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This brochure is published within the framework of the activities of the Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables set up by the OECD in 1962. It comprises comments and illustrations to facilitate the common interpretation of the standard in force and is therefore a valuable tool for both the Inspection Authorities and professional bodies responsible for the application of standards or interested in the international trade in this product.
How can the environmental effects of trade liberalisation agreements be assessed ? Are available methodologies sufficiently tuned to current concerns? In order to take stock of the state of the art in assessment methodologies, the OECD organised a two-day technical workshop to focus on past practice and new tools for assessing the environmental effects of trade agreements. Some two dozen experts from governments, international organisations, universities international organisations, universities and NGOs active in this area presented lessons from past practice and results of the considerable advances made in recent years. This volume brings together the papers presented during the two-day workshop by the invited experts and the comments from a range of governmental and international organisation practitioners and representatives of civil society who participated in the workshop. In addition to the presentations on methodologies, this book includes the workshop rapporteur's summary of the gaps in the existing research in this field.
Health care is one of the largest sectors in OECD countries, and accounts now for over 8% of GDP on average. This manual of the System of Health Accounts (Version 1.0) provides a set of comprehensive, consistent and flexible accounts to meet the needs of government and private-sector analysts and policy-makers. These accounts constitute a common framework for enhancing the comparability of data over time and across countries, and suggest basic links with non-monetary indicators. The manual establishes a conceptual basis of statistical reporting rules compatible with other economic and social statistics and proposes a newly developed International Classification for Health Accounts (ICHA) which covers three dimensions: health care by functions of care; providers of health care services; and sources of funding. Once this new accounting standard has been implemented in a large number of OECD countries, it will allow for more consistent and reliable comparisons of health care expenditure across countries.
Aid Activities in Africa provides detailed information on individual commitments, i.e. intended disbursements, of Official Development Assistance (ODA) to African countries for the years 1998 and 1999. This yearly publication records the commitments reported by Members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and by multilateral institutions, and entered into the Creditor Reporting System (CRS) up until April 2000. Data presented are unique, comparable and consistent with DAC statistics' definitions and methodologies. The information is designed for use by development agencies and institutions involved in country and sector programming and analysis. Within each country, transactions are ordered by commitment year and sector, and within each sector, by donor.
DAC STATISTICS Also available on Internet and on CD-ROM The data are taken from the CRS database which is regularly updated and contains records from 1973 onwards. Data are available on the International Development Statistics Online on the DAC website at the following address: http://www.oecd.org/dac/htm/online.htm, and on the yearly CD-ROM International Development Statistics.
The rise in support to agriculture, which first became apparent in 1998, continued in 1999, reaching levels not seen since the mid 1980s. Low world commodity prices, and the resulting pressure they put on farm incomes, led many OECD countries to introduce new measures or to provide additional support to farmers. These events demonstrate clearly that greater efforts are needed to advance the process of agricultural policy reform and trade liberalisation.
Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries: Monitoring and Evaluation 2000 provides the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the level and composition of support to agriculture, as well as descriptions and assessments of the agricultural and related trade policies of the 29 countries of the OECD.
Achieving Financial Stability in Asia sets out to identify the elements which could restore confidence to the countries of the region and stabilise financial flows on a global basis. Thus, measures must be taken which include improving public and corporate governance, strengthening democracy and improving the efficiency of regulatory institutions. At the same time, emerging economies ought to be given a greater measure of participation in international regulatory bodies, so that any solutions proposed to dampen the volatility of financial flows might take their interests and opinions into account. This book reflects the contributions to the fifth edition of the International Forum on Asian Perspectives, which was held in Paris in June 1999. The Forum was created by the Asian Development Bank and the OECD Development Centre as an annual meeting place of ideas and strategies from Asian countries and from the OECD region. The aim of the Forum is to create an area where the knowledge bases of the partners can be combined to exploit their specific advantages in the search for solutions to the economic problems of Asia. The Forum also includes an open meeting where these ideas can be tested in front of a wide audience of people from the worlds of politics, administration, academia, the media and business.
In a first-ever joint report by the UN, the OECD, the World Bank and the IMF, the world’s four principal development institutions assess progress towards poverty reduction goals and agree on a common vision for the way forward. The goals for international development address that most compelling of human desires-a world free of poverty and free of the misery that poverty breeds. This report focuses on seven goals, which, if achieved in the next 15 years, will improve the lives of millions of people. In words and pictures, with numbers and charts, it describes progress towards the goals, what has been achieved and the effort required to reach them.
Aid Activities in Asia provides detailed information on individual commitments, i.e. intended disbursements, of Official Development Assistance (ODA) and Official Aid (OA) to Asian countries for the years 1998 and 1999. This yearly publication records the commitments reported by Members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and by multilateral institutions, and entered into the Creditor Reporting System (CRS) up until April 2000. Data presented are unique, comparable and consistent with DAC statistics' definitions and methodologies. The information is designed for use by development agencies and institutions involved in country and sector programming and analysis. Within each country, transactions are ordered by commitment year and sector, and within each sector, by donor.
DAC STATISTICS Also available on Internet and on CD-ROM The data are taken from the CRS database which is regularly updated and contains records from 1973 onwards. Data are available on the International Development Statistics Online on the DAC website at the following address: http://www.oecd.org/dac/htm/online.htm, and on the yearly CD-ROM International Development Statistics.
Which alternative motor fuels will be in common use tomorrow? Which criteria should be used to assess them? No simple answers exist. Complex trade-offs are involved in the decision-making process. But the most important ingredient for making informed choices is sound information produced by a transparent methodology. Automotive Fuels for the Future offers a digest of basic data on the critical fuel choices for the future. It is a well-balanced compendium of concise technical information, as well as an overview of the essential issues in deciding among alternative fuels. Fuels such as natural gas, LPG or alcohols and biodiesel derived from different feedstocks are considered over the entire cycle from production to use. They are analysed in terms of environmental effects, safety, availability and cost. Their weaknesses and strengths are judged against the yardsticks of established gasoline and diesel technologies. This publication from IEA/AFIS, the information service of the IEA Implementing Agreement on Advanced Motor Fuels, makes this information accessible to the general reader.
What is driving recent growth in OECD countries? Why is it that their levels of GDP per capita are no longer converging? Why is it that some countries, operating at the technological frontier, where advances are difficult, appear to be widening the gap? Whether or not it is appropriate to speak of a "new economy", innovation and technology play crucial roles.
This study shows that success requires not some silver bullet, but a range of complementary factors that support the innovation-intensive growth exemplified by new information and communication technologies such as the Internet and Internet applications like electronic commerce. Supportive policies include those favourable to innovative start-ups and to financial systems able to support them, those that facilitate the reorganisation required to reap the full benefits of ICT, regulatory and institutional frameworks that facilitate links between science and industry, and efforts to train and obtain the necessary human capital, as well as public support for basic scientific research. While this study is far from exhaustive, it represents an important step in understanding the conditions under which economies flourish.
Aid Activities in Latin America and the Caribbean provides detailed information on individual commitments, i.e. intended disbursements, of Official Development Assistance (ODA) and Official Aid (OA) to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean for the years 1998 and 1999. This yearly publication records the commitments reported by Members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and by multilateral institutions, and entered into the Creditor Reporting System (CRS) up until April 2000. Data presented are unique, comparable and consistent with DAC statistics' definitions and methodologies. The information is designed for use by development agencies and institutions involved in country and sector programming and analysis. Within each country, transactions are ordered by commitment year and sector, and within each sector, by donor.
DAC STATISTICS Also available on Internet and on CD-ROM The data are taken from the CRS database which is regularly updated and contains records from 1973 onwards. Data are available on the International Development Statistics Online on the DAC website at the following address: http://www.oecd.org/dac/htm/online.htm, and on the yearly CD-ROM International Development Statistics.
This eighth edition of Agricultural Policies in Emerging and Transition economies presents the latest available data on agricultural policies and support in emerging and transition economies and analyzes the interactions between OECD member countries policies and those of emerging and transition economies.
Aid Activities in CEECs/NIS provides detailed information on individual commitments, i.e. intended disbursements, of Official Development Assistance (ODA) and Official Aid (OA) to central and eastern European countries and the New Independent States of the former Soviet Union for the years 1998 and 1999. This yearly publication records the commitments reported by Members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and by multilateral institutions, and entered into the Creditor Reporting System (CRS) up until April 2000. Data presented are unique, comparable and consistent with DAC statistics' definitions and methodologies. The information is designed for use by development agencies and institutions involved in country and sector programming and analysis. Within each country, transactions are ordered by commitment year and sector, and within each sector, by donor. Also available on Internet and on CD-ROM The data are taken from the CRS database which is regularly updated and contains records from 1973 onwards. Data are available on the International Development Statistics Online on the DAC website at the following address: http://www.oecd.org/dac/htm/online.htm, and on the yearly CD-ROM International Development Statistics.
Irrespective of current views on the future of nuclear power programmes, concerns are arising with respect to the long-term ability to preserve safety competence because student enrolments in nuclear engineering are decreasing rapidly and experienced staff are reaching retirement age. "Assuring Nuclear Safety Competence into the 21st Century" was discussed in depth by workshop participants. The need for a long-term strategic view was emphasised, and policy recommendations were made. These proceedings will be of particular interest to those playing a policy role in the nuclear industry, regulatory bodies and the education sector.
Aid Activities in Europe and Oceania provides detailed information on individual commitments, i.e. intended disbursements, of Official Development Assistance (ODA) and Official Aid (OA) to countries in Europe and Oceania for the years 1998 and 1999. This yearly publication records the commitments reported by Members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and by multilateral institutions, and entered into the Creditor Reporting System (CRS) up until April 2000. Data presented are unique, comparable and consistent with DAC statistics' definitions and methodologies. The information is designed for use by development agencies and institutions involved in country and sector programming and analysis. Within each country, transactions are ordered by commitment year and sector, and within each sector, by donor.
Also available on Internet and on CD-ROM The data are taken from the CRS database which is regularly updated and contains records from 1973 onwards. Data are available on the International Development Statistics Online on the DAC website at the following address: http://www.oecd.org/dac/htm/online.htm, and on the yearly CD-ROM International Development Statistics.
Policies to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases also have impacts on other policy goals, especially health. In some cases, these ancillary effects may be more significant than the direct greenhouse gas reduction impacts. While these relationships are generally recognised, analysis of climate policies does not systematically include them in policy design and selection.
In March 2000, a workshop gathered leading edge analysts on this topic from around the world. These proceedings include analytic frameworks for ancillary effects, empirical results on the type and nature of ancillary effects, and discussion on the role of ancillary effects analysis in improved policy processes. These proceedings are a valuable reference for anyone seeking to develop integrated policies to meet a range of policy objectives simultaneously.
This publication describes the activities of the European Conference of Ministers of Transport during 1999 and sets out the Resolutions and Reports approved by the Council of Ministers of Transport during that year. The organisation chart of the Conference is also given at the end of this volume.
Currently, there is a lack of consensus amongst OECD Member countries as to how profits should be attributed to a permanent establishment (PE). As a first step in remedying this situation a working hypothesis has been developed as to the preferred approach for attributing profits to the PE. The basis for the working hypothesis is to examine how far the approach of treating the PE as a hypothetical distinct and separate enterprise can be taken and how the guidance in the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines could be applied, by analogy, to attribute profits to a PE. This discussion draft contains the results of testing the working hypothesis in general (Part I) and to PEs of banks (Part II). Public comments are invited in order to assist in the development of an OECD consensus on the attribution of profits to a PE.
This book discusses the full economic benefits - and costs - of transport infrastructure and explores ways to make good estimates of the full impact of planned investments on regional and national economies. It argues for proper account to be taken of all relevant economic weaknesses -- those the project is designed to address such as local monopoly pricing, those associated with use of the infrastructure such as environmental externalities, and possible unintended consequences such as impacts on local labour markets. Care must also be taken to verify that net benefits are likely to accrue to those that the project was intended to benefit.
Building on recent groundbreaking work in the United Kingdom this publication suggests ways to improve traditional cost-benefit assessments, overcoming reservations that have inhibited the use of CBA in many countries.
The main report is completed with examinations of transport project assessment approaches in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and across Europe together with a discussion of an approach to determining optimal levels of investment in transport infrastructure for maximising socio-economic welfare.
What is asset management? How do road administrations achieve an integrated approach to asset management? How does this differ from the management of individual assets? What are the implications for data collection and management? What does it mean for road administrations and road sector policy?
This report examines the requirements of asset management systems, the integration of existing component systems into a comprehensive approach to asset management, the incorporation of a business-like approach, performance monitoring and the implementation of such systems.