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A political economy perspective of fisheries governance is presented in this paper. In most countries, formal and informal linkages exist among four components of the governance system. The legislature passes laws that authorise the implementation of policies and programmes by a fisheries agency. The fisheries agency establishes a fisheries management authority. Stakeholders often have a formal role – from advising to decision-making – in the management plan development process and approved plans are implemented by the fisheries agency. In general, governance failure (that is, undesirable public policy outcomes) has been attributed to special interest effects, rational voter ignorance, bundling of issues, shortsightedness, decoupling of costs and benefits, and bureaucratic inefficiencies. No studies demonstrate whether private interests significantly influence fishery policies and regulations, but evidence from other sectors suggests that this is very likely. One of the features that distinguishes the fishing industry from other regulated activities is that often there are no strong property rights, and regulation seeks to prevent overexploitation of a common pool resource (CPR). Fishers, in effect, impose costs on each other rather than on consumers, in the absence of regulation. A laboratory experiment was designed to simulate lobbying to influence regulation of a CPR. Results show that competition for fishery earnings weakens the incentive to effectively lobby for regulations that maximise group well-being. More experienced participants believe that their contributions to changing a regulation are not worthwhile. Instead, they focus more on competing for earnings from their use of the CPR. Correcting or mitigating government failure in fisheries might be assisted by the introduction of strong property rights, the devolution of rights and responsibilities to user groups, the use of the cost recovery and sustainable financing mechanisms, and for shielding fishery managers from the shortsighted tendencies of elected officials. But these recommendations may have difficulty in being implemented in the face of strong opposition from private interests in the fishery.
n this paper, it is argued that port authorities can actively contribute to better hinterland access. Different types of involvement of the port authority are discussed, as well as reasons for such involvement. The analysis is explorative and aims to provide a basis for further discussion. The analysis applies to landlord port authorities (PAs) with public goals. Landlord port authorities have become more autonomous and take the initiative for expansion and redevelopment of port infrastructure. The activities of PAs can be classified in four broad categories: traffic management, customer management, area management and stakeholder management. PAs traditionally act as landlords but increasingly operate ‘beyond the landlord’ model. The main argument for a more active involvement of the PA is the fact that coordination in clusters as well as transport chains does not always emerge spontaneously, for various reasons. More coordination can lead to more efficient supply chains and more competitive ports. Consequently, PAs have incentives to invest to improve coordination in port clusters and supply chains.
Rapid growth in international trade over the last two decades has generated both benefits and costs. Costs have become increasingly visible in metropolitan areas -- growing congestion, air pollution – and local communities are demanding solutions. Congestion and air pollution associated with increased international trade have become so severe in the Los Angeles region that port-related trade is facing increased regulation by both state and local agencies. Historically US ports have been remarkably autonomous. Their role as economic development engines is wellrecognized by local leaders. Thus recent regulatory efforts represent a significant change in public policy. This report begins with an overview of trends in port-related trade and its impacts on US metropolitan areas, and discusses changing public perceptions of port-related trade as impacts have increased. Using Southern California as a case study, the report examines responses by the ports, terminal operators, and allied industries to a changed regulatory regime. Two examples are discussed in detail: 1) a state regulation requiring appointments or extended hours at terminal gates, and 2) the OFFPeak extended gate hours program. We use a political economy framework to explain outcomes. I describe the main economic actors and their competitive positions, and we explain the key aspects of the US regulatory system affecting these actors. Those with significant market power within the international trade supply chain were successful in staving off several regulatory attempts to force changes in operating practices. When regulations were imposed, they were able to structure responses to protect their economic interests. Results suggest that “dominant actors” – ports, terminal operators, steamship lines, and their major clients – will continue to be a strong influence in efforts to solve trade-related environmental problems.
The seaport-hinterland interaction plays an increasingly important role in shaping supply chain solutions of shippers and logistics service providers. Scarcity concerns combined with concerns over the reliability of transport solutions have led seaports and hinterland corridors to take up a more active role in supply chains. This contribution looks at port developments and logistics dynamics in Europe and proposes some steps towards a further integration between seaports and the hinterland. The key point put forward in this paper is that the competitive battle among ports will increasingly be fought ashore. Hinterland connections are thus a key area for competition and coordination among actors. The paper approaches port-hinterland dynamics from the perspective of the various market players involved, including port authorities, shipping lines, terminal operators, transport operators (rail, barge, road and short sea) and logistics service providers. The paper will address the impact of horizontal and vertical relations in supply chains on the structure of these chains and on the relationships between seaports and the intermodal hinterland. Who takes or should take the lead in the further integration of ports and inland ports and what actions have been taken so far by the market players in this respect, will be examined. The incentives for market players to vertically or horizontally integrate will be analyzed against the backdrop of the nature of the market in which the various players operate.

Are current agricultural policies based on measurable objectives? Is the current policy set adequately addressing stated objectives? What could an improved agricultural policy set look like, and how to get onto a reform trajectory? These are some of the questions addressed in this publication. It draws on several projects that were undertaken in recent years under the auspices of the OECD Committee for Agriculture and summarizes practical recommendations concerning the pathway to agricultural policy reform. It presents operational characteristics of the policy set that would best achieve domestic policy objectives while minimising distortions and spillovers in international trade.

French
Higher education institutions (HEIs) have experienced increasing pressures to provide accountability data and consumer information on the quality of teaching and learning. But existing ratings and rankings of HEIs tend to neglect information on student learning outcomes. Instead, they focus on inputs, activities and research outputs, such as resources used, classes taught, and articles published. Such indicators provide no indication of the degree to which HEIs actually develop the knowledge and skills of their students. In most countries, hardly any comparable information is available on the educational quality of different programmes and institutions. In some countries, approaches to assess higher education learning outcomes have been developed, but little cross-country information is available on the characteristics of the instruments used. This paper provides an overview of experience gained in this domain across OECD and partner countries. Based on illustrative evidence collected for 18 assessment instruments, it examines conceptual, organizational and methodological aspects of existing assessments. It proposes a typology of higher education learning outcomes and reviews the ways in which these have been assessed across countries. Examples are drawn from Australia, Brazil, Mexico, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Questions surrounding the local and regional impact of higher education institutions (HEIs) have been around for a long time. In the United Kingdom there was pioneering work on the economic impact of Cambridge on its region (Segal Quince and Partners, 1985) and other studies in the 1980s, but the issues have become more focused in recent years around two poles of interest: the contribution that universities can make to the knowledge economy and the critical role that regions play in determining national economic success. This has prompted a major OECD/IMHE study, the findings of which have been published in a report entitled Higher Education and Regions: Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged (OECD, 2007). The report was followed by a conference, under the same title, held in Valencia, Spain, from 19 to 21 September 2007, which brought together many of the participants in the original research programme. This special issue of the Journal derives from that conference and seeks to present a balanced collection of thematic and case study contributions....

French

Dans l’ensemble de la zone OCDE, pays, régions et établissements d’enseignement supérieur (EES) se découvrent peu à peu. Chaque jour, ils instaurent entre eux de nouveaux partenariats, témoignant ainsi d’une conscience accrue des intérêts communs qui les unissent. Cet article s’intéresse aux moteurs de cet engagement, analysés tant du point de vue des EES que de celui du développement régional, étudie les obstacles à une collaboration efficace et examine les stratégies mises en place, dans un certain nombre de contextes régionaux et nationaux, pour surmonter ces obstacles. Le rapport conclut en formulant diverses recommandations axées sur le renforcement des capacités de collaboration entre les EES et les régions, et basées sur une réorientation générale des politiques et des pratiques mises en œuvre au niveau des établissements, des régions et des pays.

English

Across the OECD, countries, regions and higher education institutions (HEIs) are discovering each other. More and more partnerships are being established based on a growing appreciation of shared interests. This paper explores the drivers behind such engagement, from both HEI and regional development perspectives, the barriers to effective working and how these barriers are being addressed in practice in a variety of regional and national contexts. The paper concludes with suggestions as to how capacity for joint working between HEIs and regions can be enhanced through generic changes in policy and practice at the institutional, regional and national level.

French

Cela fait quelques années déjà que l’on s’efforce de mesurer l’impact local et régional des établissements d’enseignement supérieur (EES). La première étude dans ce domaine, menée au Royaume-Uni, portait sur l’impact économique de l’Université de Cambridge sur sa région (Segal Quince & Partners, 1985). D’autres travaux similaires ont suivi dans les années 80. Plus récemment, les analyses se sont toutefois concentrées davantage sur deux principaux volets : la contribution potentielle des universités à l’économie de la connaissance, et le rôle crucial des régions dans la réussite économique d’un pays. En réponse à ces questions nouvelles, l’OCDE/IMHE a donc mené une étude de grande ampleur, dont les résultats ont été publiés dans un rapport intitulé Enseignement supérieur et régions : concurrence mondiale, engagement local (OCDE, 2007). Celui-ci a été suivi d’une conférence du même nom, organisée à Valence, Espagne, du 19 au 21 septembre 2007, qui a permis de réunir de nombreux participants au programme de recherche initial. Puisant sa source dans la conférence, ce numéro spécial de la Revue a pour objet de présenter au lecteur un ensemble représentatif de contributions thématiques et d’études de cas....

English
This paper examines aspects of the policy environment and market characteristics of Slovakia's pharmaceutical sector, and assesses the degree to which Slovakia has achieved certain policy goals. Pharmaceutical expenditure in Slovakia accounts for a higher share of total health expenditure than it does in any other OECD country, and the share of national income going to pharmaceuticals is exceeded only in Hungary. Although its relatively low national income is a partial explanation for Slovakia's status in this respect, this review finds that Slovakia has scope to reduce its expenditures and the rapid rate of growth in its pharmaceutical spending. Financing of pharmaceutical expenditure in Slovakia rests more heavily on the public sector than is typical in the OECD, with out-of-pocket spending accounting for just a quarter of total expenditure. The effectiveness of international price referencing in limiting Slovak prices for on-patent pharmaceutical products is questionable. For products that have gone off-patent and for those with similar chemical structure, a reference-pricing scheme and competition among generic alternatives results in effective price control, although incentives for generic substitution are weak (for patients) and misaligned (for pharmacists). When deciding whether a drug will be reimbursed through the social insurance scheme, the cost-effectiveness of new pharmaceuticals is not assessed. On the other hand, certain policy goals have been achieved. The accessibility and availability of medicines--including the most innovative products--is good; affordability is supported by relatively low average co-payment levels. While more expensive drugs usually have higher cost-sharing, drugs are not excluded from coverage on affordability grounds.
The report focuses on the complementarities between trade, investment and competition policies and analyses how policy coherence can be promoted in these three important areas that shape incentives for firms and individuals to be more productive and for markets to be more competitive. It also deals with the potential inconsistencies or tensions that may arise between trade, investment and competition reforms and how to ease them. It shows that specific policy goals can be achieved while maintaining an open and procompetitive environment. Overall, the analysis highlights the role of governments in providing the right incentives to facilitate the adjustment to the internationalisation of production and the important synergies between policies that can be exploited to promote growth. It is not only the case in contestable markets but also in the context of market failures where pro-competitive policies can address specific distortions and mitigate the adverse effects of reforms. The report includes the results of a survey collecting the experience of policymakers on complementarities between trade, investment and competition policies.
Over recent years, a number of emerging creditors have increased their aid and lending to Africa’s Low-Income Countries (LICs). This has fed worries that new official lenders may be undoing years of international efforts to rein in over-indebtedness in Africa, to reduce the continent’s exposure to foreign-currency denominated debt and to encourage good governance by making loans conditional on political and economic reforms. These worries are reflected in the G8 Action Plan for Good Financial Governance in Africa, which attempts to include emerging lenders in the DSF framework — the Joint Bank-Fund Debt Sustainability Framework. The empirical analysis of debt dynamics distinguishes three country groups: African HIPC, HIPC-China (High China Presence), and Resource-rich IDA-only. All groups display marked trends of lower debt ratios (in net present value terms, NPV), in most cases below debtdistress level for even the lowest governance groups. Evidence on links between growth and lending may even suggest that African HIPC are currently under-leveraged. Generally, there is very little evidence of “imprudent lending” to debt relief beneficiaries in the figures up to 2006. The Asian giants lower debt ratios a little through debt relief, but they do this even more through stimulating exports and growth. This holds in particular for those countries towards which their lending is mostly directed: the resource-rich countries, rather than the debt-relief beneficiaries.
  • 22 Feb 2008
  • Somkiat Tangkitvanich, Osamu Onodera
  • Pages: 46
Le présent document est la quatrième étude de cas nationale réalisée dans le cadre d'un programme de recherche sur les échanges et l'ajustement structurel dans les pays non membres. Ce programme visait à compléter l'étude Changer l’ajustement structurel : les enjeux de la mondialisation (OCDE, 2005), qui formule des recommandations pour assurer la réussite de l'ajustement structurel lié aux échanges. Le présent document examine la libéralisation des échanges en Thaïlande dans les années 1970. Le rapport comprend six grandes sections : la section 1 fait l'entrée en matière, alors que la section 2 fait un survol de la croissance de l'économie thaïlandaise. La section 3 examine plus en détail les efforts de libéralisation des échanges et les politiques d'investissement de la Thaïlande, notamment le régime des échanges initial et les trois phases de libéralisation des échanges : 1) les premières réformes douanières (1982-1984) ; 2) la réforme douanière exhaustive et son annulation dans la foulée de la crise asiatique (1993-) ; 3) les réformes postérieures à la crise (1999-). La section 4 porte sur les modifications apportées à la structure des investissements et des échanges, et la section 5 analyse en profondeur l'ajustement structurel effectué dans trois secteurs : l'automobile et les pièces détachées, les textiles et l'habillement, et les services de télécommunications. La dernière section, la section 6, renferme les enseignements tirés de l'analyse. L'expérience de la Thaïlande confirme que la croissance économique passe par un environnement macroéconomique sain, la viabilité budgétaire, un cadre politique et économique relativement stable, un marché du travail flexible et des infrastructures fiables. Cet exemple de libéralisation progressive des échanges démontre que l'ouverture au commerce international et à l'investissement étranger réduit les distorsions économiques.
English
This paper provides an overview of work on trade and environment in the OECD since the creation, in 1991, of the Joint Session of Trade and Environment Experts, later re-named Joint Working Party on Trade and Environment, and summarises the main conclusions and policy recommendations arising from that work. It describes work done in three key periods: • From 1991 to 1995, starting with the establishment of the Joint Session of Trade and Environment Experts, up to the conclusion of the Uruguay Round and the creation of the World Trade Organisation and its Committee on Trade and Environment. • From 1995 to 2001, spanning discussions up to the adoption of the Doha Development Agenda (DDA), in which Ministers mandated negotiations on a range of topics related to trade and environment. • From 2001 to 2008, focussing on analytical work to support discussions under negotiation in the DDA at the WTO and exploring emerging issues outside of the DDA.
  • 14 Feb 2008
  • Osamu Onodera
  • Pages: 65
Le présent document, aux côtés de cinq autres études de référence, fait partie d'un programme de recherche plus large portant sur les problèmes d'ajustement structurel dans les économies non membres qui a été mené à titre de suivi de l'étude Changer l’ajustement structurel : les enjeux de la mondialisation (OCDE, 2005), qui recensait les stratégies de nature à garantir la réussite de l'ajustement structurel lié aux échanges. Ce document revoit et approfondit certains éléments des Recommandations pour déterminer si elles s'appliquent aux pays en développement. Elle repose sur les cinq études de référence, une étude qui compare l'Asie de l'Est et l'Amérique latine, et quatre études de cas nationales (Chili, Équateur, Philippines et Thaïlande), qui ont été réalisées dans le cadre de ce projet, et est complétée par la documentation existante. Ce rapport se compose de quatre grandes sections ; la première est une introduction et la deuxième donne un aperçu des expériences de libéralisation des quatre pays. Dans la troisième section, certaines Recommandations figurant dans l'étude de l'OCDE (2005) sont révisées en ciblant davantage les pays en développement et en s'intéressant aux aspects suivants : i) la politique commerciale et la politique d'investissement, ii) la politique macroéconomique, iii) les politiques de protection sociale et d'emploi, iv) les politiques visant à faciliter la réaction des exportations, v) le cadre institutionnel et l'environnement réglementaire et concurrentiel, vi) le rôle de la coopération multilatérale et des initiatives régionales et bilatérales, vii) la réalisation de réformes dans une approche globale. La quatrième section formule une conclusion.
English
This paper provides new estimates of international trade in services for mode 3 (foreign affiliates' sales in a host country) for four major OECD countries, thanks to the harmonisation of FATS statistics with conventional international trade ones (trade recorded in the balances of payments - modes 1 and 2), using the CEPII's exhaustive CHELEM-BAL database. The results show that sales by foreign affiliates abroad account for the bulk of international trade in services. Technological changes are speeding up the globalisation of the tertiary sector. These new areas of trade are still dominated by the Northern countries, whose service surpluses offset some of their declining competitiveness in manufacturing markets.

This review contains the Main Findings and Recommendations of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and the report of the Secretariat. It was prepared with examiners from Luxembourg and New Zealand for the Peer Review meeting on 22 November 2006. Among the main issues covered were: the welcome move on the part of the Greek government to strengthen its aid policies and development co-operation system and its humanitarian assistance to victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami; the significant funding to provide education and health services to large numbers of migrants from the neighbouring region, though these costs are not ODA eligible under the DAC reporting rules; the need to address urgently the challenge of implementing Greece’s political commitment to reach the 0.51% ODA/GNI target by 2010; the need to announce a clear strategy for Greece’s aid as the framework for the medium term programme in terms of country and sector priorities and allocation among aid channels, and to strengthen policy coherence for development as a government objective; the importance of reinforcing public and political support for Greek development co-operation; the need to pursue the consolidation of the development co-operation system and to develop new ways of programming and delivering aid.

French

On trouvera dans le présent examen les principales conclusions et recommandations du Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) ainsi que le rapport établi par le Secrétariat. Il a été préparé en collaboration avec les examinateurs du Luxembourg et de la Nouvelle Zélande aux fins de la réunion d’examen par les pairs tenue le 22 novembre 2006. Parmi les principaux sujets traités figurent les suivants : les mesures prises par les autorités grecques pour renforcer les politiques d’aide et le système de coopération pour le développement ainsi que l’aide humanitaire apportée en 2004 aux victimes du tsunami dans l’Océan indien ; l’importance des fonds destinés à assurer des services d’éducation et de soins de santé à un grand nombre de migrants de la région, bien que ces coûts ne soient pas comptabilisables dans l’APD selon les règles de notification du CAD ; la nécessité de concrétiser d’urgence l’engagement pris au niveau politique d’atteindre l’objectif de 0.5 % du RNB affecté à l’APD d’ici à 2010 ; la nécessité de définir clairement une stratégie d’aide servant de cadre au programme à moyen terme pour ce qui est des pays et des secteurs prioritaires et de l’affectation des fonds entre les différents canaux de l’aide, et de faire de la cohérence des politiques au service du développement un objectif public fort ; la nécessité d’affermir le soutien de l’opinion publique et des responsables politiques au programme grec de coopération pour le développement ; et enfin la nécessité de continuer de consolider le système de coopération pour le développement et de trouver de nouvelles modalités de programmation et d’acheminement de l’aide.

English

Cet examen contient les principales conclusions et recommandations du Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) ainsi que le rapport établi par le Secrétariat en liaison avec des examinateurs représentant le Canada et le Royaume-Uni pour l’examen de l’aide des États-Unis qui a eu lieu le 7 décembre 2006. Le Comité a salué la sensible augmentation de l’aide publique au développement consentie par les États-Unis, laquelle a atteint le niveau record de 27.6 milliards USD en 2005. Il a aussi félicité les États-Unis d’avoir fait de la coopération pour le développement un des trois piliers de leur politique étrangère. Les principales recommandations concernent la nécessité de reconnaître expressément l’importance fondamentale de la lutte contre la pauvreté, d’adopter une position plus claire sur le rôle de la cohérence des politiques au service du développement, de poursuivre la délimitation des champs de compétences respectifs des instances militaires et des institutions oeuvrant dans le domaine du développement, et de prêter une plus grande attention aux objectifs d’efficacité de l’aide énoncés dans la Déclaration de Paris ainsi que l’utilité que pourrait revêtir l’élaboration conjointe par le Département d’État et l’USAID d’un plan stratégique global destiné à guider l’action humanitaire.

English
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