Browse by: "2012"
Index
Index par titre
Index par année
This research suggests that no single country conforms entirely to classical liberalism. Fragile states – many of which have long communist, socialist and patrimonial histories – exhibit a cocktail of economic personalities. They may best be referred to as “liberal-hybrids”. Research shows that while such states are highly exposed to global transmission channels for liberal market policies, many of these liberal hybrids fared better through the global financial crisis because of their adaptive mechanisms. There is, therefore, a great need to deepen understanding of the drivers of fragility and resilience in fragile states, and redefine proscriptive ideological approaches that drive economic and development policies in different directions. This paper focuses on four key pillars of liberal order policies: financial liberalisation, trade liberalisation, foreign direction investment and exchange rate management. These aspects are fundamental to growth, but “test” fragile institutions and societies too severely in many cases – aggravating fragility and creating inequitable growth patterns. Policy responses to mitigate risks and maximise benefits from adoption of these liberal order policies in fragile contexts have been stronger in theory (as the Post-Washington consensus era draws to a close) than in practice; fragile states are still subject to blueprint prescriptions and competitive political pressures.
Drawing on country examples, this paper proposes future avenues for international research and action: (i) grouping fragile states according to a new set of vulnerability criteria on which to base support; (ii) developing a set of leading or proxy indicators to close the action-research time gap for fragile states; (iii) modelling fragile state responses to global risks towards early warning; (iv) integrating economic and development policies at national level; (v) staggering liberalisation policies to keep pace with institutional capacities; and (vi) prioritising internal economic cohesion. To create the analytical base, three fragile state case studies could be produced exploring liberalisation adoption from ideology and prescription to uptake pattern over time. Results could be synthesised by a newly established Global & Fragile Systems Contact Group, empowered to create the new metrics required to turn the New Deal into the “real deal” for fragile and conflict-affected states.
- Le pourcentage le plus important d’élèves qui espèrent obtenir un diplôme universitaire s’observe en Corée (80 %), et le plus faible, en Lettonie (25 %).
- De nombreux élèves très performants n’envisagent pas d’aller à l’université, soit autant de talents potentiels perdus pour l’économie et la société, tandis que de nombreux élèves peu performants pensent qu’ils y parviendront, même si leurs résultats scolaires actuels semblent présager le contraire.
- Un élève sur quatre environ envisage de terminer sa scolarité à la fin du deuxième cycle de l’enseignement secondaire et nécessite donc les compétences qui lui permettront de faire une transition en douceur de la scolarité au monde du travail et à l’âge adulte. < /LI>
- The percentage of students who expect to complete university is highest in Korea (80%) and lowest in Latvia (25%).
- Many high-performing students do not expect to go to university, representing potentially lost talent to an economy and society while many low-performing students think they will make it to university, even if their current performance suggests they are not likely to succeed.
- Around one in four students expects to end his or her formal schooling at the upper secondary level and thus needs the skills to make a smooth transition into work and adulthood.
The production of heat is responsible for a large share of final energy demand. In 2009, heat accounted for 47% of total energy used worldwide. Expanding the use of modern biomass, geothermal energy, solar energy and ambient energy to produce heat could contribute substantially to meeting energy security objectives and mitigating climate change.
Pour encourager l'investissement privé dans les infrastructures LCR, les gouvernements peuvent améliorer le rapport rendement-risque des projets. Le document classe les principaux risques qui pèsent sur le financement de projets d'infrastructures LCR. Parmi les plus importants figurent les risques stratégiques (ou souverains). Dans les pays à faible revenu, plusieurs facteurs compromettent les possibilités de financer les infrastructures LCR : services bancaires rudimentaires, absence de services financiers non bancaires, faibles capacités de gestion des risques et sources de financement à long terme insuffisantes. À partir des travaux de l'OCDE sur le secteur de l'eau, ce document présente des mécanismes de financement qui contribuent à améliorer l'accès aux banques commerciales, au financement obligataire, au financement de projets et au financement sur fonds propres dans les pays en développement. Parmi ces mécanismes de financement, les obligations vertes offrent des perspectives intéressantes pour financer les infrastructures LCR dans les pays développés, mais nécessitent des mesures de soutien public. En conclusion, le document évoque les systèmes de gouvernance susceptibles d'assurer l'implication du secteur privé dans les investissements relatifs aux infrastructures LCR. Malgré les risques et les complexités supplémentaires liés aux partenariats public-privé (PPP), en particulier avec les nouvelles technologies, le recours à ce dernier type de dispositif peut apparaître comme une option prometteuse pour les pouvoirs publics désireux de favoriser ces investissements. Des organismes publics spécialisés dans les PPP pourraient constituer des unités administratives adaptées pour gérer la fourniture d'infrastructures LCR.
The aim of this paper is to provide an interpretation of the measure of capacity utilisation provided by the European Union harmonised survey on the Italian manufacturing sector. In doing so, we evaluate its ability to correctly track cyclical turning points and its contribution in explaining consumer price index (CPI) inflation. The survey based measure results are a good co-incident indicator of business cycle, however it is generally outperformed by time series models in explaining inflation. We conclude that the standard “output gap” interpretation of the survey results is broadly confirmed by the data, however we cannot rule out at this stage that survey respondents may also consider the alternative “variable capacity utilisation” concept in answering the survey question.
Keywords: Capacity utilisation, co-integration, unobserved component models, VAR.
JEL Classification: E32, C22, E37