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For the most part, the findings are clear: while many donors and partner country governments have made significant progress towards the targets that they set themselves for 2010, few of them have been met. Partner country authorities appear to have gone further in implementing their commitments under the Paris Declaration than donors, though efforts – and progress – also vary significantly across countries and donor organisations.

As the international community takes stock of what has been achieved on the occasion of the Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Busan, Korea (29 November to 1 December 2011), this report sets out evidence of progress and challenges in making aid more effective. This evidence should help forge a consensus beyond Busan that aid – and its effectiveness –represents only one element of a broader landscape of development finance and joint efforts to make aid more effective can and should inform a broader development effectiveness agenda.    
Français

The role of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the Middle East and North African economies  (MENA) has historically been and remains significant in terms of their contribution to the economic value added, employment and the provision of vital services. State-owned enterprises operate across a wide range of sectors in the region - hydrocarbons, banking, construction – but also in network industries. Despite the privatisations carried out during the 1980-1990s, the role of the state in Arab economies has not declined and in many ways have indeed increased, reflecting the growth of oil and gas SOEs, sovereign wealth funds and infrastructure development projects, often carried out with the involvement of the state. This publication seeks to provide insight into the varied and rich experience in SOE reform in the region over the past decade, highlighting reform initiatives undertaken at national and country specific levels. It is unique in highlighting the challenges faced by policymakers in reforming the governance of regional SOEs

Arabe
  • 05 mars 2012
  • OCDE
  • Pages : 84

This study examines the broad range of factors driving farm management decisions that can improve the environment, including drawing on the experiences of OECD countries. It identifies policy options that would contribute to a sustainable and resilient agricultural sector in the context of climate change.

Français

Cost estimation for the decommissioning of nuclear facilities can vary considerably in format, content and practice both within and across countries. These differences may have legitimate reasons but make the process of reviewing estimates complicated and the estimates themselves difficult to defend.  Hence, the joint initiative of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the European Commission (EC) was undertaken to propose a standard itemisation of decommissioning costs either directly for the production of cost estimates or for mapping estimates onto a standard, common structure for purposes of comparison. This report updates the earlier itemisation published in 1999 and takes into account experience accumulated thus far. The revised cost itemisation structure has sought to ensure that all costs within the planned scope of a decommissioning project may be reflected. The report also provides general guidance on developing a decommissioning cost estimate, including detailed advice on using the structure.

 

  • 02 mars 2012
  • OCDE
  • Pages : 80

This book synthesizes the findings of a longer work which sets out a strategy for raising rural incomes. It emphasises the creation of diversified rural economies with opportunities within and outside agriculture. Agricultural policies need to be integrated within an overall mix of policies and institutional reforms that facilitate, rather than impede, structural change. By investing in public goods, such as infrastructure and agricultural research, and by building effective social safety nets, governments can limit the role of less efficient policies such as price controls and input subsidies.

  • 02 mars 2012
  • OCDE
  • Pages : 192

With more than two-thirds of the world’s poor living in rural areas, higher rural incomes are a pre-requisite for sustained poverty reduction and reduced hunger. This volume sets out a strategy for raising rural incomes which emphasises the creation of diversified rural economies with opportunities within and outside agriculture. Agricultural policies need to be integrated within an overall mix of policies and institutional reforms that facilitate, rather than impede, structural change. By investing in public goods, such as infrastructure and agricultural research, and by building effective social safety nets, governments can limit the role of less efficient policies such as price controls and input subsidies.

  • 01 mars 2012
  • OCDE
  • Pages : 88

OECD governments are facing unprecedented challenges in the markets for government securities as a result of continued strong borrowing amid a highly uncertain environment with growing concerns about the pace of recovery, surging borrowing costs, sovereign risk and contagion pressures.

The OECD Sovereign Borrowing Outlook provides estimates for 2011 and projections for 2012. Higher than anticipated gross borrowing needs of OECD governments are expected to reach USD 10.4 trillion in 2011 and USD 10.5 trillion in 2012, including a strong increase in longer-term redemptions in 2012. Against this backdrop government debt ratios are expected to remain at high levels.

Raising large volumes of funds at lowest cost, with acceptable roll-over risk, remains therefore a great challenge for a wide range of governments, with most OECD debt managers continuing to rebalance the profile of debt portfolios by issuing more long-term instruments and moderating bill issuance.

Additional challenges for government (and corporate) issuers are the complications generated by the pressures of a rapid increase in sovereign risk, whereby “the market” suddenly perceives the debt of some sovereigns as “risky”, as well as euro area-induced contagion effects. Growing concerns among investors have resulted in the offloading of significant holdings of European debt.

¿Están los estudiantes bien preparados para responder a los retos del futuro? ¿Son capaces de analizar, razonar y comunicar con eficacia sus ideas? ¿Han encontrado los intereses en los que persistirán a lo largo de sus vidas, como miembros productivos de la economía y la sociedad? El Programa para la Evaluación Internacional de Alumnos (PISA) de la OCDE busca dar respuesta a estas preguntas mediante la evaluación internacional más completa y rigurosa de los conocimientos y las capacidades de los estudiantes. En conjunto, el grupo de países y economías que participa en PISA suponen casi un 90% de la economía mundial.
El Informe PISA 2009 presenta los datos de la evaluación más reciente, que se centró en la lectura, pero que también examinó el rendimiento de los estudiantes en matemáticas y ciencias. El informe comprende seis volúmenes:
-El Volumen I, Lo que los estudiantes saben y pueden hacer: rendimiento de los estudiantes en lectura, matemáticas y ciencias, compara los conocimientos y las capacidades de los estudiantes en estas materias en los distintos países y economías.
-El Volumen II, Superación del entorno social: equidad en las oportunidades y resultados del aprendizaje, analiza cómo los sistemas educativos más eficaces moderan el impacto del entorno social e inmigrante en el rendimiento de los alumnos y de los centros escolares.
-El Volumen III, Aprendiendo a aprender: implicación, estrategias y prácticas de los estudiantes, examina la motivación de los alumnos de 15 años, su implicación en la lectura y el uso que hacen de estrategias efectivas de aprendizaje.
-El Volumen IV, ¿Qué hace que un centro escolar tenga éxito? Recursos, políticas y prácticas, indaga cómo los recursos humanos, económicos y materiales, y las políticas y prácticas educativas, configuran los resultados del aprendizaje.
-El Volumen V, Tendencias de aprendizaje: cambios en el rendimiento de los estudiantes desde 2000, aporta una visión general de los progresos que han hecho los países en la mejora del rendimiento de los estudiantes y de la equidad en la distribución de las oportunidades de aprendizaje.
-El Volumen VI, Estudiantes en Internet: tecnología y rendimiento digitales, explora cómo utilizan los alumnos las tecnologías de la información para aprender.
PISA 2009 marca el comienzo del segundo ciclo de evaluaciones. En 2012 está prevista una evaluación de matemáticas y en 2015, de ciencias.
EL PROGRAMA PARA LA EVALUACIÓN INTERNACIONAL DE ALUMNOS (PISA) DE LA OCDE
PISA se centra en la capacidad de los jóvenes de utilizar sus conocimientos y capacidades para enfrentarse a los retos de la vida real. Esta orientación refleja un cambio en los fines y objetivos de los contenidos curriculares, que cada vez se preocupan más de lo que los estudiantes pueden hacer con lo que han aprendido en el centro escolar, y no solo de si dominan el contenido curricular específico.
PISA tiene las siguientes características que lo hacen único en su género:
-Orientación hacia políticas, que ilustra las diferencias en los modelos de rendimiento e identifica las características comunes de los alumnos, los centros y los sistemas educativos con unos niveles altos de rendimiento, relacionando los datos sobre los resultados del aprendizaje con los datos sobre las características de los estudiantes y otros factores clave que conforman el aprendizaje dentro y fuera del centro escolar.
-Un concepto innovador de “competencia”, como capacidad de los estudiantes de aplicar sus conocimientos y habilidades en áreas curriculares fundamentales, y de analizar, razonar y comunicarse con eficacia cuando plantean, interpretan y resuelven problemas en diversas situaciones.
-Relevancia del aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida. PISA no se limita a evaluar las competencias de los alumnos en las asignaturas escolares, sino que también les pide que informen de sus motivaciones para aprender, sus opiniones sobre ellos mismos y sus estrategias de aprendizaje.
-Regularidad, que permite a los países hacer un seguimiento de su progreso en la consecución de sus objetivos clave de aprendizaje.
-Amplitud de cobertura geográfica y esfuerzo de colaboración. PISA 2009 abarca los 34 países miembros de la OCDE y 41 países y economías asociados.

Allemand, Anglais, Français, Arabe
  • 29 févr. 2012
  • Ben Jensen, Andrés Sandoval-Hernández, Steffen Knoll, Eugenio J. Gonzalez
  • Pages : 116

This publication provides a comprehensive analysis of the most important issues facing teachers during the early stages of their careers. The effectiveness of teachers fresh to the profession is an important policy issue, especially knowing the impact that teachers have on student learning.

The OECD’s Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) is the first and only international survey on the conditions of teaching and learning. This report uses the TALIS 2008 dataset to analyse key aspects of new teachers’ work and highlight policy implications.

  • 29 févr. 2012
  • OCDE
  • Pages : 208

For decades Japan has remained at or near the top of international assessments of student learning; and in the past decade, students in Japan have become more engaged in learning. However, the government aspires to improve learning outcomes even further. Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in Education: Lessons from PISA for Japan focuses on how Japan is reforming its education system not only to produce better learning outcomes, but to equip students with the skills they need to navigate through the unpredictable labour market of the future and to participate in society as active citizens.

This is the second in a series of reports examining how education systems are handling the challenge of preparing their students for a world of interconnected populations, rapid technological change, and instantaneous availability of vast amounts of information. Like the first volume, Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in Education: Lessons from PISA for the United States, this report presents examples from other countries with consistently high-performing education systems or countries that, by redesigning policies and practices, have been able to improve their education outcomes, as measured by the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the world’s most comprehensive and rigorous survey of students’ skills and attitudes towards learning.

  • 29 févr. 2012
  • Brian Keeley, Patrick Love
  • Pages : 160

¿Qué desató la mayor desaceleración global que se haya visto en más de seis décadas? Y, ¿cómo puede lograrse una recuperación sostenible? De la crisis a la recuperación, dentro de la colección en español Esenciales OCDE (Insights en inglés), hace un recuento de las causas, el desarrollo y las consecuencias de la “Gran Recesión”. Explica de qué manera la acumulación global de liquidez, aunada a una mala regulación, provocó una crisis financiera que rápidamente se extendió a la economía real, destruyendo empresas y disparando el desempleo a los niveles más altos en décadas
Aunque parece que lo peor de la crisis ha pasado, se antoja poco probable volver pronto al crecimiento sólido y se requerirán varios años para que el empleo retorne a las tasas previas a la crisis. Dados los altos niveles de deuda pública y privada, los recortes y el ahorro quizá se conviertan en la máxima prioridad, lo cual significa que los efectos de la recesión seguirán sintiéndose en los años por venir.

Anglais, Français

Le programme de réformes appelé la « Révision générale des politiques publiques » (RGPP), commencé au niveau de l’État en France en 2007, est une démarche inédite au sein des pays de l’OCDE par son mode de gouvernance impliquant directement et continuellement les plus hauts responsables de l’État en France. Dans cette  publication, les résultats du programme de réformes de la RGPP sont analysés au regard des objectifs de départ, mais aussi dans le nouveau contexte économique et budgétaire dans lequel se trouve actuellement la France. Les leçons qui en sont tirées en termes d’économies budgétaires, de mise en place d’une culture de l’innovation, et d’améliorations de services rendus aux citoyens sont importantes pour tous les pays de l’OCDE dans leurs démarches d’amélioration de leur gouvernance et des résultats des administrations publiques. Elles sont tout aussi essentielles pour les collectivités locales, qui, elles aussi, sont contraintes d’innover dans leurs pratiques afin de fournir de meilleurs services à un moindre coût.

Anglais
  • 27 févr. 2012
  • OCDE
  • Pages : 248
Transcontinental Infrastructure Needs to 2030/50 explores the long-term opportunities and challenges facing major gateway and transport hub infrastructures --  ports, airports and major rail corridors – in the coming decades.  The report uses projections and scenarios to assess the broader economic outlook and future infrastructure requirements, and examines the options for financing these, not least against the backdrop of the economic recession and financial crisis which have significantly modified the risks and potential rewards associated with major infrastructure projects.  Building on numerous in-depth case studies from Europe, North America and Asia, the report offers insights into the economic prospects for these key facilities and identifies policy options for improved gateway and corridor infrastructure in the future.
  • 27 févr. 2012
  • OCDE
  • Pages : 108

This publication provides a summary of the key methodological issues surrounding indicators and statistics on the space sector and the larger space economy and it meant to be complementary to The Space Economy at a Glance 2011 .

  • 24 févr. 2012
  • OCDE
  • Pages : 220

Going for Growth is the OECD’s annual report highlighting developments in structural policies in OECD countries. It identifies structural reform priorities to boost real income for each OECD country and key emerging economies (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa). The Going for Growth analysis also regularly takes stock of reform implementation in all the countries covered.

This report provides internationally comparable indicators that enable countries to assess their economic performance and structural policies in a wide range of areas. Each issue also has several thematic studies.

Français
  • 23 févr. 2012
  • OCDE
  • Pages : 160

As financial markets put more and more pressure on governments to reduce their deficits and debts, sub-central levels of government are a key player in the implementation of national strategies. The room for manoeuvre to implement consolidations strategies coordinated across levels of government highly depends on the institutional structure of intergovernmental relations, and the effectiveness of their multi-level governance structure. This was already the case for recovery strategies, in the beginning of the crisis. This report provides an overview of the institutional and financial relations across levels of government that enables policymakers evaluate their position and identify good practices for mobilizing sub-central governments for national growth, equity and stability objectives. This report is divided into two parts: the first part is analytical and the second part provides institutional and quantitative country information and comparisons.

Der Jahresbericht des OECD-Entwicklungsausschusses (DAC) ist das einschlägige Referenzdokument für Statistiken und Analysen zu den jüngsten Trends in der internationalen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit. Die Sonderausgabe zum 50-jährigen Bestehen der OECD enthält zusätzlich zu den üblichen Statistiken und Analysen auch Artikel herausragender Persönlichkeiten aus dem Entwicklungsbereich.

Français, Anglais
  • 23 févr. 2012
  • OCDE
  • Pages : 108

Corruption and other governance problems result primarily from processes generated within the domestic political economy. There are major international factors, however, that interact with domestic processes: international drivers of corruption. This report introduces an analytical tool to help readers understand how these international drivers of corruption affect governance and corruption at the country level. It provides a means for identifying those drivers that matter most for domestic governance, as well as opportunities for international actors to work more effectively to improve governance in specific country contexts.

A hazai és nemzetközi tapasztalatok alapján az intézményi, helyi és rendszerszintű változások elősegítéséhez célszerű az érintettek partnerségére törekedni, és a párhuzamos erőfeszítések révén nyert tudást, valamint a működő gyakorlatok cseréjét a hálózatos működés lehetőségeivel támogatni. A meglévő tapasztalatok ellenére a hálózatokban zajló munka, különösen új hálózatok építése és működésük vagy növekedésük segítése, áldozattal járó kihívás a többség számára. A horizontális együttműködéssel járó erőfeszítések olyan befektetést jelentenek, amelyek számos közvetett hatáson keresztül és gyakran csak hosszabb távon „térülnek meg”. A hálózatosodás szakmai és pénzügyi ösztönzése csökkentheti a többletvállalásoktól való tartózkodást, a szakmai elbizonytalanodás és a konfliktusoktól való félelem kockázatát. A pályázati lehetőségeken túl az eredményes együttműködés technikai és emberi dimenzióira is nagy hangsúlyt kell fektetni. Az e területre vonatkozó tudás gyarapításához kíván lendületet adni a kiadvány, melynek kérdésfelvetéseit, elméleti alapvetéseit és esettanulmányokra épülő gyakorlati következtetéseit reményeink szerint izgalmas viták és a hálózatosodás további erősödése követheti majd.

Anglais, Français

Ce rapport aborde les enjeux de gouvernance multi-niveaux dans la mise en œuvre de la politique de l’eau et identifie les bonnes pratiques en matière de coordination de la politique de l’eau entre les ministères,  les niveaux de gouvernement et les acteurs locaux au niveau infranational. Basé sur un cadre méthodologique, il évalue les principaux « écarts de coordination » en termes d’élaboration des politiques publiques, de financement, d’information, de responsabilité, d’objectifs et de renforcement des capacités et il fournit une plateforme de mécanismes de gouvernance existants afin de les combler. A partir d’une étude exhaustive sur la gouvernance de l’eau, ce rapport dresse un tableau institutionnel complet des rôles et responsabilités dans l’élaboration des politiques de l’eau au niveau national et infranational dans 17 pays de l’OCDE. Enfin, il fournit des directives préliminaires  en matière de gouvernance multi-niveaux pour une politique intégrée de l’eau.

Anglais
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