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This research suggests that no single country conforms entirely to classical liberalism. Fragile states – many of which have long communist, socialist and patrimonial histories – exhibit a cocktail of economic personalities. They may best be referred to as “liberal-hybrids”. Research shows that while such states are highly exposed to global transmission channels for liberal market policies, many of these liberal hybrids fared better through the global financial crisis because of their adaptive mechanisms. There is, therefore, a great need to deepen understanding of the drivers of fragility and resilience in fragile states, and redefine proscriptive ideological approaches that drive economic and development policies in different directions. This paper focuses on four key pillars of liberal order policies: financial liberalisation, trade liberalisation, foreign direction investment and exchange rate management. These aspects are fundamental to growth, but “test” fragile institutions and societies too severely in many cases – aggravating fragility and creating inequitable growth patterns. Policy responses to mitigate risks and maximise benefits from adoption of these liberal order policies in fragile contexts have been stronger in theory (as the Post-Washington consensus era draws to a close) than in practice; fragile states are still subject to blueprint prescriptions and competitive political pressures.
Drawing on country examples, this paper proposes future avenues for international research and action: (i) grouping fragile states according to a new set of vulnerability criteria on which to base support; (ii) developing a set of leading or proxy indicators to close the action-research time gap for fragile states; (iii) modelling fragile state responses to global risks towards early warning; (iv) integrating economic and development policies at national level; (v) staggering liberalisation policies to keep pace with institutional capacities; and (vi) prioritising internal economic cohesion. To create the analytical base, three fragile state case studies could be produced exploring liberalisation adoption from ideology and prescription to uptake pattern over time. Results could be synthesised by a newly established Global & Fragile Systems Contact Group, empowered to create the new metrics required to turn the New Deal into the “real deal” for fragile and conflict-affected states.
The production of heat is responsible for a large share of final energy demand. In 2009, heat accounted for 47% of total energy used worldwide. Expanding the use of modern biomass, geothermal energy, solar energy and ambient energy to produce heat could contribute substantially to meeting energy security objectives and mitigating climate change.
- The percentage of students who expect to complete university is highest in Korea (80%) and lowest in Latvia (25%).
- Many high-performing students do not expect to go to university, representing potentially lost talent to an economy and society while many low-performing students think they will make it to university, even if their current performance suggests they are not likely to succeed.
- Around one in four students expects to end his or her formal schooling at the upper secondary level and thus needs the skills to make a smooth transition into work and adulthood.
- Le pourcentage le plus important d’élèves qui espèrent obtenir un diplôme universitaire s’observe en Corée (80 %), et le plus faible, en Lettonie (25 %).
- De nombreux élèves très performants n’envisagent pas d’aller à l’université, soit autant de talents potentiels perdus pour l’économie et la société, tandis que de nombreux élèves peu performants pensent qu’ils y parviendront, même si leurs résultats scolaires actuels semblent présager le contraire.
- Un élève sur quatre environ envisage de terminer sa scolarité à la fin du deuxième cycle de l’enseignement secondaire et nécessite donc les compétences qui lui permettront de faire une transition en douceur de la scolarité au monde du travail et à l’âge adulte. < /LI>
El porcentaje más elevado de alumnos que esperan finalizar la universidad se encuentra en Corea (80%) y el más bajo en Letonia (25%). Muchos estudiantes de alto rendimiento no piensan ir a la universidad, lo que significa talento potencialmente perdido para la economía y la sociedad, mientras que un buen número de alumnos con un rendimiento bajo creen que lo conseguirán, incluso si sus resultados actuales indican que no es probable que tengan éxito. Alrededor de uno de cada cuatro alumnos espera finalizar la educación formal en el nivel de secundaria superior y, por tanto, necesita las competencias que le permitan pasar sin problemas al mundo laboral y a la edad adulta.
Der Prozentsatz der Schülerinnen und Schüler, die einen Hochschulabschluss anstreben, ist in Korea am höchsten (80%) und in Lettland am niedrigsten (25%). Viele leistungsstarke Schülerinnen und Schüler ziehen ein Hochschulstudium nicht in Betracht, was für die Wirtschaft und die Gesellschaft einen Talentverlust bedeuten kann, während viele leistungsschwache Schülerinnen und Schüler der Auffassung sind, dass ihnen der Sprung zur Universität gelingt, selbst wenn ihre derzeitigen Leistungen darauf hindeuten, dass ihre Erfolgsaussichten nicht sehr groß sind.
O percentual de estudantes que esperam completar o ensino superior é mais alto na Coreia (80%) e mais baixo na Letônia (25%). Muitos estudantes com bom desempenho não pretendem seguir o ensino universitário, representando uma perda potencial de talento para a economia e a sociedade, enquanto muitos estudantes com baixo desempenho esperam ir para a universidade, mesmo que seu desempenho atual sugira que podem não ser bemsucedidos. Aproximadamente um em cada quarto estudantes esperam terminar sua educação formal no Ensino Médio e, dessa forma, necessitam de competências que lhes permitam fazer uma transição suave para o mundo do trabalho e para a idade adulta.
The OECD Global Forum on Competition debated “Improving International Co-operation in Cartel Investigations” in February 2012. This document includes an executive summary of that debate and the documents from the meeting: a background note by the OECD Secretariat and written submissions from: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, the European Union, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Lithuania, New Zealand, Nordic countries, Peru, the Russian Federation, Senegal, Singapore, South Africa, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States, ASEAN, and BIAC, as well as a summary of the discussion.