European Union

Cette base de données annuelles couvre un large éventail de statistiques sur le commerce international des pays de l'OCDE. Elle constitue une source fiable de données en valeur par produit et par pays partenaire. Chacun des quatre premiers volumes des Statistiques du commerce international par produit présente les statistiques relatives à sept pays, celles-ci étant publiées dès réception des données. Le cinquième volume porte sur les tableaux des six pays restants et les deux groupements : Total-OCDE et Union européenne extra.

Pour chaque pays sont présentés des tableaux se référant aux sections et divisions de la Classification Type pour le Commerce International (CTCI), révision 3 (une et deux positions). Chaque tableau permet de visualiser à la fois les importations et les exportations des cinq années les plus récentes par produit pour plus de soixante-dix pays partenaires ou groupes de pays partenaires.

In October 2014, the European Union (EU) set ambitious climate and energy targets for 2030, confirming its global leadership on climate change. But while the targets are in place, the legal framework to implement them is yet to be developed. Energy Policies of IEA Countries: European Union – 2014 provides recommendations on how the targets can be reached in a cost-effective and integrated way, while fostering the competitiveness and energy security of the European Union. The recommendations build on the lessons learned since the first IEA in-depth review of the European Union in 2008.

Since then, EU energy policy has been driving energy market integration, cross-border trade and the implementation of energy and climate targets by 2020. The European Union is a global leader in transitioning towards a low-carbon economy: Europe’s unprecedented renewable energy boom, its action on energy efficiency and the economic downturn have all contributed to a drop in greenhouse gas emissions. However, energy security concerns have increased. Ageing nuclear and coal plants will be shut, and EU energy systems and markets must accommodate growing shares of variable renewable energy. The European Union seeks to foster access to diversified gas and oil supplies to reduce dependence on single suppliers.

Making the most of its diversity, the European Union must strengthen the internal energy market to enhance both its energy security and the competitiveness of its industry. Yet, important interconnections are missing, and, despite the opening of the wholesale market and decreasing prices , concentrated and regulated retail markets do not deliver benefits to consumers. As member states adopt different decarbonisation pathways and energy policy choices, a strong “Energy Union” is needed with effective energy market rules and policies that support the development of low-carbon technologies, within the new energy and climate policy framework for 2030.

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the standard measure of the value of final goods and services produced by a country during a period minus the value of imports. This subset of Aggregate National Accounts comprises comprehensive statistics on gross domestic product (GDP) by presenting the three different approaches of its measure of GDP: output based GDP, expenditure based GDP and income based GDP. These three different measures of gross domestic product (GDP) are further detailed by transactions whereby: the output approach includes gross value added at basic prices, taxes less subsidies, statistical discrepancy; the expenditure approach includes domestic demand, gross capital formation, external balance of goods and services; and the income approach includes variables such as compensation of employees, gross operating surplus, taxes and production and imports. Gross domestic product (GDP) data are measured in national currency and are available in current prices, constant prices and per capita starting from 1950 onwards.

 

Ce jeu de données est un complément de la publication « Politiques agricoles : suivi et évaluation 2013 ». Il présente des estimations du soutien à l'agriculture pour les pays de l'OCDE ainsi que certaines économies non-membres. Ces tableaux de synthèse, conçus spécialement pour le suivi et l’évaluation du niveau et de la composition du soutien conféré par les politiques agricoles, portent sur :

- l’Estimation du Soutien aux Producteurs (ESP), représentant les transferts octroyés aux producteurs individuels ;

- l’Estimation du Soutien aux Services d’intérêt Général (ESSG), représentant les transferts octroyés collectivement aux producteurs, c’est-à-dire les services bénéficiant à l’agriculture mais dont l’incidence initiale n’est pas au niveau individuel des agriculteurs ;

- l’Estimation du Soutien aux Consommateurs (ESC), représentant les transferts octroyés aux consommateurs. L’ESC est presque toujours négative du fait que les transferts payés par les consommateurs via les politiques de soutien des prix dépassent en général l’ensemble des subventions à la consommation payées par les contribuables ;

- l’Estimation du Soutien Total (EST), représentant la somme des trois composants mentionnés ci-dessus, ajustée des doublons potentiels issus de la double comptabilisation de certains transferts de soutien des prix à la fois dans l’ESP et dans l’ESC.

La valeur de ces transferts est analysée plus en détail en examinant notamment leur part relative dans le soutien à l’agriculture, dans l’économie agricole et dans l’économie en général, ainsi que d’autres indicateurs tels que le Coefficient Nominal de Soutien (CNS) et le Coefficient Nominal de Protection (CNP).

This dataset is a complement to the "Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2013" publication. It shows estimates of agricultural support for OECD countries as well as some non-member economies. These summary tables, designed specifically to monitor and evaluate the level and composition of agricultural policy support, focus on:

- Producer Support Estimate (PSE), representing transfers granted to producers individually;

- General Service Support Estimate (GSSE), representing transfers granted to producers collectively, i.e. services that benefit agriculture but whose initial incidence is not at the level of individual farmers;

- Consumer Support Estimate (CSE), representing transfers granted to consumers. The CSE is almost always negative because transfers from consumers due to market price support policies outweigh any consumption subsidies from taxpayers that might be granted to consumers.

- Total Support Estimate (TSE), representing the sum of the three above-mentioned components, adjusted for double-counting given that some market price transfers are accounted for in both the PSE and CSE.

The value of those transfers are further analyzed by looking at their relative share in agricultural support, in agricultural economy and in the economy as a whole, together with other indicators such as Nominal Assistance Coefficient (NAC) and Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC).

Tous les quatre ans, l’action de chacun des 24 membres du Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) - auprès duquel la Banque mondiale, le FMI et le PNUD sont aussi présents en qualité d’observateurs - est examinée en détail par ses pairs au sein du Comité.

Cinq pays membres sont soumis chaque année à un examen par les pairs. Ce rapport détermine dans quelle mesure les politiques, les stratégies et les activités de développement de l'Union européenne sont conformes aux normes élaborées par le CAD. Les autres membres formulent des critiques constructives et des recommandations en s’appuyant sur un rapport qui traite de la politique suivie en matière d’aide, du volume de celle-ci, des institutions qui en sont responsables et des activités menées dans ce domaine sur le terrain. Aucune sanction n’est prise si le pays considéré ne tient pas compte des recommandations. L’examen est destiné à encourager la réalisation de changements utiles, à favoriser l’échange de connaissances et à améliorer l’efficacité globale de l’aide dispensée par l’ensemble de la communauté des donneurs.

 

Every four years, each of the 24 members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) with the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the United Nations Development Programme as observers is scrutinised by its peers in the Committee.

Five different member countries are peer reviewed each year. This report asseses the extent to which the development policies, strategies and activities of the European Union meet the standards set by the DAC. Members provide constructive criticism and recommendations based on a report that touches on aid policies, volumes, institutions and field operations. There are no sanctions if the country fails to take the recommendations on board. The exercise is meant to encourage positive change, support mutual learning and raise the overall effectiveness of aid throughout the donor community.

Working-age individuals and their families have experienced increases in relative income poverty before the Great Recession (GR), and they have also seen significant income losses since the beginning of the downturn in 2007/8. This paper examines the effects of benefit and tax reforms on the distribution of incomes of non-elderly individuals in Europe and in the United States both before and after the GR. We aim to place recent policy responses in context of both the broader trends in redistribution patterns observed since the 1980s, and the immediate crisis-related challenges, including a much greater need for government support, and large and rapidly growing government debt. Analysis of historical household income data confirms the common finding that redistribution reduces income inequalities by much less in the US than in much of Europe. Since more redistributive tax-transfer systems tend to be more effective as a backstop to widening earnings gaps, redistribution in the US was also less effective at offsetting the substantial increase in the market-income inequality in the 2-3 decades leading up to the GR. Focussing on more recent policy changes, we then calculate income gains and losses that can be attributed to reforms shortly before and after the GR at different points in the earnings spectrum. The results show that a combination of discretionary and automatic policy changes in the US have significantly narrowed the pre-GR gap between the equalising capacities of US and European redistribution measures, and between their abilities to cushion the effects of economic shocks on household income. We argue, however, that this is unlikely to signify any longer-term convergence, and that Europe/US comparisons need to go beyond the common focus on differences in redistribution levels. In our view, an equally important question is how well redistribution measures respond and adapt to evolving social and fiscal challenges at different points in the economic cycle.