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The environmental safety/risks of transgenic organisms are normally based on the information on the characteristics of the host organism, the introduced traits, the environment into which the organism is introduced, the interaction between these, and the intended application. The OECD’s Working Group on Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology decided at its first session, in June 1995, to focus its work on identifying parts of this information, which could be commonly used in countries for environmental safety/risk assessment to encourage information sharing and prevent duplication of effort among countries. Biosafety Consensus Documents are one of the major outputs of its work.
To help evaluate the extent to which member countries have implemented the Recommendation, a questionnaire was developed and applied (Appendix II). An informal Steering Group on Greener Public Purchasing was also established to guide the process. This Steering Group provided inputs to both the development of the questionnaire and the interpretation of its findings.
The OECD's Working Group on Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology decided at its first session, in June 1995, to focus its work on the development of consensus documents that are mutually acceptable among Member countries. These consensus documents contain information for use during the regulatory assessment of a particular product. In the area of plant biosafety, consensus documents are being developed on the biology of certain plants species, on specific genes and resulting proteins that when introduced into a plant result in the expression of specific traits and on issues arising from the use of general trait types in plants. This document addresses the general information concerning the ä-endotoxin genes and their protein toxin products that confer insect protection to plants.
This report presents a summary of the discussions at, and the outcomes from, the OECD workshop on Pesticide User Compliance Issues. The workshop was held in Ottawa, from 6-8 June 2006 and was hosted by Health Canada's Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA). The focus of the workshop was on issues and impediments to compliance associated with pesticide use. Such issues were addressed in the context of reducing risks to human health and the environment as well as risks to the integrity of the regulatory process.
This consensus document addresses compositional considerations for new varieties of sunflower by identifying the key food and feed nutrients and anti-nutrients. A general description of these components is provided. As well, there is background material on the production, processing and uses of sunflowers and considerations to be taken when assessing new sunflower varieties.
This document provides responses to questions that are frequently asked by governments and industry about the concept of work sharing, and how it would operate in practice. Many of the questions were raised at an OECD seminar on work sharing, held on 31 May, 2006, at the Pesticide Control Service in Ireland. The answers were prepared by a panel of OECD government representatives at that seminar.
This document compiles information provided by member countries and other delegations on current developments on the safety of manufactured nanomaterials (section I) in their countries or organizations. There are also written reports on current activities related to nanotechnologies/ nanomaterials in other International Organisations such as the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) (section II). In addition, delegations added a short bulleted list of highlights at the top of their submissions to give readers a general idea of key events since the 1st meeting of the Working Party.
The report synthesises the main findings arising out from these case studies as well as from a review of the governance literature as well. It identifies the main means and obstacles to improved policy coordination of cross-cutting issues, such as environmental health. Recommendations are then suggested, intending to improve co-ordination between environmental and health policies.
This study evaluated the precipitating and debilitating factors that occurred in the emergence and growth of the private university system in Nigeria. Three research questions guided the analysis and examined enrolment patterns in seven pre-2003 private universities, students’ preferences for enrolment and the factors that encouraged and discouraged their emergence and growth in Nigeria. Data was gathered from published documents, research reports, government releases, memos, newspapers and the Internet and then analysed qualitatively, using tables and simple percentage computations. The study found that the private university system, having suffered an initial setback in the 1980s, has renewed success today because of the obvious failure of the public university system to adequately address multiple problems such as access, quality, funding, strikes, cultism, stability of the academic calendar –- which the private system has been able to overcome more effectively. However, it was noted that the private system is prohibitively expensive for the majority of qualified but indigent prospective applicants. The study recommends, in addition to special scholarship programmes, the design of a special student aid programme, accompanied by a traceable and institutionalised repayment system based on models found in certain developed countries.
by Gboyega Ilusanya and S.A. Oyebade
L’objet de cet article était d’identifier les moteurs et les entraves à l’œuvre dans l’émergence et l’essor du système universitaire privé au Nigéria. Trois axes de recherche ont ainsi été définis pour orienter notre analyse, à savoir la structure des inscriptions dans sept universités privées établies avant 2003, les demandes d’inscription préférentielles des étudiants, et enfin les facteurs ayant favorisé ou entravé l’émergence et le développement du système universitaire privé au Nigéria. Notre base de données a été constituée à partir de publications, de rapports de recherche, de communiqués officiels, de notes de synthèse, d’articles de presse et de sites Web, puis nous avons procédé à une analyse qualitative de ces données, étayée par une série de tableaux et de simples calculs de pourcentages. La conclusion de notre étude est la suivante : ayant tout d’abord subi un net repli dans les années 1980, le système universitaire privé au Nigéria est à l’heure actuelle en pleine expansion, en raison de l’incapacité évidente du système public à faire face à de nombreux problèmes liés notamment à l’accès, à la qualité, au financement, aux grèves, au sectarisme religieux, ou encore à la stabilité du calendrier universitaire – autant de points que le système privé est parvenu à maîtriser dans une plus large mesure. Notre analyse nous conduit toutefois à souligner que l’accès au système universitaire privé a un coût prohibitif pour la plupart des candidats potentiels qualifiés, issus de milieux défavorisés. Enfin, cette étude recommande, outre des dispositifs spéciaux d’octroi de bourses, la mise en œuvre d’un programme spécifique d’aide aux étudiants, associé à un système de remboursement traçable et institutionnalisé s’inspirant des modèles adoptés dans certains pays développés.
par Gboyega Ilusanya et S.A. Oyebade
This article describes how the principles of management for results have worked in practice over the past two decades in Australia. The current performance information framework involves, among other things, the accrual-based outcomes and outputs policy, performance agreements between heads of agencies and their responsible ministers, and regular review and assessment, particularly at agency level.
This article discusses budgeting institutions, processes and practices at the federal level in Austria. Separate sections are devoted to the budget formulation process, the role of parliament, and various aspects of budget implementation and government management issues. Each section highlights the government’s reform agenda and current practices, and analyses the two vis-à-vis OECD best practices.
This paper, originally presented at the 1981 meeting of the OECD Working Party of Senior Budget Officials, discusses the fundamental purposes of budgeting and explores how off-budget expenditures weaken a government’s financial control. The paper gives insights on many aspects of budgeting that are still relevant today: the transformation of the public sector, the interface with the private sector, the scope and size of government, the role of regulation, the emergence of new organisational forms, and the use of performance objectives and long-term planning.
A well-functioning public expenditure management system is considered a critical pillar of government efficiency. This article discusses PEM systems in developing countries using an analytical framework based on principal-agent theory. This simple model can be applied to various PEM systems and allows for comparisons between institutional settings. To illustrate this, the authors analyse the benefits derived from the use by the ministry of finance of ex post audits and ex ante controls, and assess their value in terms of their ability to deter cheating. The authors derive a set of possible “control regimes” which can be used by the ministry of finance.