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This publication gathers the papers presented at the “OECD-EU dialogue on mobility and international migration: matching economic migration with labour market needs” (Brussels, 24-25 February 2014), a conference jointly organised by the European Commission and the OECD. It provides new evidence on the role that international migration has played in Europe and in selected other OECD countries over the past decade in terms of labour force; educational attainment; and occupational changes. It analyses the availability and use of migrants’ skills based on an in-depth literature review as well as new data analyses for Europe and the United States, Canada and the OECD as a whole, taking advantage of the International Survey of Adult Skills – PIAAC. Finally, several chapters discuss the potential role of international migration in meeting current and future labour market needs in Europe, in the United States and in the European Union. This work shows that although migration can make an important contribution to labour force growth, its role in counterbalancing the effects of population ageing will depend on the capacity of countries to match labour needs to migrants’ characteristics.

Decentralising labour market policy is a delicate and challenging subject of political debate.  Does decentralisation really enable co-ordination of policies?  At the local level, how do we make the best use of decentralised powers?  How can greater flexibility be provided in managing policies while still guaranteeing efficiency and accountability?  To enhance responsiveness to citizens’ needs, governments increasingly decentralise the way policies are designed and implemented.  In the labour market policy area, many stakeholders, from business and local government to community groups and NGOs have been receptive.  The OECD invited leading experts and experienced policy makers and practitioners to address these questions and share their experiences in dealing with such issues. This report, supported by statistical data, summarises the lessons learnt from their experiences.  It is for researchers, leading experts, business communities, economists in government circles and NGOs.

Digitalisation is transforming the world of work and societies, and creating opportunities to learn and develop skills in new ways, times and places. The adoption and use of digital technologies can help Latin American countries close the skills gap with more advanced economies. Making the Most of Technology for Learning and Training in Latin America demonstrates how Latin American countries can realise the potential of new technologies for skills development in schools and all stages of life. It identifies barriers to accessing ICT infrastructure and connectivity limitations in Latin America, and provides recommendations on how they can be overcome to ensure that all students and citizens can benefit from new technologies for learning. The report explores the relationship between technology use in initial education and students’ performance in Latin America, and how policies can best support teachers as digital tools enter their classrooms. Digitalisation provides new opportunities for lifelong learning and this report examines the potential of open education and MOOCs in reaching those adults who are most in need of training in Latin American countries.

Is ageing a threat to our societies' prosperity? How should resources be shared between the working generation and its dependent older citizens? How should pension, health and long-term care best be reformed? How can older people's contribution to society and economic prosperity be enhanced? Within the next decade, the numbers of retired people in OECD countries will start to grow much faster than those of working age. In the absence of major changes to pension systems and to the way people allocate their time between education, work and leisure, it is likely that fiscal and social strains will start to emerge. Some groups may be unfairly burdened through high taxation and others would face unexpected reductions in their material living standards. The appropriate policy response is multi-faceted, covering fiscal, social, labour market, financial market, health and education policies. An important part of the strategy for maintaining prosperity in an ageing society will involve encouraging people to work longer by making it financially more attractive for them to do so. In turn, this could entail reforms to traditional public pension systems and other social policies, as well as fostering the development of alternatives to public systems that give individuals more flexibility in deciding when to retire. Consequently, financial market infrastructures will need to be strengthened to cope with large increases in private pension fund assets. Through this multi-disciplinary study, the OECD points to the need to take action now by implementing a comprehensive and consistent set of policies.

As competências se transformaram na moeda global do século 21. Sem investimento adequado em competências,
as pessoas permanecem à margem da sociedade, o progresso tecnológico não se traduz em crescimento econômico
e os países não podem competir em uma sociedade mundial que se baseia cada vez mais no conhecimento. Mas
essa “moeda” perde valor à medida que evoluem as exigências dos mercados de trabalho e as pessoas perdem as
competências que não utilizam.
A crise econômica mundial, com elevados níveis de desemprego, especialmente entre os jovens, torna urgente fomentar
melhores competências. Ao mesmo tempo se deve levar em consideração a desigualdade da renda, causada em grande
medida pela desigualdade entre os salários que remuneram a mão de obra de alta capacitação e os pagos às pessoas
com baixa capacitação. A solução mais promissora para esses problemas é investir eficazmente nas competências no
decorrer do ciclo de vida: desde a primeira infância, durante a educação obrigatória e ao longo da vida profissional.
A Estratégia de Competências da OCDE proporciona um marco estratégico integrado no âmbito governamental para
ajudar os países a entender melhor como investir nas competências para transformar vidas e fomentar economias.
Ajudará os países a identificar os pontos fortes e fracos de suas reservas nacionais de competências e sistemas de
competências, a compará-los no âmbito internacional e a desenvolver políticas de melhoria. Em particular, a estratégia
estabelece as bases sobre as quais os governos podem trabalhar de maneira eficaz com todas as partes interessadas –
governos nacionais, regionais e locais, empregadores, trabalhadores e estudantes.
Sumário
Introdução
Alavanca política 1: Desenvolvimento de competências relevantes
Alavanca política 2: Ativação da oferta de competências
Alavanca política 3: Usar as competências de maneira eficaz
O caminho a percorrer

Cerca de 190 millones de personas en el mundo viven fuera de su país natal. Estos migrantes aportan energía, espíritu empresarial e ideas frescas a nuestras sociedades. Pero el asunto tiene desventajas: jóvenes migrantes que fracasan en el ámbito educativo, adultos que no encuentran empleo y, por supuesto, la migración irregular. Estos retos pueden hacer que la migración se convierta en un pararrayos político y en tema de un acalorado debate. A partir de los conocimientos especializados de la OCDE, singulares en este terreno, en la presente obra se avanza más allá de la retórica para analizar las realidades de la migración internacional en nuestros días: ¿de dónde provienen y a dónde van los migrantes?, ¿cómo gestionan la migración los gobiernos?, ¿cuán bueno es el desempeño de los
migrantes en la educación y en la fuerza de trabajo? y ¿ayuda —u obstaculiza— la migración a los países en desarrollo?

Las competencias se han convertido en la divisa global del siglo XXI. Sin una inversión adecuada en ellas, las personas languidecen al margen de la sociedad, el progreso tecnológico no se traduce en crecimiento económico y los países ya no pueden competir en una sociedad mundial basada cada vez más en los conocimientos. Pero esta divisa se devalúa a medida que las exigencias de los mercados laborales evolucionan y las personas pierden las competencias que no usan. La crisis económica mundial -con altos niveles de desempleo, en especial entre los jóvenes- ha vuelto más urgente el fomento de mejores competencias. Al mismo tiempo, también debe atenderse el aumento de la desigualdad de los ingresos, provocado en gran medida por la desigualdad de los salarios entre trabajadores muy competentes y poco competentes. La solución más prometedora a esos problemas es invertir eficazmente en las competencias a lo largo del ciclo de la vida: desde la primera infancia, durante la educación obligatoria, y a lo largo de la vida laboral. La Estrategia de Competencias de la OCDE brinda un marco estratégico para ayudar a los países para que comprendan más acerca de cómo invertir en las competencias de manera que estas transformen vidas y fomenten las economías. Asimismo, ayudará a los países a identificar las fortalezas y las debilidades de su banco existente de competencias nacionales y sistemas de competencias, compararlos internacionalmente y desarrollar políticas para mejorarlos. En particular, la estrategia establece las bases sobre las cuales los gobiernos puedan trabajar con eficacia con todas las partes interesadas: gobiernos nacionales, locales y regionales, empleadores, trabajadores y estudiantes.