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Climate change is an increasing concern across the world. In 1997, a number of countries, including most OECD countries, agreed the Kyoto Protocol, which sets targets for future emissions of greenhouse gases that drive climate change. But the Kyoto Protocol left many decisions to be made, and while these are being discussed the clock ticks and the date for meeting the targets draws closer. Uncertainties are even larger as to policy requirements over the longer term. The Kyoto targets in themselves will do little to avert climate change but are best seen as a first step towards ambitious worldwide action. This puts the focus on how to achieve worldwide consensus for taking action and the economic impacts such action may have. Whatever action is taken, and on the basis of available scientific evidence, some climate change may take place in any case, raising questions about its impacts and how best to adjust.
What are the main outstanding issues concerning the Kyoto Protocol? What will it cost to implement the Protocol? How can it be done so as to minimise costs? How could economic burdens be shared among countries so as to achieve broad consensus for global action? What will be the impact of such climate change as may happen and how should policy be set so as to smooth adjustment? This publication presents analysis which bears on the above questions as well as others in the climate change debate. It does not purport to have the final answers, but is aimed to inform a major debate.
How can the environmental effects of trade liberalisation agreements be assessed ? Are available methodologies sufficiently tuned to current concerns? In order to take stock of the state of the art in assessment methodologies, the OECD organised a two-day technical workshop to focus on past practice and new tools for assessing the environmental effects of trade agreements. Some two dozen experts from governments, international organisations, universities international organisations, universities and NGOs active in this area presented lessons from past practice and results of the considerable advances made in recent years. This volume brings together the papers presented during the two-day workshop by the invited experts and the comments from a range of governmental and international organisation practitioners and representatives of civil society who participated in the workshop. In addition to the presentations on methodologies, this book includes the workshop rapporteur's summary of the gaps in the existing research in this field.
Which alternative motor fuels will be in common use tomorrow? Which criteria should be used to assess them? No simple answers exist. Complex trade-offs are involved in the decision-making process. But the most important ingredient for making informed choices is sound information produced by a transparent methodology. Automotive Fuels for the Future offers a digest of basic data on the critical fuel choices for the future. It is a well-balanced compendium of concise technical information, as well as an overview of the essential issues in deciding among alternative fuels. Fuels such as natural gas, LPG or alcohols and biodiesel derived from different feedstocks are considered over the entire cycle from production to use. They are analysed in terms of environmental effects, safety, availability and cost. Their weaknesses and strengths are judged against the yardsticks of established gasoline and diesel technologies. This publication from IEA/AFIS, the information service of the IEA Implementing Agreement on Advanced Motor Fuels, makes this information accessible to the general reader.
Policies to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases also have impacts on other policy goals, especially health. In some cases, these ancillary effects may be more significant than the direct greenhouse gas reduction impacts. While these relationships are generally recognised, analysis of climate policies does not systematically include them in policy design and selection.
In March 2000, a workshop gathered leading edge analysts on this topic from around the world. These proceedings include analytic frameworks for ancillary effects, empirical results on the type and nature of ancillary effects, and discussion on the role of ancillary effects analysis in improved policy processes. These proceedings are a valuable reference for anyone seeking to develop integrated policies to meet a range of policy objectives simultaneously.
Contaminated drinking water contributes to disease in developing and developed countries worldwide. This book, which is the outcome of a shared WHO-OECD initiative since 1998, provides a state-of-the-art review on approaches and methods used in assessing the microbial safety of drinking-water. It supports a framework for water and offers guidance on the selection and use of available indicators alongside operational monitoring to meet specific information needs. It looks at potential applications of new technologies and emerging methods.
This book is a collection of papers from the OECD meeting on Agri-biodiversity Indicators held jointly with the EU and international organisations in November 2001, in Zurich-Rechkenhols, Switzerland. A key outcome was to establish a common agri-biodiversity framework that helps understand the complexity of agri-biodiversity linkages. Papers cover the following topics; agricultural genetic resources, wild species, ecosytems, linking habitats to species and an overview of agri-biodiversity indicators. It includes a set of recommendations to OECD with respect to agri-biodiversity.
The Workshop held by OECD in October 2003, in Paris, France, brought together leading experts to take stock of “the state of the art" on the economics of waste and to help select topics on which the OECD could usefully do additional work. The book comprises the Workshop papers by leading experts.
Bringing the results of economic appraisals and environmental assessments before technical and political decision-makers in ways that are clear, concise and transparent is essential if planning and decision making procedures are to achieve a sustainable transport system. This report makes recommendations for good practice in the transport sector on the basis of reviews of recent experience in infrastructure planning and policy development in seven countries.
Temas cubiertos:
Gestión Ambiental
Gestión del Aire, Agua y Residuos
Conservación de la Naturaleza y Gestión de la
Biodiversidad
Economía, Sociedad y Medio Ambiente
Integración Sectorial: Turismo
Cooperación Internacional
Este libro es parte del Programa de Análisis de Resultados Ambientales de la OCDE, que lleva a cabo exámenes inter pares sobre las condiciones ambientales y el progreso de cada país miembro. El Programa hace un seguimiento detallado de los esfuerzos orientados a alcanzar los objetivos nacionales y a satisfacer los compromisos internacionales. Los análisis presentados están avalados por un amplio espectro de datos económicos y ambientales y conducen a recomendaciones para un mayor progreso ambiental y en el desarrollo sostenible.
El primer ciclo de Evaluación de los Resultados Ambientales se terminó en el año 2000, abarcando a todos los países miembros. El segundo ciclo se enfoca al análisis de la gestión del medio ambiente, desarrollo sostenible y compromisos internacionales.
The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises are recommendations for international business conduct in such areas as labour, environment, consumer protection and the fight against corruption. The recommendations are made by the adhering governments and, although they are not binding, governments are committed to promoting their observance.
This book provides the complete text of the Guidelines along with an account of what the 38 adhering governments have been doing to enhance the contribution of the Guidelines to the improved functioning of the global economy. The 2004 edition also provides an overview of how to encourage the positive contribution of business to the environment through the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises.
Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is one of the main tools available to achieve integration of the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes. This Guidance volume explains the benefits of using SEA in development co-operation and sets out key steps for its application based on recent experiences. Twelve different entry points are identified for the practical application of SEA in development co-operation. For each entry point, the text provides a guidance note: a checklist of questions and hands-on case studies. Evaluation and capacity development for SEA processes are also addressed.
Aquaculture now provides more than 50% of the global supply of fisheries products for direct human consumption. This conference proceedings addresses key policy challenges of the aquaculture sector. Policy makers, academics, industry representatives, NGOs and international organisations gathered to discuss the critical economic, environmental and social aspects of aquaculture. This publication presents a selection of key issues covered by the workshop and includes a large number of country case studies, which provide specific examples of national approaches to aquaculture management.
O Objetivo 7 de Desenvolvimento do Milénio apela à garantia da sustentabilidade ambiental ao integrar os princípios de desenvolvimento sustentável nas políticas e programas nacionais. A Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica (AAE) é uma das principais ferramentas disponíveis para alcançar esta integração. A Declaração de Paris sobre a Eficácia da Ajuda, acordada entre mais de cem doadores e países em desenvolvimento em março de 2005, compromete os doadores e países parceiros a conjuntamente “desenvolverem e aplicarem abordagens comuns de Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica aos níveis setorial e nacional”.
O presente guia de boas práticas explica os benefícios da utilização da AAE na cooperação para o desenvolvimento e apresenta os passos fundamentais para a sua aplicação, com base em experiências recentes. São identificados doze pontos de entrada diferentes para a aplicação prática da AAE à cooperação para o desenvolvimento. Para cada um dos pontos de entrada, é fornecida uma nota de orientação com uma checklist de perguntas e de casos-estudo práticos. São igualmente abordados a avaliação e o desenvolvimento de capacidades no processo de AAE.
Apesar de a publicação se dirigir em primeiro lugar aos profissionais a trabalhar nas agências de desenvolvimento e nos governos dos países em desenvolvimento, a mesma será igualmente útil a outros analistas políticos e planeadores.
Inclui um prefácio redigido por Rt. Hon. Hilary Benn MP, Secretária de Estado para o Desenvolvimento Internacional, RU, Kemal Devis, Administrador, PNUD, e Richard Manning, Presidente do Comité de Ajuda ao Desenvolvimento da OCDE.
A Equipa de Trabalho de Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica, do CAD da OCDE, que preparou este guia, recebeu em 2006 o Prémio Institucional da Associação Internacional para a Avaliação de Impactos (AIAI).
Com o apoio financeiro do Instituto Português de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento (IPAD).
O texto integral desta obra encontra-se disponível online através do seguinte link:
http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org
A lack of finance for water resources management is a primary concern for most OECD countries. This is exacerbated in the current fiscal environment of tight budgets and strong fiscal consolidation, as public funding provides the lion’s share of financial resources for water management.
The report provides a framework for policy discussions around financing water resources management that are taking place at local, basin, national, or transboundary levels. The report goes beyond the traditional focus on financing water supply and sanitation to examine the full range of water management tasks that governments have to fulfill; when appropriate, a distinction is made on distinctive water issues.
The report identifies four principles (Polluter Pays, Beneficiary Pays, Equity, Policy Coherence), which have to be combined. In addition, it identifies five empirical issues, which have to be addressed on a case-by-case basis. Finally, it sketches a staged approach that governments might wish to consider, to assess the financial status of their water policies and to design robust financial strategies for water management. Case studies provide illustrations of selected instruments and how they can be used to finance water resources management.
This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) is intended to provide information on the
sources, use patterns and release pathways of chemicals used in automotive refinishing industry. The information can be used to estimate releases of chemicals to the environment.
This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns, and potential release pathways of chemicals used in the adhesive formulation industry. The document presents standard approaches for estimating the environmental releases of and occupational exposures to additives and components used in adhesive formulations. These approaches are intended to provide conservative, screening-level
estimates resulting in release and exposure amounts that are likely to be higher, or at least higher than average, than amounts that might actually occur in the real world setting.
This report produced in co-operation with the International Energy Agency (IEA), the International Transport Forum (ITF) and the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) identifies the misalignments between climate change objectives and policy and regulatory frameworks across a range of policy domains (investment, taxation, innovation and skills, trade, and adaptation) and activities at the heart of climate policy (electricity, urban mobility and rural land use).
Outside of countries’ core climate policies, many of the regulatory features of today’s economies have been built around the availability of fossil fuels and without any regard for the greenhouse gas emissions stemming from human activities. This report makes a diagnosis of these contradictions and points to means of solving them to support a more effective transition of all countries to a low-carbon economy.
El programa de la OCDE sobre Análisis de los resultados medioambientales proporciona una evaluación independiente del progreso de los países para cumplir los compromisos nacionales e internacionales en materia de políticas ambientales junto con recomendaciones relevantes a dichas políticas. Las evaluaciones están dirigidas para promover el aprendizaje entre pares, estimular una mayor rendición de cuentas entre países y ante la opinión pública y para que los países mejoren su comportamiento individual y colectivo en la gestión del medio ambiente. Los análisis están avalados por un amplio espectro de datos económicos y ambientales. Cada ciclo de Análisis de los resultados medioambientales cubre todos los países miembros de la OCDE y algunos países socios. Entre las más recientes evaluaciones se encuentran: Islandia (2014), Suecia (2014) y Colombia (2014).
Este informe es el tercer análisis de los resultados medioambientales de España. Evalúa el progreso hacia el desarrollo sostenible y el crecimiento verde y se centra en políticas sobre biodiversidad y resultados medioambientales del sector industrial.
Contenido:
Parte I. Progreso hacia el desarrollo sostenible
Capítulo 1. Principales tendencias medioambientales
Capítulo 2. Entorno decisorio
Capítulo 3. Hacia el crecimiento verde
Parte II. Progreso hacia objetivos medioambientales seleccionados
Capítulo 4. Conservación y uso sostenible del medio ambiente marino y terrestre
Capítulo 5. Resultados medioambientales del sector industrial