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Russia in 2003 embarked on the restructuring of its electricity sector. The reform is intended to introduce competition into electricity production and supply, leaving dispatch, transmission and distribution as regulated natural monopolies with non-discriminatory third-party access to the networks. The ultimate aim of the reform is to create conditions that will encourage both investment in new capacity and greater efficiency of both production and consumption. The overall approach embodied in the reform is promising. However, there remains a serious risk that its aims could be subverted by special-interest lobbying during the lengthy implementation phase. If the reform is to succeed, the marketised segments of the sector must be characterised by real competition based on economically meaningful prices. There are two dangers here. The first is that private-sector interests will secure strategic holdings that allow them to exercise market power or even local monopoly power. The ...

This paper provides an in depth analysis of Russia’s recent growth, with a view to understanding the prospects for its continuation. It examines in detail the main drivers of growth, as well as the main developments and policies that have been underlying it. A key finding is that the role of the oil sector, and particularly privately owned oil companies, has been vastly more important in driving economic growth since 2001 than most analyses have recognised. The oil sector’s contribution to growth has hitherto been severely underestimated as official data do not account for transfer pricing and thus fail to reflect fully the importance of the hydrocarbon sector in the Russian economy. The paper further argues that prudent postcrisis fiscal policy, by balancing the federal budget over the oil-price cycle, has also been essential for creating a macroeconomic environment conducive to strong growth. Looking forward, it is argued that - given its economic structure - Russia is bound to ...

This study, that investigates two specific types of quantitative restrictions, namely import prohibitions and quotas, is part of a broad reflection aimed at learning more about the nature and scope of non-tariff measures. The analysis reviews information on these measures contained in the WTO Trade Policy Reviews, WTO notifications and in various other trade reports. The objective of the report is to contribute to discussions, particularly on market access for non-agricultural goods, at the WTO, or elsewhere. The research revealed that the use of quotas and prohibitions for economic reasons has declined, but most countries use prohibitions as part of their regulatory frameworks for protecting human safety and health or the environment, and this tendency appears to be increasing. Traders would benefit from greater transparency of these measures. Also, there are import bans hampering the international trade in used goods, whose circumstances and appropriateness in terms of regulatory efficiency merit scrutiny.
French
A project aimed at presenting initial results from the implementation of the System of Health Accounts has been carried by the Health Policy Unit at the OECD and experts from thirteen member countries. The results are presented in the form of a comparative study (OECD Health Working Papers No. 16) and a set of OECD Health Technical Papers presenting individual country studies. This volume is the first in this series, presenting the Australian SHA-based health accounts.
This report represents the stock-taking of the lessons learned from a series of twenty OECD case studies which examined specific market access problems arising from environmental and health requirements faced by developing country exporters. Together with a series of UNCTAD case studies and the experiences exchanged at an OECD Global Forum on Trade workshop, held in New Delhi in November 2002, the focus is on the approaches that contributed to addressing the market access difficulties. These are divided into two sections: first, those addressing information flows and capacity building needs of developing-country exporters, undertaken both by governments and non-governmental organisations; and then the procedures in developing, implementing and reviewing regulations and standards. While covering a range of natural resource-based exports and manufactures and one traded service in key OECD import markets, no generalisation can be drawn regarding the scale of the market-access problems created by environmental and health requirements.
French

In this article, we focus on the implementation and development of ICT in the education sector, challenging and developing the traditional learning environment whilst introducing new educational tools including e-learning. The paper investigates ICT as a tool empowering and developing learners lifelong learning opportunities. It defines a model of ICT development and identifies three core development stages through which basic skills, ICT skills, and lifelong learning skills are acquired. The paper further gives a description of the ICT impact on labour and education markets, the current state of development of ICT at school in EU and the needs for further investment in this area. The findings of this paper suggest that such investment is likely to have positive effects when geared towards blended learning approaches built on comprehensive policy ...

French

Depuis 1997, le gouvernement fédéral du Canada a mis en place diverses mesures incitatives pour accroître considérablement le financement de la recherche universitaire au pays. Ces initiatives de financement ont été bien accueillies par les universités canadiennes, mais elles accordent aussi une importance accrue à la reddition de comptes, ce qui impose aux universités de nouvelles conditions d’admissibilité à ces fonds. Étant donné que la recherche et l’innovation sont devenues des catégories de dépenses plus importantes pour les fonds publics fédéraux, les universités canadiennes sont soumises à un examen de plus en plus strict en raison des préoccupations liées à la reddition de comptes et à la sécurité publiques. Les nouveaux programmes nécessitent souvent une plus grande coordination centrale stratégique, et le personnel administratif des universités, en plus du corps professoral, doit par conséquent justifier les demandes de financement. Les universités sont également tenues de se conformer à une série croissante de directives et de règlements codifiés par le gouvernement fédéral. Ces attentes fédérales en matière de reddition de comptes se multiplient à mesure que l’investissement dans la recherche et les différents types de mécanismes de financement croissent et se compliquent du fait que les ...

English

Dialogue between the leaders of academic clinical organisations in different countries has revealed that the core elements of the partnership between universities and health care systems are remarkably consistent across national boundaries. There is now an impetus to move beyond analysis of common challenges and towards strategies for success that draw on international experience. This paper summarises some of the conclusions that emerged when leaders of teaching hospitals, health care systems, health professional schools and universities met to learn from international experience and to identify strategies for success. The conclusion reached is that these organisations must articulate their unique role in national health systems, communicate their ...

French

Il s’agit dans ce document de déterminer le degré et les motifs de satisfaction des étudiants à l’égard des établissements qu’ils fréquentent. Pour ce faire, on commence en premier lieu par défi nir la notion de satisfaction, deuxièmement on présente le cadre conceptuel qui tente de mettre en évidence la relation entre les déterminants de la satisfaction des étudiants. Troisièmement on présente et on analyse les résultats de l’enquête qui a servi aux auteurs à tester les relations présupposées dans les limites du cadre conceptuel. Les points faibles de ces travaux de recherche sont également précisés. Les enseignements tirés de ces travaux révèlent que, pour un groupe au moins de jeunes étudiants de l’université turque, les déterminants de la satisfaction sont la qualité de l’enseignement, la qualité des enseignants, la qualité ...

English

Les échanges de vues entre les directeurs d’organisations cliniques universitaires de différents pays ont montré que les facteurs fondamentaux du partenariat entre universités et systèmes de santé sont remarquablement homogènes d’un pays à l’autre. On constate actuellement une dynamique visant à aller au-delà de l’analyse des problèmes communs et à élaborer des stratégies appelées à réussir sur la base de l’expérience internationale. Le présent document récapitule certaines des conclusions qui se sont dégagées lorsque des directeurs d’hôpitaux universitaires, de systèmes de santé, d’écoles professionnelles de santé et d’universités se sont réunis pour tirer les leçons de l’expérience internationale et mettre au point des stratégies susceptibles d’être couronnées de succès. La conclusion à laquelle ils sont parvenus est que ces organisations doivent articuler le rôle unique qui est le leur dans les systèmes de santé nationaux, communiquer leurs valeurs ...

English

Ces dernières année, l’auteur a mené 126 entretiens et organisé quatre groupes de discussion avec des universitaires, des administrateurs et d’autres personnes ayant un lien avec des universités australiennes au sujet des problèmes et des enjeux auxquels, selon eux, le système d’enseignement supérieur est confronté. Inquiétude et pessimisme ont dominé les entretiens consacrés à l’avenir de l’enseignement supérieur en Australie. Parmi les personnes interrogées, trois sur quatre environ estimaient que le système était pire, ou en tout cas pas meilleur, que dix ans auparavant. Une proportion analogue avait peu d’espoir que le système s’améliore au cours des dix années suivantes, à supposer qu’il ne se dégrade pas davantage. Dans cet article l’auteur décrit ce qu’il considère comme étant des obstacles ...

English

The article explores whether the idea of a nexus between research and teaching is still influential, what meanings are attached to it and within what concepts of higher education. It draws on research into the perceptions of two groups of actors, academics and students, and some recent scholarly analyses of the issues. It argues that the idea of the nexus is still important to academics and a range of students. It is embedded in a world in which academic definitions of knowledge and higher education remain largely dominant. The recent writings examined are attempts to tighten the conceptual connections between teaching and research ...

French

The aim of this paper is to determine the level and the factors for university students’ satisfaction with the institutions they are attending. Firstly, the concept of satisfaction will be defi ned. Secondly, a conceptual framework to demonstrate the relationship between the factors which lie behind university student satisfaction will be presented. Thirdly, the results and implications of a survey with which the authors tried to test the presupposed relationships within the boundaries of the conceptual framework will be given and discussed. The limitations of the research are also given. The results of the research show that, at least for some Turkish university students, the quality of education, instructors, textbooks and being female and informed ...

French

Cet article a pour objet d’examiner si l’idée d’un lien entre la recherche et l’enseignement est toujours largement défendue, quelle signification lui est attribuée et selon quelles conceptions de l’enseignement supérieur. L’auteur s’inspire des recherches sur les points de vue de deux groupes d’acteurs, les universitaires et les étudiants, et de certaines analyses récentes que d’éminents spécialistes ont consacrées à ces questions. L’argument avancé est que des universitaires et tout un éventail d’étudiants sont encore très attachés à l’idée de ce lien. Il trouve son origine dans un monde dans lequel les définitions du savoir et de l’enseignement supérieur restent pour l’essentiel d’inspiration universitaire. Les ouvrages récents examinés tentent de resserrer les liens conceptuels entre l’enseignement et la recherche et de les resituer en soutenant que les « sociétés du savoir » contemporaines ...

English

On évalue dans cet article quelques-unes des questions fondamentales qui concernent les grandes orientations et les prestations, et retentissent sur les rapports entre l’enseignement et la recherche dans l’enseignement supérieur. Le postulat d’un rapport essentiel entre l’enseignement et la recherche est battu en brèche depuis quelques années par l’ampleur même du système. Malgré l’attrait durable du modèle humboldtien, il n’a pas toujours été adopté au Royaume-Uni et ne l’est pas du tout dans maints autres systèmes. Les arguments pour et contre ce rapport sont notés et évalués. Les arguments favorables concernent surtout les avantages pour la recherche ; les arguments relevant de l’enseignement sont plus difficiles à spécifier. Ces deux séries de considérations impliquent ...

English

Over the last several years the author conducted 126 interviews and held four focus groups with academic staff, administrators and others associated with Australian universities, about the problems and challenges they believed faced the system of tertiary education. Widespread concern and pessimism pervaded the interviews about the future of tertiary education in Australia. Approximately three quarters of the interviewees said that the system was worse, or certainly no better, today than a decade ago; a similar number held out little hope that the system would improve, if not deteriorate further, in a decade. In this article the author outlines what he sees as systemic barriers to change and then offers suggestions for ...

French

This paper assesses some of the framework issues, of policy and provision, which affect the connections between teaching and research in higher education. The presumption of an essential linkage between research and teaching has in recent years been eroded by the sheer quantities of the system. In spite of the enduring appeal of the Humboldtian model, it was not always assumed in the UK and is not assumed in many other systems. The arguments for and against the connection are noted and assessed. The arguments in favour are mainly in terms of the advantages to research; and arguments from teaching are more ...

French

Since 1997, the Canadian federal government has introduced a variety of new incentives to enhance significantly the funding of university research in this country. While these funding initiatives have been welcomed by Canadian universities, they are accompanied by a heightened emphasis on accountability which dictates new eligibility conditions for universities’ access to these funds. Given that research and innovation have become more central and significant spending categories for the federal public purse, universities in Canada are increasingly subject to public scrutiny, due to concerns for public accountability and safety. The new programs often involve more strategic central co-ordination and consequently require that the university administration, and not just faculty, justify funding requests. Universities are also expected to demonstrate compliance with a growing array of federally codified guidelines and regulations. These federal expectations of accountability are multiplying as both the investment in research and the different types of funding ...

French

On s’intéresse ici à la mise en œuvre et au développement des TIC dans le secteur de l’enseignement, qui remettent en cause tout en le développant l’environnement traditionnel de l’apprentissage et introduisent de nouveaux outils, dont la cyberformation. La contribution examine les TIC en tant qu’outil permettant de mieux saisir et de développer les possibilités de formation tout au long de la vie. Elle définit un modèle de développement des TIC et identifie les trois grands stades par lesquels passe l’acquisition des compétences de base, des compétences en matière de TIC et des compétences en matière de formation tout au long de la vie. Elle évoque par ailleurs l’incidence des TIC sur les marchés du travail et de l’éducation, le stade de développement actuel des TIC dans le système scolaire de l’UE et les investissements qui seraient nécessaires dans ce secteur. Les conclusions auxquelles elle parvient laissent à penser que cet investissement est susceptible d’avoir des effets positifs s’il s’appuie sur des approches ...

English
A project aimed at presenting initial results from the implementation of the System of Health Accounts has been carried by the Health Policy Unit at the OECD and experts from thirteen member countries. The results are presented in the form of a comparative study (OECD Health Working Papers No. 16) and a set of OECD Health Technical Papers presenting individual country studies. This volume is the fifth in this series, presenting the Hungarian SHA-based health accounts.
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