Morocco
Young people have demonstrated resilience to shocks and led positive change in their communities across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Young people (aged under 30) constitute more than half (55%) of the population across MENA, compared with 36% of the population across OECD countries. While challenges vary significantly across the region, youth unemployment rates are among the highest in the world, young people tend to express low trust in public institutions, and nearly four in ten live in fragile and conflicted-affected areas. The COVID-19 crisis has underscored the need to place the needs of young people at the centre of an inclusive and resilient recovery. To support this process, this report analyses current governance arrangements and practices across 10 MENA governments in three areas: 1) uniting all government stakeholders to implement a shared, integrated youth policy and deliver services to young people; 2) building administrative and institutional capacities to mainstream the perspectives of young people in policy making; and 3) encouraging the participation and representation of young people and youth stakeholders in public and political life.
This report examines how current legal provisions in Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia are impacting women’s ability to fully participate in economic life, both as employees and entrepreneurs. It is based on a comparative analysis of the various rights set out in constitutions, personal status laws, labour laws, in addition to tax and business laws. The report recognises the considerable progress made – in particular in the aftermath of the 2011 uprisings – following the adoption of constitutional and institutional reforms to strengthen women’s status.
Yet ensuring sufficient opportunities for women remains a challenge in the six countries. The report suggests that this may be due to different factors such as: the existence of certain laws that are gender discriminatory, contradictions between various legal frameworks, lack of enforcement mechanisms, and barriers for women in accessing justice. Through targeted policies, countries can tackle these challenges, and help unleash women’s potential to boost growth, competitiveness and inclusive social development.
This chapter takes a look at the governance of digital government in Morocco. Using the OECD Framework for the Digital Transformation of the Public Sector, it highlights current trends in digitalisation and how they are expected to impact public sector operations, and the governance of digitalisation more specifically. It considers Morocco’s experience with its Maroc Numéric 2013 strategy, and the shortcomings of its governance processes. It then assesses the new Maroc Numéric 2020. Based on OECD country experiences and best practices, the chapter considers different alternatives for new organisational arrangements for digital government, covering the governance of strategic decision making, the governance of ICT projects, monitoring and evaluation systems as well as funding mechanisms for digital government initiatives. The chapter proposes recommendations aimed at strengthening the governance of digital government in ways that ensure effective co-ordination and delivery of digital initiatives and foster collaboration across the public sector.
This chapter examines the socio-demographic characteristics of Moroccan emigrants and their children. The dimensions explored primarily include their education levels and skills. Results point out the relatively low level of education of Moroccan emigrants compared to other groups of emigrants, in particular in the main European destination countries. Conversely, North American countries mainly host highly educated Moroccan emigrants. Over time, the level of education of Moroccan emigrants has increased. Finally, comparisons over time highlight some key changes in the characteristics of the Moroccan diaspora and its ties with Morocco.
Until recently, foreign direct investment (FDI) in Morocco was growing significantly, reflecting the country’s solid economic performance and its ambitious privatisation programme. As a result, FDI has taken a greater role in the domestic economy and its geographical and sectoral structures have diversified. Faced with world economic crisis, Morocco has, however, seen its FDI inflows shrinking in 2008-2009. The entry of foreign investors has a positive impact on employment and labour skills and facilitates the expansion and internationalisation of Moroccan enterprises in which foreigners have shareholding interests.
Close to 3 million people who were born in Morocco lived in OECD countries in 2010/11. To assess the potential that this group represents for the Moroccan economy, this review looks at the distribution of Moroccan emigrants over OECD countries, as well as their age, sex, and educational attainment. It analyses the labour market outcomes of Moroccan emigrants and documents the characteristics of return migrants in Morocco. Moroccan emigrants primarily reside in France, followed by Spain and Italy, where their numbers grew strongly before flows were affected by the economic crisis. Moroccan emigrants have lower educational attainment and less favourable labour market outcomes than native-born persons in destination countries, and many work in low-skill occupations. Those who have returned to Morocco are often retired, but they are also especially likely to become entrepreneurs there.
This paper reviews the process of agricultural policy reforms in Morocco in the 1980's, with particular emphasis on the cereals and sugar sub-sectors.
Agricultural policy is reviewed in historical perspective, to show that the liberalisation process which was proposed in the framework of structural adjustment reforms ran contrary to the agricultural development strategy followed by Morocco since Independence.
The macro-economic performance of Morocco is examined. It shows that the origin of the economic policy reforms can be found in the necessity to seek balance of payment ssupport. This led from a series of orthodox stabilisation measures to a process of liberalisation and structural adjustment which has affected a certain number of sectors including agriculture.
The history of proposals for agricultural reforms is outlined and the extent of actual implementation is discussed. The adequacy of policy instruments and the impact of reforms are reviewed in a more detailed form for the ...
Due to external factors such as climate change or internal forces like demographic growth and urbanisation, Morocco finds itself increasingly exposed to critical risks, especially those of natural origin. Improving the country’s resilience when confronted with such risks can only be achieved through wide-ranging preventive measures. This chapter assesses these structural and non-structural measures. These involve risk culture, town and land-use planning, improving the resilience of critical networks and ensuring the continuity of business activity, as well as managing hazards through protection infrastructure. Seeking synergy between different actors combined with preventive measures will help strengthen Moroccan society’s resilience in the event of a critical risk.
A precise and shared knowledge of the risks at stake constitutes the foundation for any decision relating to risk prevention and raising awareness about the development of risk culture. This chapter outlines the institutional context of risk assessment in Morocco, the recent changes it has witnessed. It addresses questions regarding measures, sources and access to strategic data that provide crucial information about various types of hazards and challenges facing the country. Finally, the chapter discusses how Morocco can take advantage of its skills base and pilot tools in order to establish an adequate risk assessment process that is both fully integrated with its strategy and operational.
This chapter examines the links that Moroccan emigrants maintain with their country of origin and presents the main trends in their return migration, based on the latest Moroccan census of 2014. The characteristics of return migrants in terms of age, gender and educational attainment are presented as well as their integration in the labour market once back in Morocco. Various channels are identified through which not only those who return, but Moroccan emigrants in general can support economic development in Morocco. On this background, the chapter discusses the policy challenges that Morocco faces in seeking to maintain links with the Moroccan emigrants, mobilise their potential economic contribution and support their reintegration in case they return.
Emergency management by itself is not adequate without recovery policies designed to restore the public’s living standards and critical sectors’ capacities. Recovery must also be accompanied by reconstruction policies. This chapter covers financial mechanisms implemented by the Moroccan authorities to support recovery, continuity of activities and reconstruction. It includes risk transfer mechanisms, recently established in Morocco, particularly for the agricultural sector. Moroccan authorities set up first initiatives on disaster risk financing, which stresses the importance given to this issue.
This chapter analyses recent migration flows from Morocco as well as the intentions to emigrate observed in the Moroccan population. The total migration flow from Morocco to OECD countries is compared to the flows from other Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries, and its evolution is related to changes in flows to particular destination countries. Using international survey data, the chapter then presents results on intentions to emigrate from Morocco, also for specific groups in the population and in comparison to other countries in the MENA region. Special attention is given to the link between emigration intentions and the labour market situation in Morocco.
Risk management governance: this part describes the risk management system and its principal players as well as the current legislative and regulatory framework. It is focused on clarity in the definition of roles and responsibilities, the organisation’s coherence, its ability to achieve established goals and its ability to grow and change. The study examines the effectiveness of procedures for risk management and offers solutions for their implementation through improved governance.
The questionnaire presented in Appendix E has led to the development of an initial evaluation of the level of risk knowledge, awareness and preparation among the various stakeholders involved in dealing with risk, particularly ministerial departments, public institutions and entities, research institutions and universities, the private sector and civil society. Questionnaires were sent to stakeholders in April 2015, and 89 responses were received by the OECD Secretariat, including 25 from central government agencies and 58 from the regional level.
This chapter clarifies the key functions of the Centre of Government and its role in leading major reforms across the whole administration and different authorities towards the promotion of Open Government. An assessment of the CoG in Morocco is carried out through an overview of Morocco’s legal, policy and institutional frameworks for Open Government in light of, among other things, the recent constitutional reform and legislative developments that have followed the Arab Spring. Based on the experience of OECD countries, recommendations are set forth to establish a sound policy framework and to tackle effectively the different challenges faced by Morocco’s public governance structure for Open Government.
This report discusses the costs and benefits of the transition from cash to accrual accounting in the public sector for SIGMA partners in the Western Balkans and the European Neighbourhood. The countries are attracted by the promises of accrual accounting and the corresponding IPSAS standards that it will improve transparency, accountability and financial decision-making. This report investigates whether the reform towards accrual accounting is indeed recommendable given that the reform towards IPSAS-based financial statements also carries a higher administrative burden and often requires government-wide adaptation or adjustment of the financial information systems. In this report, evidence from case studies of five EU Member States and four SIGMA partners is combined with a review of the academic literature to understand the balance of the benefits versus the costs of the reform.