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Driven by an increasing recognition of the many advantages of natural gas and by the need to diversify its coal-dominated energy supply, China’s natural gas industry is poised for rapid expansion. This study describes China’s gas market situation and examines the key issues facing its industry and policy makers. Drawing on the experiences and lessons from developed gas markets around the world and taking into account the specific circumstances of the Chinese gas market, it also offers a number of policy suggestions for the Chinese government to consider in its effort to boost the country’s natural gas industry.
This volume contains an analysis of developments in energy policies and markets in the Member countries of the International Energy Agency. It includes summaries of the in-depth reviews of Denmark, Germany, Greece, Korea, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States conducted from October 2001 to June 2002. The full reviews are published separately. It also includes short reviews of policy developments in Canada, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Sweden as well as energy balances and key statistical data for all Member countries and key energy statistics for the past 20 years.
The overview section examines trends in energy markets, including an analysis of changes in energy demand and supply over the last decade and the price trends of fuels for the past two years. It highlights key issues related to energy security, which is again a major government preoccupation. It examines Member countries’ progress in regulatory reform, their actions to meet the Kyoto greenhouse gas emission targets and their R&D policies. It also analyses their policies on renewable energy. It contains a short study of developments in non-Member countries, including China, India, Southeast Asia, Latin America, Russia, Central and Southeast Europe, the Baltic republics and the Middle East.
This is the first issue of the International Energy Agency’s annual publication of comprehensive information on the use of renewables and waste in the OECD region. The publication, which contains over 160 pages, is divided into three parts. The first part contains an analysis of renewables and wastes energy supply, electricity production and installed electricity generating capacity in OECD countries. The second part covers principles and definitions, and clarifies and classifies renewables and wastes energy statistics which are presented in detail in the publication. It includes general notes, notes on energy sources, country notes, geographical coverage and conversion tables. The third part provides detailed statistical tables for eight regional aggregates and for each of the thirty OECD countries. The detailed statistical tables are preceded by three summary tables and charts which illustrate the magnitude that renewables and waste energy plays in total primary energy supply and electricity generation in each country.
Mitigating climate change will require profound changes in world energy production and use. While the full effects of climate change are not likely to be felt for decades, the need for action is more immediate, for changes in greenhouse gas concentrations are almost irreversible. Solutions exist in the form of energy efficiency improvements, fuel switching to non-carbon sources, and carbon recovery and storage. But the long-term costs of mitigation and the precise extent and pace of climate damage remain uncertain. So policy-makers face the task of conceiving and implementing measures in a context of uncertainty – and global inequity -, and run the risk of taking either excessive or insufficient action.
This volume details the options available in the energy sector to reduce climate change. It explores the type of international agreement that could cope with the uncertainty inherent in implementing a climate program at the national and international level. It identifies mechanisms to deal with both international equity and economic uncertainty, and addresses the fundamental question: how can we proceed beyond Kyoto?
In 2001 the 26 IEA Member countries took or planned over 200 energy-related policies and measures to tackle climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions. This volume reviews the actions taken and describes them in detail. It shows how developed countries implement the commitments made under international agreements or at national level to reduce their emissions. The policies have been classified under six major headings: fiscal polices, tradable permits, regulatory instruments, voluntary agreements, R&D policies and policy processes. The introductory analysis provides an overview and assessment of recent policy trends.
This annual publication provides data on CO2 emissions from fuel combustion and greenhouse gas emissions for over 140 countries broken down by fuel and by sector. Emissions were calculated using IEA energy databases and the default methods and emission factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
The International Energy Agency's periodic review of Greece's energy policies and programmes. This edition finds that Greece produces little energy, almost all of it from lignite, which is the main source for electricity generation but which creates environmental problems. Energy consumption is growing rapidly making Greece increasingly dependent on imported energy, and electricity supply is expected to be tight over the next three or four years. A well-designed market reform is essential in both the electricity and gas sectors to attract private investment.
The International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook has long beenrecognised as theauthoritative source for projections of global trends in energy supply and demand, trade and investment and carbon dioxide emissions. For the first time this year’s Outlook extends its projection horizon to the year 2030. Against the background of the re-emergence of energy security as a global concern, this Outlook highlights the rapidly expanding importance of China as a strategic buyer on world oil and gas markets, the fact that a quarter of the world’s population still lacks modern energy services, the huge investments needed to maintain dependable energy supplies world wide, and the scale of the task facing those countries that are committed to reducing their greenhouse-gas emissions under the Kyoto Protocol.
A comprehensive reference book on current developments in oil supply and demand. The first part of this publication contains key data on world production, trade, prices and consumption of major oil product groups, with time series back to the early 1970s. The second part gives a more detailed and comprehensive picture of oil supply, demand, trade, production and consumption by end-user for each OECD country individually and for the OECD regions. Trade data are reported extensively by origin and destination.
This volume contains comprehensive information on the OECD electricity sector. There are over 700 pages on production, consumption, prices and trade in electricity. The report also contains coverage of heat production for OECD countries. The statistics cover 30 OECD countries, providing data for selected years.
Part I provides a detailed summary of the electricity and heat sectors, including production, installed capacity, consumption, electricity trade and prices for electricity and input fuels. These data are presented in a tabular format that permits easy analysis and comparison. Part I also provides a summary of gross electricity and heat production by country in non-OECD countries, including a breakdown of electricity and heat production by combustible fuels. Part II contains electricity data for each of the 30 OECD countries, and for eight OECD and IEA regional aggregates for selected years. It also contains projections for most of the OECD countries up to 2020. Each country section presents up to 21 tables containing a comprehensive statistical database on energy consumption, economic and population growth, electricity production and consumption, heat production, electricity imports and exports, sectoral energy and electricity consumption and prices for electricity and electricity input fuels. These data are official country data and projections reported each year to the IEA.
A detailed reference work on gas supply and demand covering not only the OECD countries but also the rest of the world, this publication contains essential information on LNG and pipeline trade, gas reserves, storage capacity and prices. The main part of the book, however, concentrates on OECD countries, showing a detailed supply and demand balance for each country and for the three OECD regions: North America, Europe and Pacific, as well as a breakdown of gas consumption by end-user. Import and export data are reported by source and destination.
The Danish power market has been opened to competition beyond the requirements of the EU directive, but the scope for effective competition continues to be limited by priority dispatch for wind energy and combined heat and power plants. The gas market has been opened, but much less fully. The gas industry’s debt problem was addressed through industry restructuring, but this has led to a dominant position for the state-owned gas pipeline company DONG. The report recommends that foreign suppliers be encouraged to enter the market, in order to stimulate competition in electricity and gas markets. This report discusses the energy policies of Denmark based on a review visit in October 2001, before the recent general elections.
Cities around the world face enormous problems of transport sustainability. Rapidly increasing populations and vehicle usage have created gridlock and sprawl, even in very poor cities, as well as unacceptably high levels of air pollution, noise, and accident rates. But improvements can be made. This book explores how the provision of better bus services can bring concrete solutions. "Bus rapid transit" systems emerging in Latin America provide fast, reliable and efficient urban travel for large numbers of people. Express busways, employing high-capacity buses and new technologies such as GPS-based bus tracking systems, can conveniently and reliably move up to 10 times as many people along a route as can cars – and be profitable.
This book shows how bus rapid transit differs from traditional bus systems and how it can be developed around the world. There is a detailed look at clean fuels and advanced technologies such as "clean diesel", CNG, hybrid-electric and fuel cells. Case studies are made of six cities and of the steps each might take to encourage more sustainable transport systems.
This volume contains data on the supply and consumption of coal, oil, gas, electricity, heat, combustible renewables and waste in energy balances. The figures are expressed in million tonnes of oil equivalent. Historical tables summarise key energy and economic indicators as well as production, trade and final consumption data. This book includes definitions of products and flows. There are explanatory notes on the individual country data and conversion factors from original units to tonnes of oil equivalent. Key indicators have been provided since 1960. More detailed data in original units are published in Energy Statistics of OECD Countries 1999-2000, the sister volume of this publication.
This volume contains data on energy supply and consumption in original units for coal, oil, gas, electricity, heat, combustible renewables and waste. Historical tables summarize data on production, trade and final consumption of hard coal, brown coal, oil, natural gas and electricity. The book includes definitions of products and flows and explanatory notes on the individual country data. In Energy Balances of OECD Countries 1999-2000, the sister volume of this publication, the data are presented as comprehensive energy balances expressed in million tonnes of oil equivalent.
Indian coal reserves are the third largest in the world, after the United States and China. India is the third largest coal producer in the world and the eighth largest importer. With annual production of 310 million tonnes and imports of almost 25 million tonnes, coal provides one-third of energy supply in India.
The Indian government forecasts huge increases in electricity capacity based on coal. Massive increases in coal supply would be required if these plans are realised, although it is not clear if they are feasible. The principal objective of Indian coal policy should be to improve the financial performance of the industry by creating a freely competitive coal industry. A financially viable electricity industry will be necessary to support reforms in the coal industry.
This report describes the Indian coal sector, and comments on government policies and the performance of India’s largely state-owned coal companies. There is a substantial need for reforms in India’s coal sector to improve efficiency and competitiveness.
This book analyses the impact of electricity market reform on investment in the power industry. It considers the implications of more open and competitive markets for the security of electricity supply. Some of electricity’s uses are essential components of modern life. Security of electricity supply is an important policy objective in virtually all modern economies because of the limited possibilities for replacing electricity by other forms of energy. Adequate investment is the basic prerequisite for a secure supply of electricity.
Despite the highly-publicized problems experienced in California, the international picture is reassuring. Large investment has taken place and OECD electricity markets are generally reliable. There are, however, major investment needs in some areas, particularly in the development of infrastructures for transmission, which remains for the most part a regulated activity. Through policies and regulations, governments continue to play a key role in determining investment and security standards in a liberalised market. Energy policies on fuel use, authorisation processes, regulatory risk, capacity mechanisms and price caps, among other instruments, play a large role in promoting adequate investment or hindering it.
Electric power in OECD countries is mostly produced by large central generating stations, then transmitted along high voltage lines to local distribution systems that carry it to final consumers. Distributed generation plants are different. They produce power on an electricity consumer’s own site or at the local distribution substation and can supply power directly to the customer or to the local distribution network. Distributed generation technologies include engines, small turbines, fuel cells, and photovoltaic systems.
Distributed generation technologies are already having a large impact, particularly for high- reliability applications, as a source of emergency capacity or as a way of deferring the expansion of a local network. In some markets, these plants are displacing more costly grid electricity. Globally, more capacity for distributed generation was ordered in 2000 than for nuclear power.
This book provides a guide to energy policy makers on this growing phenomenon. It surveys the current situation and market status of distributed generation in selected OECD countries, including the impact of current energy policies.