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This Review assesses Ukraine’s investment climate vis-à-vis the country’s energy sector reforms and discusses challenges and opportunities in this context. Capitalising on the OECD Policy Framework for Investment and other relevant instruments and guidance, the Review takes a broad approach to investment climate challenges facing Ukraine’s energy sector. It covers investment trends, the current policy and regulatory framework, the legal and institutional framework for investment protection, investment promotion and facilitation, public governance, energy infrastructure and policies relating to promoting and enabling responsible business conduct. The analysis and recommendations in the Review can help policy makers strengthen the enabling conditions for investment in Ukraine’s energy sector.
The Global EV Outlook is an annual publication that identifies and discusses recent developments in electric mobility across the globe. It is developed with the support of the members of the Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI).
Combining historical analysis with projections to 2030, the report examines key areas of interest such as electric vehicle (EV) and charging infrastructure deployment, energy use, CO2 emissions and battery demand. The report includes policy recommendations that incorporate learning from frontrunner markets to inform policy makers and stakeholders that consider policy frameworks and market systems for electric vehicle adoption.
This edition also features an update of the electric heavy-duty vehicle models coming onto commercial markets and slotted for release in the coming few years, and on the status of development of megachargers. It compares the electric vehicle supply equipment per EV with the recommended AFID targets. It also analyses the impact of EV uptake on governments’ revenue from fuel taxation. Finally, it makes available for the first time two online tools: the Global EV Data Explorer and Global EV Policy Explorer, which allow users to interactively explore EV statistics and projections, and policy measures worldwide.
Finland has a strong reputation as a leader in environmental policy and sustainable development. It committed to become carbon neutral by 2035 and to pioneer the world’s first circular economy. However, it is not fully on track to meet its ambitious goals. Greenhouse gas emissions fell in the last decade, but they need to decline at a much faster pace to meet the target. Waste generation, material consumption and nutrient losses to water bodies have continued to rise. Agriculture and a large forestry sector exert pressures on the country’s biodiversity. Targeted policy measures are needed to provide adequate incentives, boost investment and innovation and steer the economic recovery from the COVID-19 crisis towards the green transition. Finland should move from good strategy making to effective and coherent implementation. It needs to get the right policies in place, to secure sufficient resources and ensure continued and broad public consensus.
This is the third Environmental Performance Review of Finland. It evaluates progress towards green growth and sustainable development, with a special chapter focusing on climate change mitigation and well-being.
La Finlande s’est forgé une solide réputation de leader dans le domaine de la politique de l’environnement et du développement durable. Elle s’est engagée à parvenir à la neutralité carbone à l’horizon 2035 et à faire œuvre de pionnier en instaurant la première économie circulaire au monde. La réalisation de ses ambitieux objectifs n’est toutefois pas pleinement sur les rails. Les émissions de gaz à effet de serre ont baissé durant la dernière décennie, mais elles devront diminuer à un rythme bien plus rapide pour que l’objectif soit atteint. La production de déchets et la consommation de matières ont continué d’augmenter, tout comme les déperditions d’éléments nutritifs dans les masses d’eau. La biodiversité subit des pressions imputables à l’agriculture et au vaste secteur forestier du pays. Des mesures ciblées sont nécessaires pour créer des incitations appropriées, stimuler l’investissement et l’innovation et orienter la reprise économique après la crise du COVID-19 vers une transition verte. La Finlande devrait passer de l’élaboration de bonnes stratégies à une mise en œuvre efficace et cohérente. Il s’agit de mettre en place les bonnes politiques, de réunir des ressources suffisantes et de préserver un large consensus dans l’opinion publique.
Ceci est le troisième Examen environnemental de la Finlande. La présente version abrégée contient le résumé, de même que l’évaluation et les recommandations officielles du rapport, qui reposent sur les trois chapitres consacrés aux tendances et développements récents, à la gouvernance et à la croissance verte, ainsi que sur le chapitre thématique détaillé portant sur la lutte contre le changement climatique. Le rapport complet est disponible en anglais sur le site web de l’OCDE.
Renewables 2021 is the IEA’s primary analysis on the sector, based on current policies and market developments. It forecasts the deployment of renewable energy technologies in electricity, transport and heat to 2026 while also exploring key challenges to the industry and identifying barriers to faster growth.
Renewables are the backbone of any energy transition to achieve net zero. As the world increasingly shifts away from carbon emitting fossil fuels, understanding the current role renewables play in the decarbonisation of multiple sectors is key to ensuring a smooth pathway to net zero.
While renewables continued to be deployed at a strong pace during the Covid-19 crisis, they face new opportunities and challenges. This year’s report frames current policy and market dynamics while placing the recent rise in energy and commodities prices in context. In addition to providing detailed market analysis and forecasts, Renewables 2021 also explores trends to watch including storage, producing hydrogen from renewable electricity, stimulus packages, aviation biofuels and residential heating.
More innovation is needed to meet global energy and climate goals. Reaching net zero by 2050 requires further rapid deployment of available technologies as well as widespread use of technologies that are not yet on the market. Major innovation and deployment efforts must occur over this decade in order to bring these new technologies to market in time. Most of the global reductions in CO2 emissions through 2030 come from technologies readily available today. But in 2050, almost half the reductions come from technologies that are currently at the demonstration or prototype phase.
The IEA has prepared a handbook on “Enhancing collaboration between multilateral initiatives” based on interviews with country delegates and representatives from TCPs, CEM Initiatives, MI Missions, and other multilateral platforms. It collects good practice approaches on collaboration between and among multilateral initiatives in order to accelerate, facilitate and streamline future collaborations amongst them. The handbook identifies several characteristics that are commonly shared by successful collaborations and six recommendations for action to facilitate inter-initiative collaboration.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) regularly conducts in-depth peer reviews of the energy policies of its member countries. This process supports energy policy development and encourages the exchange of international best practices and experiences.
In 2019, France put its target to reach net zero emissions by 2050 into law and updated its energy transition framework the following year with a new National Low-Carbon Strategy and 10-year energy plan. However, France’s energy transition has experienced significant delays, and implementation remains challenging despite the many reforms underway. Moreover, new European Union climate goals will compel the French government to upgrade its 2030 targets and track progress more stringently.
For decades, French power generation has produced a relatively low level of carbon dioxide emissions compared with similar economies, owing to the significant share of nuclear energy. However, the country’s nuclear fleet is ageing, and overall emissions are rising because energy consumption across the economy as a whole remains dominated by fossil fuels, notably in transport. Maintaining low-carbon power generation as a base for further decarbonisation and electrification requires timely decisions on the future electricity mix and accelerated investments.
France’s economic recovery plan from the Covid-19 crisis and its 2030 investment plan will help accelerate its energy transition by driving progress in sustainable mobility, building retrofits and hydrogen.
This report includes a series of recommendations to support France’s efforts to tackle these challenges and to meet its energy and climate goals.
More innovation is needed to meet global energy and climate goals. Reaching net zero by 2050 requires further rapid deployment of available technologies as well as widespread use of technologies that are not yet on the market. Major innovation and deployment efforts must occur over this decade in order to bring these new technologies to market in time. Most of the global reductions in CO2 emissions through 2030 come from technologies readily available today. But in 2050, almost half the reductions come from technologies that are currently at the demonstration or prototype phase.
The IEA has prepared a handbook on “Expanding the global reach of the TCPs” based on interviews with TCPs. It collects TCP good practice and experience to broaden their reach, as well as guidance on what TCPs are and how they function for decision makers in prospective member countries, focusing on key benefits of membership. The handbook identifies three core themes where TCPs may exchange learnings and suggestions to foster enhanced participation looking forward.
Energy Efficiency 2021 is the IEA’s annual update on global developments in energy efficiency. This year’s edition explores recent trends in energy efficiency markets at the economy-wide and sectoral levels, including developments in policy and investment.
The report also focuses on the role of energy efficiency in achieving net zero emissions in the energy sector by 2050, including an examination of the crucial role of efficient appliances and equipment, as well as all major energy efficiency net zero milestones in buildings, transport and industry.
In addition, the report analyses recent trends in digital innovation, examining how digitalisation is expanding the scale and scope of energy efficiency markets and how business models are evolving to take advantage of these opportunities.
La Lituanie a vu de nombreuses pressions exercées sur l’environnement s’amplifier sous l’effet de sa rapide croissance économique. Elle s’est fixé d’ambitieux objectifs de lutte contre le changement climatique à moyen et long termes. Les politiques en vigueur ne permettront toutefois pas de les atteindre. Les émissions de gaz à effet de serre totales n’ont pas baissé au cours des dix dernières années, et celles des transports ont même augmenté rapidement. La Lituanie doit faire fond sur les progrès impressionnants réalisés dans l’abandon de la mise en décharge pour réduire la production de déchets et s’engager sur la voie de l’économie circulaire. Elle doit par ailleurs s’attaquer à la pollution de l’eau par les éléments nutritifs qui est imputable à la hausse de la consommation d’engrais et aux carences dans l’épuration des eaux usées. Ces efforts appellent une meilleure prise en compte des questions d’environnement dans les politiques sectorielles et une approche de la gestion de l’environnement à l’échelle de l’ensemble de l’administration.
La Lituanie a entrepris d’apporter une série de modifications bénéfiques à la fiscalité liée à l’environnement. Elle devrait en revanche enrayer la tendance à la baisse des dépenses publiques d’environnement. Parmi les priorités, il conviendrait d’investir davantage dans les transports en commun et l’amélioration des conditions de circulation à pied et à vélo, afin de favoriser un report vers les modes de transport durables.
Ceci est le premier Examen environnemental de l’OCDE consacré à la Lituanie. La présente version abrégée contient le résumé, de même que l’évaluation et les recommandations officielles du rapport, qui reposent sur les trois chapitres relatifs aux tendances et développements récents, à la gouvernance et à la croissance verte, ainsi que sur le chapitre spécial portant sur les mobilités durables. Le rapport complet est disponible en anglais sur le site web de l’OCDE.
Chỉ trong một khoảng thời gian ngắn, nhờ những cơ chế hỗ trợ thuận lợi mở đường cho đầu tư tư nhân, Việt Nam đã vươn lên trở thành thị trường năng lượng tái tạo hàng đầu của khu vực. Với đà phục hồi nền kinh tế sau đại dịch mạnh mẽ hơn trong thập kỷ tới, nhiệm vụ đảm bảo tăng trưởng bền vững cùng với tích hợp tỷ trọng ngày càng cao công suất điện từ các nguồn biến thiên sẽ là thách thức lớn cho các nhà hoạch định chính sách của Việt Nam. Bên cạnh đó, Việt Nam vẫn là một trong những quốc gia có mức tiêu hao năng lượng cao trong phát triển kinh tế, những nỗ lực cải thiện hiệu quả năng lượng trong các chương trình điều chỉnh thị trường sắp tới sẽ tạo tiềm năng khai thác nhiều lợi ích kinh tế mới. Báo cáo Đánh giá chính sách Đầu tư và Tài chính cho Năng lượng Sạch tại Việt Nam trình bày một quan điểm tổng thể về khung chính sách hiện tại, nêu bật những thành công, xác định những cơ hội củng cố các cơ chế, chính sách còn chưa khai thác có khả năng giúp nâng cao quy mô đầu tư và hoạt động tài chính vào năng lượng sạch. Cùng với đó, báo cáo cũng đưa ra một số khuyến nghị thích hợp dành riêng cho Chính phủ và các đối tác phát triển của Việt Nam. Tài liệu đánh giá này được lập trong khuôn khổ Chương trình Huy động Đầu tư và Tài chính cho Năng lượng sạch (CEFIM), một chương trình hỗ trợ các quốc gia đang phát triển khai thác nguồn vốn đầu tư và tài chính trong lĩnh vực năng lượng sạch.
Achieving Net Zero Electricity Sectors in G7 Members is a new report by the International Energy Agency that provides a roadmap to driving down CO2 emissions from electricity generation to net zero by 2035, building on analysis in Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector.
The new report was requested by the United Kingdom, under its G7 Presidency, and followed the G7 leaders’ commitment in June 2021 to reach “an overwhelmingly decarbonised” power system in the 2030s and net zero emissions across their economies no later than 2050. It is designed to inform policy makers, industry, investors and citizens in advance of the COP26 Climate Change Conference in Glasgow that begins at the end of October 2021.
Starting from recent progress and the current state of play of electricity in the G7, the report analyses the steps needed to achieve net zero emissions from electricity, and considers the wider implications for energy security, employment and affordability. It identifies key milestones, emerging challenges and opportunities for innovation.
The report also underscores how G7 members can foster innovation through international collaboration and, as first movers, lower the cost of technologies for other countries while maintaining electricity security and placing people at the centre of clean energy transitions.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) completed this report, Cross-Border Electricity Trading for Tajikistan, as part of the EU4Energy programme, a five-year initiative funded by the European Union. The programme aims to support the development of evidence-based energy policy design and data capabilities within the countries of the Eastern Partnership and Central Asia.
The central purpose of this report is to guide policy making at all levels to facilitate effective cross-border integration of electricity markets to the benefit of Tajikistan as well as the region. This report can serve as a roadmap to support the Tajikistan’s National Development Strategy for 2030, which includes goals to export at least 10 TWh of its hydropower generation and to undertake reforms to improve the performance and sustainability of its power sector.
Cross-border electricity trading can bring many benefits in terms of optimising resource allocation among the countries involved. The availability of generation technologies, geography, socio-economic factors, and political agreements will determine the potential for cross-border electricity trading that countries could develop and subsequently the benefits that could be achieved. Therefore, the focus of this roadmap is to assess the feasibility and extent of electricity trade with Tajikistan’s neighbours and to lay out policy requirements for implementation. As the focus here is Tajikistan, the recommendations are based on the Tajik context.
Reducing global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to net zero by 2050 is necessary to limit the long‐term increase in average global temperatures to 1.5 °C. Today, coal-fired power generation is the largest single source of CO2 emissions. Therefore, tackling emissions from this sector is critical to achieving our goal. National governments, subnational jurisdictions, coalitions and many large corporations have announced coal phase-out pledges and net zero targets. Ahead of COP 26 in November 2021, Phasing Out Unabated Coal: Current Status and Three Case Studies gathers all known national commitments to eventually stop using unabated coal-fired power generation announced to date and assesses their impact in terms of reducing emissions. In addition, the report analyses three jurisdictions in detail to extract recommendation. First, an early example of coal phase-out commitment and execution from the Canadian province of Ontario. Second, the case of the United Kingdom, where the industrial revolution started but which was one of the first countries to decide to phase out coal. Finally, Germany, where phasing out is particularly complex because it is the largest coal-fired power generator among those committing to a phase-out and has thousands of jobs that rely on lignite mining. This paper acknowledges that each country must tailor its approach based on its own specific circumstances, but that nonetheless there are instructive experiences from other jurisdictions undertaking similar measures.
At their High-Level Meeting (HLM) in 2020, members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) set out a number of commitments and aspirations to align development co-operation with the objectives of international agreements to fight climate change and protect the environment. One year later, this report documents the individual and collective steps taken to give effect to the four voluntary commitments set out in the HLM Communiqué. It provides information on provisions and actions taken by DAC members to systematically integrate international environment and climate goals into development co-operation, to pursue more coordinated approaches, to support the transition of developing countries towards sustainable development pathways, and to better address the particular needs of Small Island Developing States.
Viet Nam has become a leading regional market for renewable energy in a short space of time led by private sector investment facilitated by favourable support mechanisms. Maintaining market growth sustainably while integrating higher shares of variable generation will be a key challenge for Viet Nam’s policy makers over the next decade as the post-pandemic economic recovery builds momentum. Viet Nam's economy also remains highly energy intensive and energy efficiency improvement has the potential to unlock multiple economic benefits with further market interventions.
The Clean Energy Finance and Investment Policy Review of Viet Nam provides a comprehensive overview of the current policy framework, highlighting progress and identifying untapped opportunities for strengthening policy interventions that can help scale up clean energy finance and investment. It also provides a number of tailored recommendations for the Government of Viet Nam and development partners. The Review was undertaken within the OECD Clean Energy Finance and Investment Mobilisation (CEFIM) Programme, which supports governments in emerging economies to unlock finance and investment in clean energy.
Los Principios rectores de los contratos duraderos en el sector extractivo (Principios rectores) ofrecen una serie de orientaciones para que los proyectos de desarrollo de recursos naturales guarden un equilibrio de riesgos y beneficios, base de una contratación duradera, y para que, desde un primer momento, se tengan en cuenta los intereses y las inquietudes de la comunidad. Mediante la propuesta de un modelo sobre el contenido y la negociación de contratos del sector extractivo duraderos, se quiere poner freno a factores que acaben derivando en renegociaciones e incentivar el uso de disposiciones lo suficientemente flexibles y adaptables para, por ejemplo, ajustarse automáticamente a las condiciones de mercado prevalentes. Asimismo, los Principios rectores pueden ayudar a gobiernos receptores y a inversionistas a dar explicaciones a la opinión pública, lo que siempre contribuye a superar tensiones entre las partes interesadas. En definitiva, estos ocho Principios rectores y la información relacionada pueden devenir un marco de referencia común para que los que participan en la negociación de contratos del sector extractivo (gobiernos receptores, inversionistas, agentes de apoyo y juristas) redacten contratos duraderos, sostenibles y beneficiosos para todas las partes. Esta publicación es la versión en español de una publicación en inglés perteneciente a la serie OECD Development Policy Tools.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) regularly conducts in-depth peer reviews of the energy policies of its member countries. This process supports energy policy development and encourages the exchange of international best practices and experiences.
Fossil fuels, notably coal, still dominate the energy and electricity generation mix of the Czech Republic, but new climate targets at the European level will make coal less and less competitive. Therefore, the question is no longer if, but when, coal will exit the country’s energy mix. To boost investor confidence and ensure adequate electricity generation up to 2030 and beyond, the government will need to establish a firm pathway for phasing out coal. The phase-out of coal use and mining also poses important economic and social challenges, which the government is currently addressing by providing support for the economic restructuring and fair transformation of mining areas.
Although the Czech Republic has decoupled economic growth from energy consumption since 2009, the country’s energy intensity remains above the IEA average. This highlights the need to make energy efficiency the “first principle” of energy policy making.
This report includes a series of recommendations to support the Czech Republic’s efforts to tackle these challenges and to meet its energy and climate goals.
Tackling methane emissions from fossil fuel operations represents one of the best near-term opportunities for limiting the worse effects of climate change because of its short-lived nature in the atmosphere and the large scope for cost-effective abatement, particularly in the oil and gas sector. This report explores practical measures that governments and companies can take to secure a 75% reduction in methane emissions from fossil fuel operations as envisioned in the IEA’s Net Zero by 2050 Roadmap.
Building on the estimates of emissions and abatement options in the IEA Methane Tracker and our Regulatory Roadmap and Toolkit, we quantify the potential impact of a range of measures, including policy and regulatory action, voluntary industry initiatives and improvements in transparency of emissions data. By identifying the different measures and approaches that can limit methane emissions, this analysis aims to provide insights and guidance for decision-makers in the lead-up to COP26 and beyond.
Governments around the world are faced with the challenge of ensuring electricity security and meeting growing electricity uses while simultaneously cutting emissions. The significant increase in renewables and electrification of end-uses plays a central role in clean energy transitions. However, due to the variable nature of solar PV and wind, a secure and decarbonised power sector requires other flexible resources on a much larger scale than currently exists today. These include low-carbon dispatchable power plants, energy storage, demand response and transmission expansion. The availability and cost of these technologies depends on local conditions, social acceptance and policies.
The possibility to combust high shares of low-carbon hydrogen and ammonia in fossil fuel power plants provides countries with an additional tool for decarbonising the power sector, while simultaneously maintaining all services of the existing fleet. The relevant technologies are progressing rapidly. Co-firing up to 20% of ammonia and over 90% of hydrogen has taken place successfully at small power plants, and larger-scale test projects with higher co-firing rates are under development.
Ultimately, using large volumes of low-carbon hydrogen and ammonia in the power sector will help establish supply chains and drive down costs through economies of scale and technological improvements, thereby complementing and mutually reinforcing the use of low-carbon in fuels in other hard-to-abate sectors such as long-haul transport and industry.