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La couverture des pensions de retraite est relativement faible en Amérique latine. Indépendamment des types de systèmes de retraite, cette situation représente un défi pour les politiques publiques : aussi bien les faibles niveaux d’affiliation que les historiques de contribution irréguliers indiquent que les retraites des décennies à venir seront insuffisantes. Cet article décrit la relation existant entre les systèmes de couverture retraite et le phénomène d’informalité du marché du travail en Bolivie, au Brésil, au Chili et au Mexique, par niveau de revenu, et à partir des données d’enquêtes de ménage. L’analyse souligne le fait que le nombre de travailleurs formels est limité, et ce même parmi les groupes de revenus moyens et élevés. De même, les taux de couverture (mesurés par la proportion de contribuables ou d’affiliés par rapport au nombre total de travailleurs) varient de 10 % pour la force de travail en Bolivie, à 62 % au Chili. 76 % des travailleurs formels sont couverts en moyenne, tandis que parmi les travailleurs indépendants agricoles ce chiffre ne dépasse pas 7 %. En se basant sur ce pronostique, différentes alternatives de réformes de retraites sont examinées.
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is widely recognized to be helpful, even indispensible, for making good decisions on what transport projects to fund. It essentially aims to figure out which projects offer the best value for money, one of the core criteria for making decisions. However, the practical relevance of cost-benefit analysis does not always live up to its appeal in principle. One problem is that there is disagreement about what to include in both the costs and the benefits side of the analysis, so that value for money is not always a fully transparent concept. A second problem is that value for money is only a partial criterion for decision-making, leading to disagreement about the relative importance of the results from CBA compared to other inputs into the decision-making process. Discussions at the Roundtable aimed to shed light on these conceptual problems by analysing the practice of CBA and comparing approaches to it in different countries. In short the aim was to identify a checklist of items that should be included in a socially relevant cost-benefit analysis, i.e. analysis that can be produced in reasonable time and at reasonable cost but is good enough to help resolve trade-offs.
Russia is sometimes referred to as “the Saudi Arabia of energy efficiency”; its vast potential to reduce energy consumption can be considered a significant “energy reserve”. Russia, recognising the benefits of more efficient use of energy, is taking measures to exploit this potential. The president has set the goal to reduce energy intensity by 40% between 2007 and 2020. In the past few years, the IEA has worked closely with Russian authorities to support the development of energy efficiency indicators in Russia, critical to an effective implementation and monitoring of Russia’s ambitious energy intensity and efficiency goals. The key findings of the IEA work with Russia on developing energy efficiency indicators form the core of this report.
  • 01 janv. 2011
  • Nathalie Trudeau, Cecilia Tam, Dagmar Graczyk, Peter Taylor
  • Pages : 94
For India to play its part in helping to realise deep cuts in global CO2 emissions by the middle of the 21st century, it will need to achieve rapid economic development over the next 40 years with only a very small increase in emissions. Currently there is no precedent for such a low-CO2 development path. The challenge for India will be to achieve strong economic growth while improving energy security, but without locking in high emissions. This information paper further develops the analysis presented in the India chapter of ‘Energy Technology Perspectives 2010’ and provides insights on the implications of achieving deep energy and CO2 emission cuts in the industrial sector both for India and globally. It investigates the least-cost combination of options that can significantly reduce energy and CO2 emissions in India’s industrial sector, while enabling the Indian economy to continue to grow and alleviate energy poverty.
Decision-makers in fisheries management are confronted with the challenge of how to respond to existing and predicted changes in ocean conditions that are likely to affect the stocks of fish they manage. In order to address climate change most research and thinking advises decision-makers to ensure that fisheries are well-managed and abundant in an ecosystem context. These policies can best allow fisheries to adapt to changing climate. To address climate change, decision-makers should carefully monitor changing conditions and potential changes in factors affecting fish stock abundance. An adaptive approach to fisheries management under conditions of climate change requires that decision-makers engage with fishing interests in a transparent manner and in ways that respect the input of fishing interests and in ways that acknowledge the levels of uncertainty. This approach implies a governance approach to management that is closer to co-management or shared management responsibility than in most hierarchical processes that characterize fishery management to date. The answer to the question of when fishery decision-makers should begin to incorporate climate change into decision making processes is that they should have started yesterday. The justification for this is that even today, climate variability can affect fishery management decisions and the sooner this is understood and incorporated into the management process the better. In economic terms, a conservative decision relative to fisheries management is likely to produce a positive long term benefit whereas the failure to recognize the need to act in time may have serious immediate negative consequences especially when compounded by inadequate management. While climate change can also produce positive consequences for some species a note of caution is still advised in anticipating and responding to such opportunities.
London 2012 is set to be one the most ambitious Olympic Games ever to have taken place. Already a successful global city London has set itself a unique challenge – not simply to deliver a successful Olympic Games but to regenerate its most socio-economically challenged area of the city. The boroughs which will host 2012 are amongst the most deprived areas in the United Kingdom. The aim from the preparation of the bid was to address this long term challenge. Everyone involved in the delivery of 2012 and the economic development of London is under no illusion that simply by hosting the Olympics a century of deprivation will be eradicated. But accelerating 30-50 years of regeneration and infrastructure investment can create new economic opportunity.
This paper provides an account of the main approaches, debates and evidence in the literature on the role of workforce skills in the innovation process in developed economies. It draws on multiple sources including the innovation studies discipline, neoclassical Human Capital theory, institutionalist labour market studies and the work organisation discipline. Extensive use is also made of official survey data to describe and quantify the diversity of skills and occupations involved in specific types of innovation activities.
This paper provides an account of the main approaches, debates and evidence in the literature on the role of workforce skills in the innovation process in developed economies. It draws on multiple sources including the innovation studies discipline, neoclassical Human Capital theory, institutionalist labour market studies and the work organisation discipline. Extensive use is also made of official survey data to describe and quantify the diversity of skills and occupations involved in specific types of innovation activities.

Prior to 2004, the map of the European Union seemed to be basically identical to the map of the contracting parties to the Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy of 1960 (thereinafter “the Paris Convention”).1 The 2004 and 2007 enlargements were mainly composed of the contracting parties to the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage of 1963 (thereinafter “the Vienna Convention”).2 In various discussions, the term “nuclear liability patchwork” is used to describe this existing situation.3 One of the problems arising from this “patchwork” is that, while a uniform legal framework was established for matters of jurisdiction and the enforcement of decisions under the authority given to the European Union (“EU”) by the Council Regulation on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgements in civil and commercial matters (hereinafter “Brussels Regulation”),4 this overall framework does not apply to particular matters governed by the special conventions to which member states may be contracting parties, see Article 71 of the Brussels Regulation.

Français

“Despite its flaws and weaknesses, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) remains an invaluable instrument for international security… There is no alternative but to support and strengthen the NPT…”

Foreign Affairs, Defence and Armed Forces Committee of the French Senate

Français

Competition law essentially aims at preventing harmful distortions of competition in the market which may be caused by agreements between companies, by the abusive behaviour of dominant companies, by structural changes in the market due to mergers or by state aid.1 However, often such practices and measures are actually necessary to render certain services viable, to obtain new or better products, to pursue other policies for the greater benefit of the collective, etc. Occasionally, this raises interesting issues in the nuclear sector.

Français

Le droit de la concurrence vise essentiellement à empêcher les distorsions de concurrence dommageables que peuvent créer sur le marché les accords entre les entreprises, l’abus de position dominante, les modifications structurelles du marché dues à des fusions ou l’aide de l’État1. Cependant, ces pratiques et mesures sont souvent nécessaires pour assurer la viabilité de certains services, obtenir des produits nouveaux ou améliorés, ou poursuivre d’autres politiques au profit de la collectivité par exemple. Parfois, cette situation soulève d’intéressantes questions dans le secteur nucléaire.

Anglais

« En dépit de ses imperfections et de ses fragilités, le traité de non-prolifération nucléaire (TNP) demeure un instrument irremplaçable pour la sécurité internationale […]. Il ne peut y avoir d’autres alternatives que de soutenir et consolider le TNP […] »

Commission des Affaires étrangères et de la Défense du Sénat français

Anglais

Avant 2004, la carte de l’Union européenne coïncidait presque avec celle des parties contractantes à la Convention de Paris de 1960 sur la responsabilité civile dans le domaine de l’énergie nucléaire (ci-après dénommée « Convention de Paris »)1. Les pays qui ont rejoint l’Union européenne (UE) en 2004 et 2007 étaient pour la plupart parties contractantes à la Convention de Vienne de 1963 relative à la responsabilité civile en matière de dommages nucléaires (ci-après dénommée « Convention de Vienne »)2. Plusieurs textes portant sur cette question parlent de patchwork de responsabilité nucléaire » pour décrire cette situation3. L’un des problèmes qui résultent du patchwork est que, même si l’UE dispose d’un cadre juridique uniforme en matière de compétence judiciaire et d’exécution des décisions de justice en vertu du règlement du Conseil concernant la compétence judiciaire, la reconnaissance et l’exécution des décisions en matière civile et commerciale (ci-après dénommé « Règlement de Bruxelles »)4, ce cadre général ne s’applique pas aux matières particulières régies par les conventions spéciales auxquelles les États membres sont parties (cf. Article 71 du Règlement de Bruxelles).

Anglais

At its meeting held on 17 and 18 November 2009,1 the OECD NEA.s Nuclear Law Committee (NLC) discussed the issue of obtaining financial security to cover liability for environmental damage. The experts from the insurance industry observed that the liability for environmental damage under the ¡°2004 Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy¡± (2004 Paris Convention)2 may differ from the liability established under the ¡°Directive 2004/35/EC of

Français

Le 4 mai 2006, l’Argentine a déposé une requête auprès de la Cour internationale de justice (ciaprès CIJ) introduisant une instance contre l’Uruguay. L’Argentine soutenait qu’en autorisant la construction d’une usine de pâte à papier (l’usine CMB) et la construction et la mise en service d’une autre usine de pâte à papier (l’usine Botnia), l’Uruguay avait violé les obligations lui incombant en vertu du statut du fleuve Uruguay de 1975 (traité signé entre l’Argentine et l’Uruguay), notamment l’obligation de prendre toute mesure nécessaire à l’utilisation rationnelle et optimale du fleuve Uruguay, et avait par conséquent engagé sa responsabilité internationale.

Anglais

On 4 May 2006, Argentina filed in the International Court of Justice (hereinafter “ICJ”) an application instituting proceedings against Uruguay. Argentina claimed that Uruguay, by authorising the construction of a pulp mill (the “CMB mill”) and the construction and commissioning of another pulp mill (the “Orion mill”), breached its obligations under the 1975 Statute of the River Uruguay, a treaty between Argentina and Uruguay, notably the obligation to take all necessary measures for the optimum and rational utilisation of the River Uruguay.

Français

Lors de sa réunion des 17 et 18 novembre 20091, le Comité de droit nucléaire (CDN) de l’Agence de l’OCDE pour l’énergie nucléaire a examiné la question de l’obtention d’une garantie financière aux fins de couvrir la responsabilité pour les dommages environnementaux. Les experts de l’industrie des assurances ont fait observer que la responsabilité pour les dommages à l’environnement en vertu de la Convention de Paris de 2004 sur la responsabilité civile ...

Anglais

ALLEMAGNE
Amendement à la Loi sur l’énergie atomique rallongeant la durée d’exploitation des centrales nucléaires (2010)
Modification de l’Ordonnance relative à l’évaluation de la fiabilité (2010)
Modification de l’Ordonnance relative aux personnes responsables de la sûreté nucléaire et à la notification d’événements dans ce domaine (2010)
Modification de la Loi sur l’évaluation des incidences environnementales (2010)

BULGARIE
Modification de la Loi sur l’utilisation sûre de l’énergie nucléaire (2010)

ÉTATS-UNIS
Règlement définitif sur l’entreposage indépendant du combustible nucléaire usé (2010)
Situation du Programme de dépôt pour les déchets hautement radioactifs (2010)
Loi globale sur les sanctions, la responsabilisation et le désinvestissement à l’égard de l’Iran (2010)
Règlement final sur l’exportation et l’importation d’équipements et matières nucléaires (2010)

FRANCE
Loi sur la nouvelle organisation du marché de l’électricité (2010)

GRÈCE
Décret transposant la Directive du Conseil européen 2006/117/Euratom (2010)

INDE
Loi sur la responsabilité civile nucléaire (2010)

ROUMANIE
Modification de l’Article 35 de la Loi 111/1996 relative aux nouvelles tâches de la CNCAN (2010)
Arrêté portant approbation des normes concernant la surveillance radiologique des matières métalliques recyclables (2010)

SERBIE
Création de l’Agence de radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire (2009)

SLOVÉNIE
Règlements sur la sûreté d’exploitation des rayonnements et des centrales nucléaires (2009)
Règlements sur les rayonnements et les facteurs de sûreté nucléaire (2009)
Loi sur la responsabilité en cas de dommage nucléaire (2010)

Anglais
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