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A new generation of nuclear reactor designs is being developed in order to meet the needs of the 21st century. In the short term, the most important objective is to improve competitiveness in the deregulated market. For this purpose evolutionary light water reactors are being developed and promoted actively. In the longer term, other requirements related to long-term sustainability will emerge, including the need to minimise the environmental burden passed on to future generations, the need to establish sustainability of the fuel and the need to minimise stocks of separated plutonium and their accessibility.
At this workshop, information on R&D activities for advanced reactor systems was exchanged and research areas in which international co-operation could be strengthened were identified, in particular the roles that could be played by existing experimental facilities and the possible needs for new infrastructure.
This book presents the proceedings of an OECD conference reflecting on how China can best manage its reform process under WTO integration. It is an invaluable analysis of farm and rural realities in today’s China and their ultimate implications for world trade.
China’s World Trade Organisation membership has brought unprecedented opportunities and challenges, propelling its agricultural development into a new era. China’s policymakers continue to face the twin challenges of raising farm incomes and restructuring the rural economy. Do economy-wide policies in China support the agricultural sector? What is the true extent of the "peasant burden"? What policies will most effectively promote the development of rural areas? What is the role of education in improving rural livelihoods and redeploying rural labour? What is the degree of market integration and how well are prices transmitted throughout the country?
These questions and issues were debated based on the papers reproduced in this publication. They offer the reader the fruits of timely analytical and strategic thinking by some of the world’s renowned experts on China’s agricultural policies and on methods of policy analysis.
This tenth edition of Agricultural Policies in Transition Economies shows that the transition has brought about a notable overall reduction in the policy distortions in the agricultural sectors of Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Russia, and Slovenia. Data provided in the report show the gradual convergence of their domestic agricultural prices with world prices. In most Central and Eastern European countries, support to producers remains lower than in OECD and EU countries and well below pre-transition levels. These and other key agricultural policy issues are analysed in this report, supported by the relevant statistical data.
Statistical data are also available on line at www.OECD-iLibrary.org .
This publication presents a synthesis of the main findings and policy recommendations of China in the World Economy: Domestic Policy Challenges. After more than two decades of progress in market reforms and trade and investment liberalisation, the entry of China into the World Trade Organisation marks a new era for its integration into the world economy. Drawing on the experiences of OECD Members over the past 50 years, and the Organisation’s extensive work with non-Member economies around the world, this publication provides readers with a synthetic view of the interrelated domestic policy issues at stake and with specific recommendations as to actions to be taken. List of themes: Agricultural prospects and policies Rural industries Implications for the rural economy Overview of industry prospects Priorities for industry reorganisation and restructuring Technology challenges for China’s industries Challenges to the banking industry The development of the insurance industry Prospects for the distribution sector Foreign direct investment: prospects and policies An OECD perspective on regulatory reform in China The role of competition law and policy Establishing effective governance for China's enterprises Developing the financial system and financial regulatory policies Priorities for development of China’s capital markets Labour market and social benefit policies Environmental priorities for China’s sustainable development The current tax system and priorities for reform Public sector budget management issues Issues concerning central-local government fiscal relations China's regional development: prospects and policies Macroeconomic policy priorities Annex 1 : Summary of China’s commitments under WTO Annex 2 : Summary of studies of the impact of WTO on China This publication is part of the OECD's ongoing co-operation with non-Member economies around the world.
This publication provides detailed information on individual commitments, i.e. intended disbursements, of Official Development Assistance (ODA) to African countries for the years 2000 and 2001. This yearly publication records the commitments reported by members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and by multilateral institutions to the Creditor Reporting System (CRS). Data presented are unique, comparable and consistent with definitions and methodologies of the DAC statistics.
The information is designed for use by development agencies and institutions involved in country and sector programming and analysis. For each developing country, transactions are ordered by commitment year and sector, and within each sector, by donor.
DAC STATISTICS: ALSO AVAILABLE ON INTERNET AND ON CD-ROM
The data are taken from the CRS database which is regularly updated and contains records from 1973 onwards. Data are available on the International Development Statistics Online on the DAC website at the following address: www.oecd.org/dac/stats , and on the yearly CD-ROM International Development Statistics. Selected development databases are also available on line via www.SourceOECD.org .
This publication provides detailed information on individual commitments, i.e. intended disbursements, of Official Development Assistance (ODA) and Official Aid (OA) to Asian countries for the years 2000 and 2001. This yearly publication records the commitments reported by members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and by multilateral institutions to the Creditor Reporting System (CRS). Data presented are unique, comparable and consistent with definitions and methodologies of the DAC statistics.
The information is designed for use by development agencies and institutions involved in country and sector programming and analysis. For each developing country, transactions are ordered by commitment year and sector, and within each sector, by donor.
DAC STATISTICS: ALSO AVAILABLE ON INTERNET AND ON CD-ROM
The data are taken from the CRS database which is regularly updated and contains records from 1973 onwards. Data are available on the International Development Statistics Online on the DAC website at the following address: www.oecd.org/dac/stats , and on the yearly CD-ROM International Development Statistics. Selected development databases are also available on line via www.SourceOECD.org .
This publication provides detailed information on individual commitments, i.e. intended disbursements, of Official Development Assistance (ODA) and Official Aid (OA) to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean for the years 2000 and 2001. This yearly publication records the commitments reported by members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and by multilateral institutions to the Creditor Reporting System (CRS). Data presented are unique, comparable and consistent with definitions and methodologies of the DAC statistics.
The information is designed for use by development agencies and institutions involved in country and sector programming and analysis. For each developing country, transactions are ordered by commitment year and sector, and within each sector, by donor.
DAC STATISTICS: ALSO AVAILABLE ON INTERNET AND ON CD-ROM
The data are taken from the CRS database which is regularly updated and contains records from 1973 onwards. Data are available on the International Development Statistics Online on the DAC website at the following address: www.oecd.org/dac/stats , and on the yearly CD-ROM International Development Statistics. Selected development databases are also available on line via www.SourceOECD.org .
This publication provides detailed information on individual commitments, i.e. intended disbursements, of Official Development Assistance (ODA) and Official Aid (OA) to central and eastern European countries and the New Independent States of the former Soviet Union for the years 2000 and 2001. This yearly publication records the commitments reported by members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and by multilateral institutions to the Creditor Reporting System (CRS). Data presented are unique, comparable and consistent with definitions and methodologies of the DAC statistics.
The information is designed for use by development agencies and institutions involved in country and sector programming and analysis. For each developing country, transactions are ordered by commitment year and sector, and within each sector, by donor.
DAC STATISTICS: ALSO AVAILABLE ON INTERNET AND ON CD-ROM
The data are taken from the CRS database which is regularly updated and contains records from 1973 onwards. Data are available on the International Development Statistics Online on the DAC website at the following address: www.oecd.org/dac/stats , and on the yearly CD-ROM International Development Statistics. Selected development databases are also available on line via www.SourceOECD.org .
This publication provides detailed information on individual commitments, i.e. intended disbursements, of Official Development Assistance (ODA) and Official Aid (OA) to countries in Europe and Oceania for the years 2000 and 2001. This yearly publication records the commitments reported by members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and by multilateral institutions to the Creditor Reporting System (CRS). Data presented are unique, comparable and consistent with definitions and methodologies of the DAC statistics.
The information is designed for use by development agencies and institutions involved in country and sector programming and analysis. For each developing country, transactions are ordered by commitment year and sector, and within each sector, by donor.
OECD countries are undergoing an unprecedented increase in the proportion of elderly people among their total populations. To address these issues, the OECD organised a conference in Oslo in May 2002. This report highlights how ageing will affect urban design and development in terms of housing, land use, transportation and the urban environment and points to the growing role of new technologies in member countries. The book, featuring statistical data, is for sociologists, policy researchers, journalists, librarians and economists.
How do trade liberalisation and rich-country farming policies affect the world’s poor? This publication focuses on that crucial question and underscores its urgency.
One in five people worldwide live in extreme poverty with per capita income under a dollar a day. Two in three live in rural areas with farming the dominant source of income. Moreover, the poorest non-farm households spend a relatively large share of their budgets on food. Agricultural policy developments are thus vitally important to all poor people. How can agricultural trade reform serve their needs? What are the potential benefits and dangers of agricultural trade liberalisation?
Deriving from the OECD’s on-going co-operation with non-member economies worldwide, this publication tackles various aspects of those fundamental questions on the linkage between farming and poverty.
Contaminated drinking water contributes to disease in developing and developed countries worldwide. This book, which is the outcome of a shared WHO-OECD initiative since 1998, provides a state-of-the-art review on approaches and methods used in assessing the microbial safety of drinking-water. It supports a framework for water and offers guidance on the selection and use of available indicators alongside operational monitoring to meet specific information needs. It looks at potential applications of new technologies and emerging methods.
The African Economic Outlook is a joint project between the African Development Bank and the OECD Development Centre. The project, initially funded by the EU, combines the expertise accumulated by the OECD and the knowledge of the African Development Bank on African economies. The objective is to review annually the recent economic situation and the short-term likely evolutions of selected African countries. The Outlook is drawn from a country-by-country analysis based on a unique analytical design. This common framework includes a forecasting exercise for the current and the following year using a simple macroeconomic model, together with an analysis of the social and political context. It also contains a comparative synthesis of African country prospects. A statistical appendix completes the volume. Decision-makers and economists in African and OECD countries, both in the public and private sectors, aid agencies and investors will all find this volume of significant interest.
With rapidly aging populations, old-age pension reform and early-retirement schemes alone may not suffice to provide adequate employment opportunities. Additional measures will clearly be needed on wage scales, job discrimination, skills acquisition, and working conditions. Attitudes will also have to change about working later in life. Little is known, however, about what countries have been or should be doing on those issues. This report on Sweden begins a series of around 20 OECD country reports intended to fill the gap. Each contains a survey of the main employment barriers confronting older people, an assessment of existing remedial measures, and policy recommendations for further action.
What approach to treating certain ageing-related diseases works best and at what cost? That is, what combination of health care system characteristics, prevention, detection, technology and treatment, is the most cost-effective? The OECD Ageing-Related Diseases study investigated how health systems treat three diseases: ischemic heart disease, stroke and breast cancer. This book includes papers discussing the results of the OECD study with essays by leading experts, and uses a disease-based approach to comparing health-systems.
Approaches to radiological protection have been evolving, particularly over the past several years. This has been driven by the emergence of modern concepts of and approaches to risk governance, and by calls from within the radiological protection community for the simplification and clarification of the existing system of protection, as based on the Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP).
The NEA Committee on Radiation Protection and Public Health (CRPPH) has been very active in developing its own suggestions as to how the system of radiological protection should evolve to better meet the needs of policy makers, regulators and practitioners. One of those suggestions is that a generic concept of “regulatory authorisation” of certain levels and types of exposure to radiation should replace the current and somewhat complicated concepts of exclusion, exemption and clearance. It has also been suggested that by characterising emerging sources and exposures in a screening process leading into the authorisation process, regulatory authorities could develop a better feeling for the type and scale of stakeholder involvement that would be necessary to reach a widely accepted approach to radiological protection.
In order to verify that these suggestions would make the system of radiological protection more understandable, easy to apply, and acceptable, independent consultants have “road tested” the CRPPH concepts of authorisation and characterisation. Their findings, which show that applying these concepts would represent significant improvement, are reproduced herein. Specific approaches for the application of the new CRPPH ideas are also illustrated in this report.
The OECD organised a conference on FDI, in Shanghai, China, in December 2002. Some of the questions addressed in this book include: What lessons can be drawn from experiences with policies for attracting FDI, including strategies based on tax and other incentives? How can MNEs contribute to promote the developmental benefits of FDI? How can FDI and portfolio investments best complement each other in support of development? Are there effective ways to achieve synergies between FDI and official development aid in leveraging private investment for development projects in LDCs?
This book demonstrates some of the pitfalls associated with services liberalisation but recommends perseverance and even acceleration of the reforms. Contributors call for orderly and rapid progress towards regional integration of the services sector, based on the gradual removal of the barriers to competition. The benefits will be increased FDI flows and domestic investment, with a subsequent contribution to growth and poverty reduction. This book is based upon the 2002 International Forum on Asian Perspectives organised by the ADB and the OECD Development Centre.
This book is a collection of papers from the OECD meeting on Agri-biodiversity Indicators held jointly with the EU and international organisations in November 2001, in Zurich-Rechkenhols, Switzerland. A key outcome was to establish a common agri-biodiversity framework that helps understand the complexity of agri-biodiversity linkages. Papers cover the following topics; agricultural genetic resources, wild species, ecosytems, linking habitats to species and an overview of agri-biodiversity indicators. It includes a set of recommendations to OECD with respect to agri-biodiversity.