1887

Israel

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  • 23 Sept 2002
  • OECD
  • Pages: 152
OECD's review of Israel's investment policy. It finds that the Israeli economy has been progressively transformed from an underdeveloped agrarian economy to one which is technologically advanced and services-based. Trade liberalisation, along with the abolition of exchange controls, the adoption of modern corporate governance rules and intellectual property protection enhancement have led to the establishment of an enabling, transparent and non-discriminatory environment for domestic and foreign investment. The beneficial effects of Israel’s FDI policies are enhanced by a focus on high-tech industries and a wide network of international commitments.

However, particular attention needs to be given to reducing market access restrictions or distortions resulting from past heavy government involvement. Further progress may in fact largely depend on the acceleration of the privatisation process, the dismantling of monopolies and a less interventionist approach to business activity.

French

Depuis la création de l’Etat d’Israël en 1948, l’économie de ce pays s’est progressivement transformée, passant d’une économie agricole sous-développée à une économie avancée sur le plan technologique et fondée sur les services. La libéralisation des échanges, l’abolition du contrôle des changes, l’adoption de règles modernes en matière de gouvernement d’entreprise et le renforcement de la protection de la propriété intellectuelle ont abouti à la mise en place d’un environnement transparent, non discriminatoire et favorable à l’investissement national et étranger. Les retombées positives de la politique adoptée par Israël pour attirer l’investissement direct étranger (IDE) sont encore amplifiées par la priorité donnée aux industries de haute technologie et l’existence de tout un ensemble d’engagements internationaux.

Il faut cependant accorder une attention toute particulière aux mesures destinées à limiter les restrictions à l’accès au marché ou les distorsions consécutives à la forte présence de l’Etat dans l’activité économique. La poursuite des progrès en ce sens dépendra en fait dans une large mesure de l’accélération du processus de privatisation, du démantèlement des monopoles et de l’adoption d’une approche moins interventionniste de l’activité économique.

Le 11 juillet 2002, Israël a été invité à souscrire à la Déclaration de l'OCDE sur l'investissement international et les entreprises multinationales après un examen approfondi de ses politiques en matière d'IDE. Cette publication présente les résultats de cet examen. Elle évalue le rôle positif que l'investissement direct étranger joue désormais dans l'économie israélienne et les mesures susceptibles de renforcer ce rôle à l'avenir. L'adhésion à la Déclaration contribuera à la consolidation des progrès déjà réalisés par Israël et au développement de ses relations économiques avec les pays Membres de l'OCDE ainsi qu’avec les autres pays non membres ayant souscrit à la Déclaration.

Cette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre des relations de coopération que l’OCDE entretient avec les économies non membres de diverses régions du monde.

English

Israel has a higher level of venture capital as a share of GDP than any OECD country. Most Israeli venture capital is channelled to early-stage companies, particularly start-ups in sectors based on information and communications technology (ICT) and biotechnology. The Israeli venture capital industry was built through government funding, particularly through the YOZMA group, which leveraged financing from foreign corporations and institutions. There is now a need for a change in tactics to maintain private venture funding for both portfolio and seed firms. While new incentives are being given to foreign investors, domestic venture investments could be encouraged through tax breaks, expanded opportunities for institutional investors, and reforms to the Israeli stock exchange. Israel needs to sustain growth in the venture sector while reducing dependence on a limited number of capital sources. This paper analyses trends in Israeli venture capital markets and makes policy ...

This article describes Algeria's  Decree on Protection Against Ionising Radiation (2005), its Decree on Radioactive Waste Management (2005), and its Decree on Food Irradiation (2005). It also describes Armenia's Decree on Food Irradiation (2005), Belgium's Act Amending the 1994 Act on Protection of the Public and the Environment Against Radiation and Relating to the Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (2005), Brazil's Decree on the National Defence Policy Including the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons (2005), Finland's Nuclear Liability Bill (2005), France's Order on Professional Activities Using Raw Materials Containing Natural Radionuclides not Used for Their Radioactive Properties (2005) and its Order on the Organisation of a National Network to Measure radioactivity in the Environment and on Criteria for the Certification of Laboratories (2005), Germany's Act on the Control of High-activity Sources (2005), its Ordinance on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Road and Rail (2005), and its Ordinance on Establishing a Prohibition to Alter the Conditions of the Subsoil Within the Gorleben Salt Formation (2005), Hungary's Decree on the Procedures of the Hungarian Atomic Energy Authority in Nuclear Safety Regulatory Matters (2005), Israel's Amendment to the Pharmacists’ Regulations (Radioactive Elements and Their Products) (2005) and its Import and Export Order (Control of Chemical, Biological and Nuclear Exports) (2004), the Republic of Korea's Act on Physical Protection and Radiological Emergency (2004), Poland's Regulation on Ionising Radiation Dose Limits (2005) and its Regulation on Positions for Ensuring Nuclear Safety and Radiological Protection and on Radiological Protection Inspectors (2005), Portugal's Decree-Law Setting up the Independent Commission for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (2005) and its Decree-Law Establishing the Environmental Monitoring System of Radioactivity (2005), Romania's Order on Methodological Norms Regarding Planning, Organisation and Intervention in the Event of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency (2005) and its Order Approving Generic Procedures for Data Collection, Validation and Response During a Radiological Emergency (2005) as well as its Order on the Norms Regarding the Release of Radioactive Effluents into the Environment (2005), Slovenia's Regulation on Requirements for Workers in Nuclear Installations and Radiation Facilities (2005) and its Regulations on Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials, Nuclear Installations and Radiation Facilities (2005), South Africa's recent regulatory developments in the nuclear field, Sweden's SKI Regulations on Physical Protection of Nuclear Facilities (2005) and Guidance for Geological Disposal of Nuclear Waste (2005), Switzerland's Draft Act on Nuclear Third Party Liability (2005), Ukraine's Regime of nuclear installations, and the United States' Energy Policy Act (2005) and its Amendments to the Price-Anderson Act (2005) on nuclear third party liability.

French

This chapter is aimed at presenting and discussing the main features of terrorism risk coverage schemes implemented in selected Non-Member Countries, in the broader context of the current debate on the respective potential roles of insurance companies, financial markets and governments in the coverage of terror-related losses. The focus of the analysis, in particular, will be placed on the current situation in South Africa, in Israel and in the Republic of India. These countries, in fact, with their peculiarities and specificities, offer a good sample of different types of institutional arrangements.

2005: Control of Financial Services (Provident Funds) Law; provides for the authorization and supervision of pension management companies and provident fund management companies.

Venture capital, 2003 and 2006 appears in OECD Science, Technology and Industry: Outlook 2008.

French

Science and innovation profile of Israel appears in OECD Science, Technology and Industry: Outlook 2008.

French

Israel - R&D intensity (GERD/GDP) appears in OECD Science, Technology and Industry: Outlook 2008.

French

Israel stands out on a number of innovation indicators. At 4.65% of GDP it has the world’s highest R&D intensity, over twice the OECD average of 2.26%. The intensity of business R&D expenditure is also higher than in all OECD countries, at 3.64% of GDP in 2006. Israel has the fifth highest number of scientific articles per million population, after Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark and Finland. It is also among the leaders in the number of triadic patent families per capita; however, in absolute terms it accounts for less than 1% of all triadic patent families, on a par with Australia and Belgium. In addition, Israel has a strong information and communication technology sector which accounts for about 20% of total industrial output, 9% of business sector employment, and a large share of the output growth of Israeli industry.

French

Israël occupe une position remarquable sur un certain nombre d’indicateurs de l’innovation. Avec 4.65 % du PIB, son intensité de R-D est la plus forte du monde, et représente plus du double de la moyenne de l’OCDE (2.26 %). L’intensité de la dépense de R-D des entreprises est également plus forte que dans l’ensemble des pays de l’OCDE, avec 3.64 % du PIB en 2006. Israël occupe la cinquième place par le nombre d’articles scientifiques par million d’habitants, derrière la Suisse, la Suède, le Danemark et la Finlande. C’est également l’un des premiers pays par le nombre de familles triadiques de brevets par habitant; toutefois, en chiffre absolu, elle produit moins de 1 % de l’ensemble des familles triadiques de brevets, soit un niveau équivalent à celui de l’Australie et de la Belgique. De plus, Israël dispose d’un solide secteur des technologies de l’information et des communications, qui assure environ 20 % de la production industrielle totale, 9 % de l’emploi du secteur des entreprises et une part importante de la croissance de la production de l’industrie israélienne.

English

Science et innovation : profil d'Israël est issu de Science, technologie et industrie: Perspectives de l'OCDE 2008 (chapitre 3).

English

Investissement en capital-risque, en pourcentage du PIB, 2003 et 2006 est issu de Science, technologie et industrie: Perspectives de l'OCDE 2008 (chapitre 3).

English

Intensité de la R-D (DIRD/PIB) - Israël est issu de Science, technologie et industrie: Perspectives de l'OCDE 2008 (chapitre 3).

English

Global financial turmoil is deepening the slowdown, with the pace of economic activity not expected to pick up substantially before the latter part of 2009. The central bank has already cut its policy rate in reaction to the crisis in financial markets.

French

Les turbulences financières mondiales aggravent le ralentissement, et le rythme de l’activité économique ne devrait pas accélérer de manière substantielle avant la dernière partie de 2009. La banque centrale a déjà abaissé son taux directeur en réaction à la crise qui frappe les marchés de capitaux.

English
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