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Diese umfassende Untersuchung der Rentensysteme in den OECD-Ländern und ausgewählten Nicht-OECD-Ländern setzt sich mit den jüngsten Trends beim Renteneintritt und bei der Erwerbstätigkeit im Alter, der Entwicklung der Lebenserwartung, dem Aufbau der Altersvorsorgesysteme, den Rentenansprüchen und der privaten Altersvorsorge auseinander und bietet ausführliche Länderprofile.
This report assesses the extent to which Dutch water governance is fit for future challenges and sketches an agenda for the reform of water policies in the Netherlands. It builds on a one-year policy dialogue with over 100 Dutch stakeholders, supported by robust analytical work and drawing on international best practice.
The story of Korean education over the past 50 years is one of remarkable growth and achievement. Korea is one of the top performing countries in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) survey and among those with the highest proportion of young people who have completed upper secondary and tertiary education. Korea is continuously exploring ways to improve its education system and has dramatically increased government investment in education over the last decade. Nevertheless, further reforms are needed to spur and sustain improvements. Rapid globalisation and modernisation are also posing new and demanding challenges to equip young people of today and tomorrow with skills relevant to the 21st century.
The report Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in Education: Lessons from PISA for Korea aims at helping Korea to identify and address education policy challenges in an international perspective. To this end, it examines the Korean education system through the prism of PISA, considers recent policy developments and suggests specific policy options to foster improvements. The report also provides an in-depth analysis of the experience of other high-performing countries.
This Interim Report updates projections made in the November 2013 issue of OECD Economic Outlook (Number 94).
Bei der jüngsten PISA-Studie sind asiatische Länder und Regionen die klaren Spitzenreiter – allein in Mathematik kamen sieben davon in die Top Ten. In Europa belegen Liechtenstein und die Schweiz die vorderen Plätze. Deutschland liegt zum ersten Mal in allen Testbereichen über den OECD-Schnitt, Österreichs Ergebnisse kehren nach einem Einbruch wieder zu einem guten Niveau zurück. Zum nun fünften Mal wurden die Fähigkeiten von 15-Jährigen in Lesen, Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften überprüft, der Schwerpunkt lag auf Mathematik.
Le programme d’examens environnementaux de l'OCDE propose des évaluations indépendantes des progrès accomplis par les pays eu égard à leurs engagements nationaux et internationaux en matière d’environnement, ainsi que des recommandations orientées vers l’action des pouvoirs publics. Ces examens ont pour objectif de promouvoir l’apprentissage entre pairs, d’encourager les pays à rendre compte de leur action aux autres pays et à leur opinion publique, ainsi que d’améliorer les performances environnementales des gouvernements, individuellement et collectivement. Les analyses s’appuient sur un large éventail de données économiques et environnementales. Chaque cycle d’examens environnementaux couvre la totalité des pays membres de l'OCDE ainsi que certains pays partenaires. Ce rapport est le troisième examen environnemental de l’Autriche. Il évalue les progrès vers le développement durable et la croissance verte et met l'accent sur la gestion des produits chimiques ainsi que sur l’adaptation au changement climatique.
As competências se transformaram na moeda global do século 21. Sem investimento adequado em competências,
as pessoas permanecem à margem da sociedade, o progresso tecnológico não se traduz em crescimento econômico
e os países não podem competir em uma sociedade mundial que se baseia cada vez mais no conhecimento. Mas
essa “moeda” perde valor à medida que evoluem as exigências dos mercados de trabalho e as pessoas perdem as
competências que não utilizam.
A crise econômica mundial, com elevados níveis de desemprego, especialmente entre os jovens, torna urgente fomentar
melhores competências. Ao mesmo tempo se deve levar em consideração a desigualdade da renda, causada em grande
medida pela desigualdade entre os salários que remuneram a mão de obra de alta capacitação e os pagos às pessoas
com baixa capacitação. A solução mais promissora para esses problemas é investir eficazmente nas competências no
decorrer do ciclo de vida: desde a primeira infância, durante a educação obrigatória e ao longo da vida profissional.
A Estratégia de Competências da OCDE proporciona um marco estratégico integrado no âmbito governamental para
ajudar os países a entender melhor como investir nas competências para transformar vidas e fomentar economias.
Ajudará os países a identificar os pontos fortes e fracos de suas reservas nacionais de competências e sistemas de
competências, a compará-los no âmbito internacional e a desenvolver políticas de melhoria. Em particular, a estratégia
estabelece as bases sobre as quais os governos podem trabalhar de maneira eficaz com todas as partes interessadas –
governos nacionais, regionais e locais, empregadores, trabalhadores e estudantes.
Sumário
Introdução
Alavanca política 1: Desenvolvimento de competências relevantes
Alavanca política 2: Ativação da oferta de competências
Alavanca política 3: Usar as competências de maneira eficaz
O caminho a percorrer
This report provides comparative knowledge, both policy and data, through thematic chapters and country-specific policy and statistical profiles. The report highlights key tourism policy developments, focuses on issues that rank high on the policy agenda in the field of tourism and provides a broad overview and interpretation of tourism trends in the OECD area and beyond. The 2014 edition focuses on tourism and growth, and covers 48 countries.
Tourism Trends and Policies is an international reference and benchmark on how effectively countries are supporting competitiveness, innovation and growth in tourism, and sheds light on policies and practices associated with this. It is published every two years.
This 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Norway examines recent economic developements, policies and prospects. Special chapters cover real estate markets and financial risk and entrepreneurship.
This comprehensive review of Myanmar's policies regarding inward direct investment covers such issues as trends in investment in Myanmar, responsible business conduct, regulation and protection of investment, investment promotion and facilitation, tax policy, the financial sector in Myanmar, infrastructure in Myanmar, and sustainable investment in Myanmar's agriculture.
Wind power and solar photovoltaics (PV) are crucial to meeting future energy needs while decarbonising the power sector. Deployment of both technologies has expanded rapidly in recent years, one of the few bright spots in an otherwise bleak picture of clean energy progress. However, the inherent variability of wind power and solar PV raises unique and pressing questions. Can power systems remain reliable and cost-effective while supporting high shares of variable renewable energy (VRE)? And if so, how?
Based on a thorough review of the integration challenge, this publication gauges the economic significance of VRE integration impacts, highlights the need for a system-wide approach to integrating high shares of VRE and recommends how to achieve a cost-effective transformation of the power system.
This book summarises the results of the third phase of the Grid Integration of VRE (GIVAR) project, undertaken by the IEA over the past two years. It is rooted in a set of seven case studies, comprising 15 countries on four continents. It deepens the technical analysis of previous IEA work and lays out an analytical framework for understanding the economics of VRE integration impacts. Based on detailed modelling, the impact of high shares of VRE on total system costs is analysed. In addition, the four flexible resources which are available to facilitate VRE integration – generation, grid infrastructure, storage and demand side integration – are assessed in terms of their technical performance and cost-effectiveness.
Mexico has made several efforts to design and implement a regulatory improvement policy over the past several years. The institutions involved in the better regulation policy have played a key role in enhancing regulatory quality. This includes the Federal Regulatory Improvement Commission (COFEMER), the Ministry of Economy, and the Ministry of Public Administration. Mexico now has two decades of experience in the application of Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA). Over this period, it has continued to expand the scope of RIA, to refine and improve the specific requirements and to invest substantial resources in implementation. Recently, Mexico has adopted the internationally recognised Standard Cost Model, which has brought a renewed impetus across the federal government to reduce administrative burdens generated by formalities. There is also a thriving multi-level regulatory governance programme. As a result, Mexico is currently at a stage where positive results are being obtained. However, this is not the time to slow down; instead, further work should be fostered to step up to a new phase of regulatory quality which embeds an effective and profound regulatory improvement culture across the federal government.
Chile ha tenido mucho éxito en convertir su dotación de recursos naturales en un generador de crecimiento y modernización. Sin embargo, sus regiones mineras, incluyendo Antofagasta, enfrentan el desafío de desarrollar un sector primario extremamente importante de una manera que contribuya tanto al crecimiento económico como a medidas de bienestar más amplias. Las metas de sostenibilidad a largo plazo de Antofagasta incluyen una base económica más diversificada, respaldada por una ciudad que se reconozca y en la que se viva por su alta calidad de vida y las oportunidades que ofrece. Para lograrlo, necesita sacar el máximo provecho de las ventajas naturales de la región, mejorar el atractivo físico de la ciudad y asegurar mejores resultados de política urbana. También requerirá que los actores subnacionales piensen y actúen de manera estratégica e innovadora. Este informe se centra en la diversificación económica, el urbanismo y la gobernanza de la ciudad de Antofagasta. Se consideraron las tendencias económicas y socioeconómicas como aquellas asociadas con el mercado laboral y de competencias, además de factores de calidad de vida; las oportunidades de especialización, diversificación e innovación dentro del cluster minero y más allá, incluyendo su red portuaria; los retos de política urbana especialmente en el uso de la tierra, la gestión de desechos y el transporte público; y el papel de la gobernanza para ayudar a la ciudad a alcanzar sus metas económicas y de calidad de vida.
Contenido
Evaluación y recomendaciones
Capítulo 1. Antofagasta y Chile en el siglo XXI
Capítulo 2. Trayectorias de innovación y estrategias de diversificación en Antofagasta
Capítulo 3. Mejorando los resultados de la política urbana para una mejor calidad de vida en Antofagasta
Capítulo 4. Innovando la gobernanza urbana en Antofagasta
Panorama de la educación. Indicadores de la OCDE es la fuente autorizada de información precisa y relevante sobre el estado de la educación en todo el mundo. Proporciona datos sobre las structuras, la situación económica y el rendimiento de los sistemas en más de 40 países, incluyendo a los países miembros de la OCDE, así como a otros países del G20.
Panorama de la educación incluye más de 100 gráficos, 200 tablas y 100.000 cifras, y ofrece información clave sobre los resultados de las instituciones educativas; el impacto del aprendizaje en los distintos países; los recursos económicos y humanos invertidos en educación; el acceso, la participación y la progresión en la educación, y el entorno de aprendizaje y la organización de los centros escolares.
En la edición de 2013, nuevos indicadores se centran en los siguientes temas:
• los datos más recientes sobre la crisis económica, donde se muestra que la educación sigue siendo la mejor protección frente al desempleo;
• datos más detallados sobre la orientación del programa (general versus profesional) en educación secundaria y terciaria;
• un análisis sobre la relación entre el tipo de empleo (a tiempo completo, a tiempo parcial, a tiempo parcial involuntario) y el nivel educativo alcanzado por las distintas personas;
• una revisión de la relación entre los ámbitos de educación y las tasas de matrícula, las tasas de desempleo y el nivel de ingresos;
• un indicador que muestra cuántos estudiantes que ingresan en un programa de educación terciaria se gradúan en él;
• un indicador sobre la relación entre el nivel educativo alcanzado y dos problemas de salud: obesidad y tabaquismo; y
• datos sobre tendencias de todos los indicadores clave entre 1995 y 2010-2011.
Las hojas de cálculo Excel ® utilizadas para crear las tablas y gráficos en Panorama de la educación están disponibles en Internet mediante los StatLinks incluidos en la publicación.
National research systems face an increasingly competitive environment for ideas, talent and funds, and governments have shifted funds from institutional core funding to project funding, often on a competitive basis, or reward success in raising third-party funds in performance-based funding schemes. It is in this context that “research excellence initiatives” (REIs) have emerged. This is an instrument designed to encourage outstanding research by providing large-scale, long-term funding to designated research units. They provide funds for research and research-related measures, such as the improvement or extension of physical infrastructure, the recruitment of outstanding researchers from abroad and researcher training.
This report presents new evidence on how governments steer and fund public research in higher education and public research institutions through REIs. The report can help inform discussions on future government policy directions by providing information on how REIs work and on the functioning and characteristics of institutions that host centres of excellence. The findings show some of the benefits to be gained through REIs and note some pitfalls to be avoided.
This OECD Review of Innovation Policy in Croatia offers a comprehensive assessment of the innovation system of Croatia, focusing on the role of government. It suggests that EU integration opens a window of opportunity for strengthening Croatia's science, technology and innovation systems, and recommends that Croatia improve governance, rebalance the innovation mix and do more to foster business innovation.
Going for Growth is the OECD’s regular report on structural reforms in policy areas that have been identified as priorities to boost incomes in OECD and major non-OECD countries (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa). Policy priorities are updated every two years and presented in a full report, which includes individual country notes with detailed policy recommendations to address the priorities. The next full report will be published in 2015.
This interim report takes stock of the actions taken by governments over the past two years in the policy areas identified as priorities for growth. This stocktaking is supported by internationally comparable indicators that enable countries to assess their economic performance and structural policies in a wide range of areas.
점점 다양해지는 사회는 우리 교육에 어떤 의미가 있는가? 세계 경제 파워가 새로운 국가로 이전되는 현상은 어떠한가? 변화하는 직업 세계에서 어떤 방식으로 스킬이 요구되는가? 교육에 영향을 주는 글로벌 동향 2013은 주로 OECD, 세계은행 및 유엔을 통한 양질의 국제 자료에 기반한 것이다. 차트 는 다양한 링크를 포함하여 독자가 원본 데이터에 액세스할 수 있도록 했다. 본 간행물에서 제시된 트렌드는 5개의 광범 위한 주제로 구성되며 각 장에는 “자세히 알아보기” 섹션이 있다. 교육에 영향을 주는 글로벌 동향 2013은 이전 버전보다 많은 업데이트가 이루어졌고 다루는 범위도 방대해졌다. 브라질, 중국, 인도, 러시아 연방과 같은 신흥 경제국에 초점을 맞추었고 그 외 새로운 국가들에 대한 내용도 포함된다. 오늘날 우리 사회와 교실이 직면한 주요 문제를 다루고 보안, 스킬 및 신흥 기술에 대한 새로운 지표와 주제도 광범위하게 포함 된다.
본 간행물은 신뢰할 수 있는 비전문가용 자료를 제시하여 정책 전문가, 연구원, 교육계 리더, 관리자 및 교사들에게 학교 나 대학교에서 또는 노인을 위한 교육 프로그램에서 교육계가 처한 문제에 대한 생각을 독려하고 전략적 사고를 할 수 있도록 하기 위해 고안되었다. 이번 간행물은 학생뿐만 아니라 학부모를 포함한 다양한 독자층에게도 도움이 될 것이다.