1887

Serbia

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  • 03 Feb 2003
  • OECD
  • Pages: 181

OECD's 2002 Economic Survey of Yugoslavia looks at the recent economic deline, macroeconomic performance and policy, small business and entrepreneurship, the enterprise sector and privatisation, and trade and competitiveness.

French

Les travaux dans le domaine de l’éducation, retenus comme l’une des priorités du Pacte de stabilité, sont un volet essentiel pour former le capital humain et promouvoir la paix et les valeurs démocratiques.  Il a été demandé à l’OCDE d’assurer la coordination des activités du Groupe spécial sur l’éducation et la jeunesse dans le domaine de la politique générale de l’éducation et de la transformation des systèmes éducatifs et de réaliser des examens thématiques des politiques nationales d’éducation dans les pays de cette région.  Ce projet a abouti à l’établissement de rapports sur chacun des pays et à une synthèse régionale qui offrent une analyse des systèmes éducatifs, des problèmes en jeu et des obstacles à la réforme.  Ils présentent des recommandations, utiles aux décideurs publics nationaux, qui devraient permettre aux pays et organismes partenaires du Pacte de stabilité de mieux cibler l’aide régionale afin de faciliter l’intégration européenne des pays de l’Europe du Sud-Est.  Cette étude s'inscrit dans le cadre des relations de coopération que l'OCDE entretient avec les économies non membres de diverses régions du monde.

English

Les travaux dans le domaine de l’éducation, retenus comme l’une des priorités du Pacte de stabilité, sont un volet essentiel pour former le capital humain et promouvoir la paix et les valeurs démocratiques.  Il a été demandé à l’OCDE d’assurer la coordination des activités du Groupe spécial sur l’éducation et la jeunesse dans le domaine de la politique générale de l’éducation et de la transformation des systèmes éducatifs et de réaliser des examens thématiques des politiques nationales d’éducation dans les pays de cette région.  Ce projet a abouti à l’établissement de rapports sur chacun des pays et à une synthèse régionale qui offrent une analyse des systèmes éducatifs, des problèmes en jeu et des obstacles à la réforme.  Ils présentent des recommandations, utiles aux décideurs publics nationaux, qui devraient permettre aux pays et organismes partenaires du Pacte de stabilité de mieux cibler l’aide régionale afin de faciliter l’intégration européenne des pays de l’Europe du Sud-Est.  Cette étude s'inscrit dans le cadre des relations de coopération que l'OCDE entretient avec les économies non membres de diverses régions du monde.

English

Educational work is a key element for both human capital formation and the promotion of peace and democratic values. It has therefore been identified as one of the priorities of the Stability Pact. The OECD was asked to be Co-ordinator for “General Education Policy and System Change” within the Education and Youth Task Force, and to carry out “Thematic Reviews of Education Policy” in the countries of the region. The main outcome of this project is a series of reports which provide both country overviews and a regional overview. These reports offer an analysis of the education system and address issues and barriers to reform and recommendations. The recommendations are designed to be of use for national policy-makers and to assist Stability Pact partner countries and institutions target regional assistance in order to achieve the goal of supporting South Eastern Europe towards European integration. These reports are part of the OECD’s ongoing co-operation with non-member economies around the world.

French

Educational work is a key element for both human capital formation and the promotion of peace and democratic values. It has therefore been identified as one of the priorities of the Stability Pact. The OECD was asked to be Co-ordinator for “General Education Policy and System Change” within the Education and Youth Task Force, and to carry out “Thematic Reviews of Education Policy” in the countries of the region. The main outcome of this project is a series of reports which provide both country overviews and a regional overview. These reports offer an analysis of the education system and address issues and barriers to reform and recommendations. The recommendations are designed to be of use for national policy-makers and to assist Stability Pact partner countries and institutions target regional assistance in order to achieve the goal of supporting South Eastern Europe towards European integration. These reports are part of the OECD’s ongoing co-operation with non-member economies around the world.

French

The Thematic Review of Education Policy of Serbia describes the current status of the education system and reform efforts underway. The country is introduced by general and demographic data; language, the geographic and historical context; the political, economic and the labour market situation; it also describes the structure and the legal framework. The whole education system is covered, from general education to vocational education, from higher education to lifelong learning, but focusing on early childhood and care, teachers and teacher training, curriculum and governance and administration. Equity in access, attainment and achievement are central issues, and special consideration is given to ethnic and minority questions and education for children with special needs. Attention is paid to decentralisation and financing of education; to quality, assessment and evaluation in education; to pre-service and in-service teacher training; working conditions and teacher salaries, the role of school inspectors; textbook provision and material and resources in general. The report describes issues and barriers at all levels of the education system and gives recommendations for policy makers, practitioners and donors...

French

L’examen thématique de la politique de l’éducation de Serbie fait le point sur le système éducatif et les efforts de reforme en cours dans ce pays. Le rapport commence par fournir des données générales et démographiques, situer le contexte linguistique, géographique et historique, et présenter la situation politique, économique et du marché du travail ; par ailleurs, il donne une description de la structure et du cadre juridique. Il traite de l’ensemble du système éducatif, autrement dit, aussi bien de l’enseignement général et supérieur que de la formation professionnelle et de la formation tout au long de la vie, mais porte plus particulièrement sur l’accueil et l’éducation de la petite enfance, les enseignants et leur formation, les programmes, la gestion et l’administration. L’équité devant l’accès, le niveau de formation atteint et les résultats obtenus sont des questions essentielles et les aspects liés à l’appartenance ethnique et aux minorités ainsi que les enfants ayant des besoins éducatifs particuliers bénéficient d’une attention spéciale. Le rapport examine aussi la décentralisation et le financement de l’éducation, la qualité et l’évaluation dans ce secteur, la formation initiale et en cours d’emploi des enseignant, les conditions de travail et les rémunérations du personnel enseignants, le rôle des inspecteurs scolaires, l’offre d’ouvrages scolaires, ainsi que les matériels et ressources en général. Cet ouvrage décrit les problèmes qui se posent et les obstacles rencontrés à tous les niveaux du système éducatif et formule des recommandations à l’intention des décideurs publics, des personnes de terrain et des donneurs...

English

L'étude économique de l'OCDE pour Yougoslavie en 2002 couvre le déclin économique, la performance économique et politique macroéconomique, les petites entreprises et privatisation, et échanges et competitivité.

English

The EPPA 2004 indicates that, since the completion of the previous EPPA report in March 2003, Serbia has made progress in implementing better policies for the SME sector. The overall picture is that of a gradual, but limited and uneven progress over the broad spectrum of the seven policy dimensions covered by the EPPA report...

This publication is part of the project on Education Development for Students at Risk and those with Disabilities in South Eastern Europe. This project was carried out by the OECD within the framework of the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe. It contributes to the countries' efforts to adjust their education reforms to the EC principles as outlined in the EU "Detailed Work Programme on the Follow-up of the Objectives of Education and Training Systems in Europe". More specifically, the countries’ efforts focus on the objective of widening access to quality education and ensuring equal opportunities for all. The respective country reports are supplemented by a general overview on the situation of special needs education in South Eastern Europe.

French

The National Report on “Education Policies for at Risk Students and those with Disabilities” of Serbia describes the current status of special needs and inclusive education as well as reform efforts underway. The basic principles of education for children with special needs as agreed upon by the international community have been adapted to the Serbian reform policy although barriers to inclusive education still remain persistent.

French
Cette publication s’intègre dans le projet de développement de l’éducation pour les étudiants handicapés et à risque en Europe du Sud-Est. Elle contribue aux efforts entrepris par les pays pour ajuster leurs réformes d’éducation sur les principes énoncés par la Commission européenne dans le « Programme de travail détaillé sur le suivi des objectives des systèmes d’éducation et de formation en Europe ».
Les efforts des pays visent tout particulièrement à offrir à tous une éducation de qualité et à assurer l’égalité des chances. Les rapports par pays sont complétés par une présentation générale de la situation de l’éducation en besoins spéciaux en Europe du Sud-Est.
English

Le rapport national de la Roumanie sur les « Politiques d’éducation pour les étudiants à risque et ceux présentant un handicap » décrit le statut actuel des besoins spéciaux et de l’éducation inclusive ainsi que les efforts de réformes en cours. Les principes de base de l’éducation des enfants ayant des besoins particuliers selon les normes de la communauté internationale ont été adaptés à la politique de réforme de Serbie bien que les barrières persistent contre l’éducation inclusive. Le pays a entrepris d’importantes réformes et a développé des stratégies et des politiques pour introduire des changements, en dépit de ressources limitées. Comme les autres rapports réunis dans cette publication, la présente étude couvre les sections suivantes : une brève description du système d’éducation suivie des chapitres décrivant le cadre juridique et particulièrement les politiques en direction des groupes spéciaux et la situation actuelle de la formation des maîtres, la pédagogie, les programmes et l’organisation de l’école. Les concepts d’intégration et d’inclusion représentent les questions centrales, également importante est l’attention portée aux barrières et aux problèmes d’inclusion et d’équité dans l’éducation, à la participation des parents et aux divers autres services de soutien. Le rapport propose également un ensemble d’activités clés en faveur du développement des politiques et de l’amélioration du système qui pourraient encourager la mise en place de l’éducation inclusive dans le système scolaire de Serbie.

English

The potential benefit for Serbia offered by multi-sector partnerships is enormous: they could provide solutions to burning issues in local communities in terms of local development while they could bring about welcome transformations within and across sectors due to their impact on increased access to resources, service-focused leadership, participatory and inclusive decision making practices, and results that build on synergies. Partnership development, however, faces a number of outstanding problems, linked to the legal, administrative and historical framework, that constrain the emergence of NGOs and their participation in civic life. A number of obstacles with regard to trust, communication and capacities in the local communities aggravate this situation. The government has to learn to communicate effectively with citizens and their initiatives, whilst NGOs have to be more aware of their social responsibility. Well-established NGOs and local government should play a more pro-active role and combine their resources and skills towards collective ends.

This report constitutes one of the pillars of the Investment Compact’s work. It provides governments with an overview of each country's performance on investment policy reform and will support them in setting priorities and further improving the investment environment. It is based on the Investment Reform Index (IRI), a novel tool used to measure – on a comparative basis – where countries stand on policy reform.The IRI is based on a broad and comprehensive approach to investment policy.  It encompasses all major policy areas that affect the investment environment, including anticorruption,
competition, tax, trade policy, regulatory reform and human capital.

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of Western Balkan economies but until recently received relatively little attention from policy makers. Governments focused on consolidating macroeconomic stabilisation and the restructuring and privatisation of large companies. The adoption in 2003 of the European Charter for Small Enterprises contributed to a change in policy perspective.

The SME Policy Index 2007 presents the first comprehensive and comparative assessment of progress made in implementing the Charter. The assessment is based on the SME Policy Index, an analytical tool designed by the OECD Investment Compact and the European Commission, and uses collaborative benchmarking to measure progress in the ten dimensions of the Charter:

• Education and training for entrepreneurship
• Cheaper and faster start-up
• Better legislation and regulation
• Availability of skills
• Improving online access for tax filing and company registration
• Getting more out of the single market
• Taxation and financial matters
• Strengthening the technological capacity of small enterprises
• Successful e-business models and top class business support
• Developing stronger, more effective representation of small enterprises

Governments of the region have already started to take action based on the results of the report through the creation in April 2007 of a South East European Investment Committee which aims to develop detailed guidelines on how to implement reforms in priority areas including the SME environment.

Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, FYR Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and UNMIK/Kosovo are assessed in this report. A second SME Policy evaluation will be conducted and published in 2009.

To catch up with more advanced economies, Serbia urgently needs to improve the functioning of its labour market. This report reviews labour market trends and the principle challenges to  labour market policy, making a series of recommendations.

Despite many reforms, new business growth until now has been far too slow to compensate for job losses elsewhere. Recent reforms of labour law should be followed up by further efforts to improve the climate for business and productive work. Labour regulations must be flexible, but they should also be enforced more consistently. For all this to happen, it is essential that an effective social dialogue can take place and that it encompasses expanding and declining segments of the labour market.

Serbia has achieved high rates of economic growth since 2000, and its transition to a competitive market economy is well underway. But precious time was lost in the 1990s, with the result that GDP per capita is now among the lowest in Europe. The country suffers from a large labour surplus, and the restructuring of the economy is still in a phase when many jobs are bound to disappear at the same time as new ones are created.

With the dissolution of Socialist Yugoslavia, social ownership and self-management of enterprises came to an end as well, leaving only some anomalous remnants. Research about this type of “market socialism” declined at the same time. Some studies of the transition in Yugoslav successor states have considered their institutional path-dependency, especially when it comes to privatisation and labour market performance. This path-dependency has weakened with the passage of time, if it ever existed. But it can still be expected to play some role in countries like Serbia, where the transition has been delayed.

The National Employment Service (NES), a public agency under the Ministry of Economy and Regional Development,1 administers unemployment insurance along with job-brokering and counselling services and other active labour market programmes (ALMPs), mostly regulated in the 2003 Law on Employment and Unemployment Insurance. With 26 main offices2 and at least 130 small outlets, the NES has about 2 100 staff members, of whom 1 100 are counsellors and related groups in contact with clients. The average number of registered unemployed persons per counsellor can then be roughly assessed at about 500, or more than twice as high as in most western European countries. However, if the total staff resources could be related to the number of unemployment benefit recipients alone, the ratio would decline to about 50, which is similar to the corresponding ratios for the best-equipped employment service agencies in OECD countries (e.g. those in the United Kingdom, Germany and Nordic countries).

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