Browse by: "2016"
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This policy brief on strategies and policies to scale the social impact of social enterprises was produced within a multiannual co-operation between the LEED programme of the OECD and the Directorate General Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion of the European Commission. It begins by explaining what a social enterprise is and what scaling means in the context of social enterprises. It then compares the scaling patterns of social enterprises and conventional enterprises, looking at social impact vs. profit maximisation, the types of goods and services involved, and stakeholder relations. It goes on to examine specific strategies for scaling impact and also highlights the challenges and policy responses connected with this.
Since the dawn of the nuclear era, nuclear disarmament has been one of the highest priorities of the international community in ensuring global peace and security. Accordingly, numerous multilateral and bilateral political initiatives have been launched to fulfil this objective in a comprehensive manner. Many of these political efforts have resulted in the negotiation and adoption of legal instruments, which currently comprise the international legal framework on nuclear disarmament. Despite numerous achievements, this framework appears to be at a turning point. As a matter of fact, recent political and diplomatic tensions have reminded the international community that the far-reaching objective of global nuclear disarmament is under continuous pressure. In this context, is the international legal framework on nuclear disarmament effective?
The German system of nuclear third party liability has always been, and arguably still is, the object of considerable interest in the international nuclear law community.
The Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context sets out the obligations to assess the environmental impact of certain activities at an early stage of decision making. It also lays down the general obligation for parties to notify and consult each other on all major projects under consideration that are likely to have a significant adverse environmental impact across national borders. The Espoo Convention was adopted in 1991 and entered into force on 10 September 1997. There are currently 45 states party to the Espoo Convention,2 including 23 countries that are also members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA).3 It should be noted that the European Union (EU) is also a party to the Espoo Convention4 and has transposed the provisions related to the environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedure in its legislation,5 thus imposing the Espoo Convention principles on all EU member states.
France
General legislation, regulations and instruments
Nuclear trade (including non-proliferation)
International co-operation
India
Licensing and regulatory infrastructure
Liability and compensation
Ireland
Nuclear safety and radiological protection (including nuclear emergency planning)
Transport of radioactive material
Nuclear trade (including non-proliferation)
Lithuania
Licensing and regulatory infrastructure
Nuclear safety and radiological protection (including nuclear emergency planning)
Radioactive waste management
Luxembourg
Nuclear safety and radiological protection (including nuclear emergency planning)
Slovak Republic
International co-operation
General legislation, regulations and instruments
Spain
Radioactive materials (including physical protection)
Radioactive waste management
United States
Licensing and regulatory infrastructure