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This publication provides a summary of the information available in the OECD Structural and Demographic Business Statistics (SDBS) database. Key economic variables are presented at the International Standard of Industrial Classification, Revision 3 (ISIC) 2-digit level, for all industries and OECD member countries.
It provides a wealth of information at a very detailed sectoral level including: turnover, value-added, production, operating surplus, employment, labour costs and investment. The breakdown by industrial sector, including services, is supplemented by a further breakdown into business size classes, further enhancing the analytical capabilities of the database. The database also includes business demography statistics such as business birth, death and survival rates as well as the number of high-growth enterprises.
As such, the database and the publication will help answer such questions as: Which sectors have experienced positive/negative growth in recent years? What contribution do small businesses make to economic activity? How does the structure of businesses vary across OECD countries? Which industrial sectors have the highest labour productivity? How does labour productivity vary by business size? Are small and medium enterprises (SMEs) more or less profitable per employee than large businesses? Which sectors invest most?
Examen approfondi de l'OCDE des programmes et politiques environnementales de la Grèce. Il examine la gestion de l'air et de l'eau, la nature et la biodiversité, le développement durable, l'interface environnement/ économie, l'interface environnement/social et les engagements internationaux. L'ouvrage inclut une sélection de données statistiques ainsi qu'une série de recommandations pour renforcer l'infrastructure environnementale, mettre en œuvre cette politique en les intégrant dans les décisions économiques.
This publication provides comprehensive data on the volume, origin and types of aid and other resource flows to around 150 developing countries for the period 2004-2008. The data show each country's intake of official development assistance and well as other official and private funds from members of the OECD's Development Assistance Committee, multilateral agencies and other key donors. Key development indicators are given for reference.
Currently, the format, content and practice of cost estimation vary considerably both within and between countries, which makes it very difficult to compare estimates, even for similar types of facilities. The reasons are largely due to different legal requirements in different countries and to historical custom and practice, leading to variations in basic assumptions such as the anticipated decommissioning strategy and end state of the site, and to different approaches to dealing with uncertainties. While attaining harmonisation across national approaches to cost estimation may be difficult to achieve, standardising the way decommissioning cost estimates are structured and reported will give greater transparency to the decommissioning process and will help build regulator and stakeholder confidence in the cost estimates and schedules.
This booklet highlights the findings of the NEA Decommissioning Cost Estimation Group (DCEG) which recently studied cost estimation practices in 12 countries.
Public attitudes to nuclear power are critical in shaping nuclear policies in OECD/NEA countries and the latter will only be able to make use of this energy source if a well-informed public considers that its benefits outweigh its risks. This report provides a number of insights into public attitudes towards nuclear power. Support for nuclear energy is generally correlated with the level of experience of and knowledge about nuclear power. Interestingly, while the public is generally aware of the contribution of nuclear power to ensuring security of energy supply, its potential contribution to combating climate change is less well recognised. Solving the waste disposal issue would also significantly increase the level of public support. Furthermore, OECD/NEA governments may wish to reflect carefully on how to react to these results as, according to the surveys, they are the least trusted source on energy issues, far behind regulators, non-governmental organisations and scientists.
À l'heure actuelle, on observe une variabilité considérable dans le format, le contenu et les pratiques d'estimation des coûts, que ce soit à l'intérieur d'un même pays ou lorsque l'on franchit les frontières. Les comparaisons sont, de ce fait, extrêmement difficiles, même entre installations du même type. Les exigences de la réglementation sont principalement responsables de ces disparités, ainsi que les habitudes et pratiques historiques. Elles se répercutent sur les hypothèses de base, telles que la stratégie de démantèlement prévue et l'état final du site, mais aussi sur les méthodes de traitement des aléas. Il sera sans doute difficile d'harmoniser les approches nationales des estimations des coûts. On peut du moins recommander une structure et une présentation standard de nature à accentuer la confiance que l'autorité de contrôle et les parties prenantes pourront accorder aux estimations et aux calendriers de dépenses.
Reducir la burocracia para mejorar la actividad empresarial se ha vuelto una prioridad en los países de la OCDE. Este estudio piloto mide y compara internacionalmente las cargas administrativas en el sector de transporte por carretera en once países miembros de la OCDE: Alemania, Bélgica, Canadá, Dinamarca, Francia, Holanda, Italia, Noruega, Nueva Zelanda, Suecia y Turquía. El objetivo del ejercicio es doble: identificar las buenas prácticas y proporcionar aportaciones para la simplificación de las estrategias nacionales, y desarrollar y probar un modelo para la comparación internacional.
La medición, la cuantificación y la elaboración de políticas basada en evidencia son características que están predominando la estrategia en muchos países. Al estandarizar la metodología para la medición nacional, se puede realizar comparaciones internacionales. Así se facilita la identificación de buenas prácticas, las cuales pueden ser usadas para desarrollar estrategias de simplificación.
Using an innovative methodology, the Investment Reform Index 2010 (IRI 2010) monitors investment-related policy reforms in the economies of South-East Europe and compares these to best practices in the OECD area. Based on inputs from governments, the private sector, independent experts and multilateral organisations active in the region, the IRI 2010 assesses policies and institutional settings in eight fields of policy critical to domestic and foreign investors. These are: investment policy and promotion; human capital development; trade policy and facilitation; access to finance; regulatory reform and parliamentary processes; infrastructure for investment; tax policy analysis; and SME policy. For the economies examined, the IRI 2010 provides an independent and rigorous assessment of investment-related policy settings and reform against international good practice, guidance for policy reform and development and an evidence base with which to facilitate prioritisation of donor activities supporting investment and growth.
Alors que se profile la perspective d’un doublement des émissions de gaz à effet de serre à l’échelle mondiale d’ici 2050, ce livre explore des solutions réalisables pour réduire celles-ci à moindre coût. Par le biais de l’analyse quantitative, il aborde des questions cruciales pour la politique climatique :
· Quelle combinaison d’instruments nécessaires à la politique climatique permettrait d’obtenir les meilleurs résultats ?
· Quelle est l’ampleur des coûts économiques et environnementaux d’une mise en application des politiques d’atténuation du changement climatique qui ne couvre pas l’ensemble des pays et des secteurs ? Quels sont les avantages et les inconvénients d’outils politiques destinés à étendre cette mise en œuvre tels que les accords sectoriels internationaux ou les tarifs d’ajustement à la frontière ? Quels sont les défis posés par l’intégration d’un mécanisme destiné à réduire les émissions résultant de la déforestation et de la détérioration des forêts ?
· De quelle manière pouvons-nous concrètement développer un marché du carbone à l’échelle mondiale ?
· Quels sont les arguments en faveur des politiques de soutien à la R-D et à la technologie et que peut-on raisonnablement attendre de celles-ci ?
· Pour les grands pays émetteurs, quelle est l’importance des incitations à prendre part à un accord d'atténuation du changement climatique, compte tenu des coûts et avantages liés à une telle action, y compris les avantages connexes résultant d’une pollution réduite de l’air ambiant et d’une sécurité énergétique renforcée ? Comment ces incitations peuvent-elles être améliorées ? De quelle façon les transferts internationaux de ressources et de technologies peuvent ils apporter un soutien accru à l’action ?
La movilidad internacional de trabajadores altamente cualificados va en aumento en escala y en complejidad en tanto más economías participan en actividades de innovación e I+D. El talento en movimiento difunde internacionalmente el conocimiento tanto de manera directa como indirecta. Esto puede impulsar el desempeño de la innovación en el mundo con beneficios mutuos tanto para los países emisores como para los países receptores. Es claro que la movilidad conduce a un aumento en el nivel de la internacionalización e integración del mercado de trabajo, y la competencia por el talento está ahora influenciando iniciativas de políticas de innovación en el mundo. La mayoría de los países ofrecen una gama de políticas centradas en apoyar y motivar la movilidad, aunque pocos cuentan con una estrategia de movilidad específica y coherente. Muchas naciones buscan atraer al mismo grupo de personas altamente cualificadas; por consiguiente depender de los flujos internacionales para cubrir vacíos actuales o futuros en el abasto de talento implica riesgos. Son retos clave para los países atender las limitaciones de las políticas nacionales que podrían limitar la disponibilidad local de trabajadores cualificados, y asegurar un entorno más propicio y sólido para la innovación y el esfuerzo científico.
This report maps and analyses the core issues which together make up effective regulatory management for the United Kingdom, laying down a framework of what should be driving regulatory policy and reform in the future. Issues examined include: strategy and policies for improving regulatory management; institutional capacities for effective regulation and the broader policy making context; transparency and processes for effective public consultation and communication; processes for the development of new regulations, including impact assessment and for the management of the regulatory stock, including administrative burdens; compliance rates, enforcement policy and appeal processes; and the multilevel dimension: interface between different levels of government and interface between national processes and those of the EU. This book is part of a project examining better regulation, being carried out in partnership with the European Commission.
OECD has conducted policy reviews of migrant education in Austria, Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden and has examined the migrant education experience in many countries. This book offers comparative data on access, participation and performance of immigrant students and their native peers and identifies a set of policy options based on solid evidence of what works.
Improving the performance of youth on the labour market is a crucial challenge in OECD countries facing persistent youth unemployment. Whatever the level of qualification, first experiences on the labour market have a profound influence on later working life. This report on Greece contains a survey of the main barriers to employment for young people, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school to work, and a set of policy recommendations for further action by the public authorities and social partners. The report is based on the proceedings of a seminar and is published in English only. However, a French translation of the summary and main recommendations has been included in this volume.
This joint IEA/NEA report on electricity generating costs presents the latest data available for a wide variety of fuels and technologies, including coal and gas (with and without carbon capture), nuclear, hydro, onshore and offshore wind, biomass, solar, wave and tidal as well as combined heat and power (CHP). It provides levelised costs of electricity (LCOE) per MWh for almost 200 plants, based on data covering 21 countries (including four major non-OECD countries), and several industrial companies and organisations. For the first time, the report contains an extensive sensitivity analysis of the impact of variations in key parameters such as discount rates, fuel prices and carbon costs on LCOE. Additional issues affecting power generation choices are also examined.
This report maps and analyses the core issues which together make up effective regulatory management for Denmark, laying down a framework of what should be driving regulatory policy and reform in the future. Issues examined include: strategy and policies for improving regulatory management; institutional capacities for effective regulation and the broader policy making context; transparency and processes for effective public consultation and communication; processes for the development of new regulations, including impact assessment and for the management of the regulatory stock, including administrative burdens; compliance rates, enforcement policy and appeal processes; and the multilevel dimension: interface between different levels of government and interface between national processes and those of the EU. This book is part of a project examining better regulation, being carried out in partnership with the European Commission.
This report maps and analyses the core issues which together make up effective regulatory management for the Netherlands, laying down a framework of what should be driving regulatory policy and reform in the future. Issues examined include: strategy and policies for improving regulatory management; institutional capacities for effective regulation and the broader policy making context; transparency and processes for effective public consultation and communication; processes for the development of new regulations, including impact assessment and for the management of the regulatory stock, including administrative burdens; compliance rates, enforcement policy and appeal processes; and the multilevel dimension: interface between different levels of government and interface between national processes and those of the EU. This book is part of a project examining better regulation, being carried out in partnership with the European Commission.
Fortschritte im Bereich der Prävention und Behandlung von Krankheiten haben in den letzten Jahrzehnten in den OECD-Ländern zu bemerkenswerten Verbesserungen in Form einer erhöhten Lebenserwartung und Lebensqualität beigetragen. Gleichzeitig steigen die Gesundheitsausgaben weiter und beanspruchen einen immer größeren Anteil des Volkseinkommens: Derzeit belaufen sich die Gesundheitsausgaben in den OECD-Ländern durchschnittlich auf etwa 9% des BIP, gegenüber etwas über 5% im Jahr 1970.
Diese fünfte Ausgabe von Gesundheit auf einen Blick stellt die neuesten vergleichbaren Daten und Trendentwicklungen zu verschiedenen Aspekten der Leistungsfähigkeit der Gesundheitssysteme in den OECD-Ländern vor. Sie liefert bemerkenswerte Fakten zu den eklatanten Unterschieden, die zwischen den Ländern in Bezug auf die Kosten, Aktivitäten und Resultate der Gesundheitssysteme bestehen.
Schlüsselindikatoren bieten Informationen zum Gesundheitszustand der Bevölkerung in den OECD-Ländern, zu den Bestimmungsfaktoren des Gesundheitszustands, den Gesundheitsleistungen und den Gesundheitsausgaben sowie zu ihrer Finanzierung. Diese Ausgabe enthält außerdem neue Kapitel zum Gesundheitspersonal und zum Zugang zum Gesundheitswesen, dessen Sicherung ein wichtiges Ziel der Politik in allen OECD-Ländern ist. Das Kapitel über die Qualität der medizinischen Versorgung wurde um eine Reihe von Indikatoren zur Qualität der Versorgung bei chronischen Erkrankungen erweitert.
Jeder Indikator in der Veröffentlichung wird in einem nutzerfreundlichen Format präsentiert; dieses besteht aus Abbildungen, die zwischen den Ländern und im Zeitverlauf bestehende Unterschiede veranschaulichen, kurzen beschreibenden Analysen, die die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der Datenauswertung herausstellen, sowie einem Kasten zur Methodik mit einer Definition des Indikators und Informationen zu eventuellen Einschränkungen der Vergleichbarkeit der Daten. Ein Anhang bietet zusätzliche Informationen zum demografischen und wirtschaftlichen Kontext der jeweiligen Gesundheitssysteme sowie eine knappe Beschreibung der wichtigsten Merkmale der Finanzierung der Gesundheitssysteme und der Leistungserbringung in den OECD-Ländern.