Browse by: "O"
Index
Title Index
Year Index
The IEA analysis, however, finds that contrary to these views, the NOCs actually operate with a high degree of independence from the Chinese government, and their investments have in fact largely boosted global supplies of oil and gas, which other importers rely on.
Modern risk management has become an important tool for achieving strategic debt targets in the OECD area. In essence, risk management policies, based on the use of formal methods, are now an integral part of debt management in most OECD jurisdictions. In general, risk management tolerances and policies are approved (and often set) by the Ministry of Finance (or other appropriate Ministry). This strategy about risks entails an explicit political decision about the trade-off between costs and risks. The actual risk management operation is often run at a separate agency responsible for management of the sovereign debt or at the central bank if it manages the debt, and is typically segregated from other treasury...
This paper is based on seven national reports on national policies concerned with entrepreneurialism in universities as the context for a more detailed study of entrepreneurial behaviour in universities in the seven countries. It claims that the entrepreneurial university is a useful generic epithet to describe the manifold changes in mission, management and funding that many universities in Europe have experienced in the past two decades. The concept of university entrepreneurialism in most countries is linked to the “third mission” that is supplementing the long established teaching and academic research functions of universities and other higher education institutions. However, some governments are also concerned to encourage universities to embody the teaching of entrepreneurialism in at least some of their conventional courses. Five main drivers of entrepreneurial activities in the countries taking part in the “European Universities for Entrepreneurship: their role in the Europe of Knowledge”, (EUEREK) study are identified: ideology; expansion in the number of institutions; the knowledge society; globalisation; financial stringency. In some countries, especially in Eastern Europe there has been rapid growth in numbers of private higher education institutions. There are questions about whether this is an indication of entrepreneurialism, or of lack of entrepreneurial dynamism in the established public universities .The paper concludes with a preliminary review of managerial and governance changes in universities and colleges accompanying the growth of entrepreneurial and third mission activities.
This paper presents a general overview of recent work on sustainable development indicators in OECD countries. It provides an overview of on-going work for developing “agreed” indicators that measure progress across the three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental). The paper then takes a more specific look at the approaches to sustainable development indicators adopted by different countries and highlights the challenges of having one set of standard international indicators across the various countries ...
Good infrastructure is crucial to a country’s development and continued success. Russia’s developmental goals require new and upgraded infrastructure throughout its territory. Private investment in capital projects will be vital for Russia to meet these goals. To facilitate private investment, the Russian government has embarked on a series of reforms aimed at improving the investment climate and creating a robust institutional framework for private sector participation in concessions and Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). The OECD’s 2012 Council Recommendation on Principles for Public Governance of Public-Private Partnerships (the PPP Recommendation) aims to support governments facing trade-offs between three demands inherent in a PPP project process. This article provides an overview of the alignment of the policies of the Russian Federation in the area of public governance of PPPs with these recommendations.
JEL classification: H41, H54, H57
Keywords: Council recommendations, public private partnerships, Russian Federation, value for money
In addition to private pension fund and life insurance assets, several countries have accumulated large amounts of pension assets in their national pension reserve funds. Pension reserve fund refers to assets set aside by otherwise pay-as-you-go systems in preparation for the rising fiscal costs resulting from the predicted ageing of the population over the next few decades.
This Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) describes the linkage between oxidative DNA damage and irreversible genomic damage (chromosomal aberrations and mutations). DNA damage is considered an important contributor to the adverse health effects of many environmental toxicants and this AOP may thus be of widespread use to the regulatory community. Although increase in oxidative DNA damage is the molecular initiating event for this AOP, there are numerous upstream key events that can also lead to DNA oxidation. Thus, this AOP may be expanded upstream, and could be incorporated into a variety of AOP networks. Furthermore, the AOP points to critical research gaps required to establish the quantitative associations and modulating factors that connect KEs across the AOP, and highlights the utility of novel test methods in understanding and evaluating the implications of oxidative DNA damage. This AOP is referred to as AOP 296 in the Collaborative Adverse Outcome Pathway Wiki (AOP-Wiki).
A desinformação e a má informação sobre COVID-19 são rápida e amplamente disseminadas pela Internet, atingindo e potencialmente influenciando muitas pessoas. Este documento apresenta quatro das principais iniciativas que governos e plataformas podem adotar para combater a desinformação sobre COVID-19 em plataformas: 1) apoiar uma multiplicidade de organizações independentes de verificação de fatos; 2) garantir a presença de moderadores humanos para complementar as soluções tecnológicas; 3) produzir voluntariamente relatórios de transparência sobre desinformação a respeito da COVID-19; e 4) melhorar o letramento midiático, digital e relacionado a saúde dos usuários.