1887

Russian Federation

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  • 15 Dec 1997
  • OECD
  • Pages: 314

L’édition 1997 de l'Étude économique consacrée à la Fédération de Russie examine les développements récents, la politique et les perspectives économiques de ce pays. Elle comporte des chapitres consacrés à la stabilisation, aux banques commerciales et à la gouvernance d’entreprise.

English
  • 15 Dec 1997
  • OECD
  • Pages: 292

This 1997 edition of OECD's periodic review of Russia's economy examines recent economic developments, policies and prospects. It  includes special features on stabilisation, commercial banking, and corporate governance.

French

Education is a powerful force in building the new Russia: it can help its citizens meet the challenges of the new, emerging democratic society; develop in its labour force the talents, skills and dispositions required in the new economic and social setting; and harmonise national aims with regional concerns. The challenge to the education system in the Russian Federation is especially great because so many other social and economic systems are undergoing transition and reform simultaneously. Against the present context of fluid and uncertain conditions and significant financial constraint, school policies need to promote and support the adaptation and restructuring of curricula while reinforcing evident strengths in current provision and fostering the development of new, effective partnerships at national, regional and local levels.

This report describes the most recent trends in schooling and education policy in the Russian Federation, and analyses the education reform initiatives under way. While supporting the overall policy trends now under way, its recommendations draw attention to particular problems and share new perspectives as well as identify ways to consolidate the ongoing reforms. Recommendations are offered for education goals, access and opportunity for all; curriculum and assessment; teachers and teacher education; reforming vocational and technical education within a changing economy; and management, finance and the role of government.

French

L'éducation constitue un instrument puissant au service de la construction d'une nouvelle Russie. Elle peut aider les citoyens à relever les défis liés à la transition vers la démocratie, contribuer à former une main-d'oeuvre ayant les qualités et les compétences requises par le nouveau contexte socio-économique, et permettre de concilier objectifs nationaux et intérêts régionaux. Le défi posé au système éducatif est d'autant plus grand que de nombreux autres systèmes économiques et sociaux sont également dans une phase de transition et de réforme en Fédération de Russie. Dans le contexte actuel, caractérisé par des conditions changeantes et incertaines et de sérieuses contraintes financières, les politiques éducatives doivent s'efforcer de promouvoir et d'accompagner l'adaptation et le réaménagement des programmes, de renforcer les atouts manifestes du système actuel et d'encourager l'instauration de partenariats nouveaux et efficaces aux niveaux national, régional et local.
Ce rapport décrit les tendances les plus récentes de la politique d'éducation de la Fédération de Russie et présente une analyse des réformes en cours. Tout en approuvant l'orientation générale de la politique actuelle, il attire l'attention sur certains problèmes, ouvre de nouveaux horizons et propose des moyens de consolider les réformes engagées. Il contient des recommandations portant sur les objectifs de l'éducation, l'accès universel et l'égalité des chances, les programmes et l'évaluation, les enseignants et leur formation, la réforme de l'enseignement technique et professionnel dans une économie en mutation, et enfin la gestion, le financement et le rôle des pouvoirs publics.

English
  • 17 Jul 1998
  • OECD
  • Pages: 109

In Russia, there has been a severe lack of financing for environmental projects in recent years. Traditional sources of financing, such as government budgets, lack resources in this time of crisis, while new sources have yet to develop their potential. How can Russia finance the projects and programmes to tackle its most serious environmental problems?

This volume brings together papers from an OECD workshop that assessed the challenges and opportunities of environmental financing in Russia today. Its case studies focus on the regional and local levels of government, which have taken over the main work of implementing environmental policy in Russia today. The book also looks at the water sector, which has traditionally required large public investments. The papers examine how current financial mechanisms can be used more effectively and consider opportunities for new sources of financing in Russia's current transition to a market economy. Furthermore, they point to key areas for reforming Russia's environmental policy framework.

  • 17 Jul 1998
  • OECD
  • Pages: 272

The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the beginning of a long and laborious transition to a market-oriented economy in Russia. While significant progress has been made in liberalising the economy, difficulties remain in the agro-food sector. Russia has enormous economic potential and the agricultural economy will continue to form a significant part of Russia's economic and social structure well into the 21st century. But to fulfill this potential, Russia needs to facilitate the development and implementation of effective market mechanisms and to eliminate the structural barriers that are impeding the emergence of a strong and competitive agro-food sector. This study is one of the most comprehensive analyses and assessments of developments in Russia's agricultural policies since the onset of reform, drawing on the OECD's well-established method of calculating support from agricultural policies using Producer and Consumer Subsidy Equivalents.

French

Tomsk is one of the oldest established centres of industry and learning in the Russian Federation. The city of Tomsk and its surrounding region now face challenging economic and resource utilisation problems. These must be overcome if the pace of development is to be quickened and deepened. At the invitation of the regional authorities, the OECD’s Centre for Co-operation with the Economies in Transition, organised a conference in Tomsk on a regional approach to industrial restructuring in June 1997. It received special support from the Institute for Advanced Studies of Vienna. This report presents the economic assessment, conference conclusions and recommendations. It will be of particular use to potential investors, businesses and other specialists interested in the opportunities arising from reforms underway in the economy of one of Russia’s oldest regions. The publication notably provides an overview of the Tomsk regional economy and its main sectors, with an examination of key regional and federal policy issues, and investment provisions.

L'éclatement de l'Union soviétique en 1991 a été pour la Russie le point de départ d'une transition longue et laborieuse vers une économie de marché. Bien que des progrès considérables aient été réalisés en termes de libéralisation de l'économie, certaines difficultés subsistent dans le secteur agroalimentaire. La Russie possède un potentiel économique énorme et l'économie rurale continuera d'être un maillon essentiel de sa structure économique et sociale pendant une bonne partie du XXI ème siècle. Mais pour concrétiser ce potentiel, la Russie doit favoriser le développement et la mise en place de mécanismes de régulation du marché efficaces et éliminer les obstacles structurels qui empêchent l'émergence d'un secteur agroalimentaire puissant et compétitif.
Cette étude constitue l'une des analyses et des évaluations les plus approfondies de l'évolution des politiques agricoles en Russie depuis le début de la réforme. Elle s'appuie sur la méthode bien établie des équivalents subvention à la production et à la consommation utilisée par l'OCDE dans le calcul du soutien accordé à l'agriculture.

English

La rapidité, la nature et le caractère incertain de l’évolution de la situation économique, sociale et politique de la Fédération de Russie continuent à poser d'immenses défis pour l’enseignement tertiaire et la recherche dans les universités, les écoles professionnelles de niveau supérieur et les instituts de l’Académie des Sciences. Ces défis appellent des stratégies de réformes afin d’élargir le champ des opportunités d’apprentissage dans l’enseignement tertiaire et d'accroître la qualité et l'étendue de la recherche, mais aussi afin que l’enseignement tertiaire et la recherche puissent alimenter la croissance économique et contribuer au bien-être social. Cet ouvrage s'appuie sur l’une des études les plus récentes, complètes et prospectives en la matière. L’examen proposé tient compte des structures spécifiques, des atouts et des traditions de l’enseignement tertiaire et de la recherche en Fédération de Russie. Il offre un ensemble d’orientations générales et de recommandations spécifiques pour les politiques concernant des questions clés telles que : l’accès, la qualité et les niveaux d’enseignement ; les nouvelles orientations permettant de diversifier et rendre accessible l’enseignement tertiaire ; la qualité de la recherche dans les établissements académiques et les instituts de recherche ; et les réformes dans la gestion, l’administration et le financement de l’enseignement et de la recherche. Cet examen de l’enseignement tertiaire et des politiques de recherche a été précédé par une première analyse du système d’enseignement général russe intitulée Examens des politiques nationales d’éducation : Fédération de Russie.

English

The speed, nature and uncertainty of economic, social and political developments in the Russian Federation continue to pose enormous challenges for tertiary education and research activities in universities, higher level vocational schools and institutes of the academies of sciences. These challenges are shaping the strategies for needed reforms to widen further learning opportunities at the tertiary education level, improve the quality and extend the reach of research and boost the contributions of tertiary-level education and research to improved economic performance and social well-being. This book is based on one of the most recent, broadly-based and forward-looking analyses of these developments and pressures and takes account of the specific structures, strengths and traditions in tertiary education and research in the Russian Federation. It offers a set of general directions and specific recommendations for policies to address key issues of access, quality and standards in teaching; new directions to diversify and deliver tertiary education; the quality of research in academic and research establishments; and reforms in the governance, management and financing of teaching and research. This review of tertiary education and research policies follows an earlier examination of general education, Reviews of National Policies for Education: Russian Federation.

French

Ce rapport consacré à la Fédération Russie évalue les progrès accomplis ou à faire dans la réduction de la charge polluante, la gestion des ressources naturelles, l'intégration des politiques économique et environnementale et le renforcement de la coopération internationale. Les analyses s'appuient sur un large ensemble de données économiques et environnementales.

English

This review of the Russian Federation's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.

French
  • 08 Mar 2000
  • OECD
  • Pages: 200

L’édition 2000 de l'Étude économique consacrée à la Fédération de Russie examine les développements récents, la politique et les perspectives économiques de ce pays. Elle comporte des chapitres consacrés à la démonétisation et au fédéralisme fiscal.

English
  • 08 Mar 2000
  • OECD
  • Pages: 179

This 2000 edition of OECD's periodic review of Russia's economy examines recent economic developments, policies and prospects and includes special features on demonetisation and fiscal federalism.

French

Motivated by the recent experience in the Russian Federation, this paper examines the implications of imposing central control on the budgetary activities of a subnational government. In a highly stylised multi-task principal-agent model (Holmstrom and Milgrom (1991)), a central government cannot directly monitor the informal budgetary operations of a regional administration, but seeks to improve fiscal policies by exerting control over a “formal” regional budget and imposing (limited) costs on informal behaviour. In the static case of the model, the control of subnational budgetary operations by a benevolent central government may increase social welfare, but at the expense of higher (implicit and explicit) taxation of economic organisations in the region, lower output, and a strong orientation of informal policies toward rent seeking activities. The additional imposition of costs on regions for conducting informal budgetary operations has multiple (indeterminate) effects in ...

  • 12 Mar 2001
  • OECD
  • Pages: 148

The Russian Federation faces important economic and social challenges. By 1998 national income was little more than half its level in 1990. Life expectancy for men is now about 61 years, compared to 65 years a decade ago. The rate of suicide and self-inflicted injuries is more than three times the OECD average and maternal mortality rates are about five times the OECD average. Infectious diseases have increased in prevalence, but real public spending on health care has fallen by nearly one-third. Spending on many other social programmes has fallen even as a percentage of the smaller GDP, yet much expenditure remains inefficient and ineffective in addressing the serious problem of poverty. More than a quarter of the Russian population is poverty-stricken according to official criteria. Average wages are not much more than half of their real level of the early 1990s, and wage and pension arrears have posed serious problems in the recent past. The informal economy has grown significantly.
What can be done to address this crisis?

This book provides a detailed analysis of the social problems facing the Russian Federation, and develops proposals for continuing reform to improve the economic fundamentals, including the productivity, while at the same time ensuring that social and labour market policies become more effective in helping the poorest Russians. The book also proposes policy reforms to improve the operation of the labour market, to guarantee a package of essential health care services, to address the wide disparities between different regions of the Russian Federation, and to deal with the human crisis experienced by the very poor.

French
  • 12 Mar 2001
  • OECD
  • Pages: 160

La Fédération de Russie est confrontée à d'importants problèmes économiques et sociaux. En 1998, le revenu national avait presque reculé de moitié par rapport à 1990. L’espérance de vie des hommes est aujourd’hui de 61 ans, contre 65 ans il y a dix ans. Le taux de suicides et d’automutilations est trois fois supérieur à ce qu’il est en moyenne dans la zone de l’OCDE et le taux de mortalité maternelle cinq fois supérieur à la moyenne OCDE. Les maladies infectieuses ont progressé mais le volume réel des dépenses publiques de santé a régressé de près d’un tiers. Les dépenses consacrées à de nombreux autres dispositifs sociaux ont chuté, même si on les considère par rapport à un PIB en baisse, ce qui n’empêche pas qu’une bonne partie des sommes dépensées pour lutter contre le grave problème de la pauvreté le soit en pure perte. Plus d’un quart de la population russe est frappé par la pauvreté au regard même des critères officiels. Le salaire moyen a pratiquemment diminué de moitié par rapport à son niveau réel du début des années 90 et les retards de paiement des salaires et des pensions ont posé de sérieux problèmes il n’y a pas si longtemps. Quant à l’économie informelle, elle s’est considérablement développée. Que peut-on faire pour résoudre cette crise ? Cet ouvrage présente une analyse détaillée de la crise sociale que connaît la Fédération de Russie et propose des pistes pour la mise en oeuvre de réformes qui stimuleraient les principaux rouages économiques, notamment la productivité, tout en garantissant l’application de politiques sociales et de politiques de l’emploi plus à même d’aider les plus démunis. Ce livre formule également des propositions de réformes de fond propres à améliorer le fonctionnement du marché du travail, à garantir l’offre d’un ensemble de services de soins de santé indispensables, à atténuer les disparités régionales et à résoudre la crise humaine que traversent les plus pauvres.

English

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1992, the Russian Federation promptly proceeded with initial economic reform measures and privatisation programmes which were largely completed by 1994. Despite the creation of a basic corporate sector, many structural reforms remained incomplete, limiting inflows of foreign investment. Following the financial crisis in 1998, Russia has been in a period of stabilisation and is now showing signs of output recovery fuelled by favourable external economic conditions. A new economic reform programme was introduced in mid-2000, promising the rationalisation of many existing state and legislative structures and the reorganisation of federal and regional powers with a view to creating a modern competitive environment in a more unified economic space. Foreign investment will be vital for Russia's economic revival and the Russian government has taken up the challenge of improving the legal and regulatory environment to attract investment inflows needed to upgrade Russia's production facilities, infrastructure and labour skills. The pace and progress of reform is being followed with considerable interest worldwide. This publication provides a timely analysis of the evolving environment for foreign investment in the Russian Federation and draws attention to problem areas affecting the investment climate such as inadequate protection of investors' contractual and property rights. A key element of the publication is a set of policy conclusions and recommendations to create a more hospitable environment for investment, both domestic and foreign.

French
  • 20 Sept 2001
  • OECD
  • Pages: 96

Despite substantial achievements in the recent past, the innovation climate in Russia is in need of major improvements. Comprehensive institutional and policy reforms are required, including in areas outside the remit of policy makers in technology and innovation. In this context, the Helsinki Seminar on "Innovation Policy and the Valorisation of Science and Technology in Russia" gathered government officials, scientists and businessmen from Russia and several OECD Member and observer countries -- Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Hungary, Italy, Korea, the United States and Israel -- as well as from countries of the Newly Independent States (NIS). Participants examined the climate for innovation in Russia and discussed the lessons that can be drawn from the institutional reforms and recent policy initiatives in OECD countries to enhance the contribution of science and technology to innovation and growth.

Russian
  • 12 Feb 2002
  • OECD
  • Pages: 207

This 2002 edition of OECD's periodic reviews of Russia's economy examines recent economic developments, policies and prospects and  includes special features on small business and entrepreneurship, gas and electricity regulation and reform, and fiscal federalist relations.

French
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