has its own function in the network. These results show how science is evolving not only across disciplines but also across countries or regions.

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