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This publication explores the success of major innovation and entrepreneurship clusters in OECD countries, the challenges they now face in sustaining their positions and the lessons for other places seeking to build successful clusters. What are the key factors for cluster success? What problems are emerging on the horizon? Which is the appropriate role of the public sector in supporting the expansion of clusters and overcoming the obstacles?
The book addresses these and other issues, analysing seven internationally reputed clusters in depth: Grenoble in France, Vienna in Austria, Waterloo in Canada, Dunedin in New Zealand, Medicon Valley in Scandinavia, Oxfordshire in the United Kingdom, and Madison, Wisconsin, in the United States. For each cluster, it looks at the factors that have contributed to its growth, the impact of the cluster on local entrepreneurship performance, and the challenges faced for further expansion. It also puts forward a set of policy recommendations geared to the broader context of cluster development.
This publication is essential reading for policy makers, practitioners and academics wishing to obtain good practices in cluster development and guidance on how to enhance the economic impact of clusters.
Drawing from a wide array of case studies, this book analyses best-practice local strategies for increasing workforce skills. And it also takes a close look at the opportunities and challenges presented by international migration. The in-depth case studies in this report range from Shanghai’s “Highland of Talent Strategy” to new “career ladders” which help immigrants escape low-skilled, low-paid employment in New York. National and local-level recommendations on local skills development are provided, for both OECD and non-OECD countries.
In today’s economic context, governments are required to take centre stage, helping workers to compete in the global market whilst also supporting employers so that they may retain jobs, increase productivity and offer better-quality employment at the local level. This book provides a new indicator for benchmarking labour-market policy, reviewing the flexibility available in its management throughout OECD countries. The research offers new evidence of the link between flexibility and employment outcomes. Concrete examples of how localities can harness greater flexibility to generate better economic and social outcomes are provided. The new style of management recommended in this book will be key to any national strategy for returning economies to prosperity.
About 190 million people around the world live outside their country of birth. These migrants bring energy, entrepreneurship and fresh ideas to our societies. But there are downsides: young migrants who fail in education, adults who don’t find work and, of course, unregulated migration. Such challenges can make migration a political lightning rod and a topic for angry debate.
Drawing on the unique expertise of the OECD,this book moves beyond rhetoric to look at the realities of international migration today: Where do migrants come from and where do they go? How do governments manage migration? How well do migrants perform in education and in the workforce? And does migration help – or hinder – developing countries?
The informal sector deprives states of revenues and workers of social protection. It also, however, frequently constitutes the most dynamic part of the economy and creates massive employment. Informal employment is ubiquitous and growing. The financial crisis that began in 2008 has made the management of informal employment even more challenging. Responding to this emerging challenge is critical, not only for the well being of millions of workers but also for social development. Is Informal Normal? provides evidence for policy makers on how to deal with this issue of crucial importance for developing and developed countries alike. This book includes StatLinks, URLs linking charts and graphs to Excel files containing the data.
“In countries such as China, the exceptional scale of rural to urban migration amplifies the challenges from informality. This work provides valuable analytical results for understanding this major transformation, its problems and impacts.”
-Professor Li Shi, Beijing Normal University
“This volume is an important contribution to the current policy debates on the informal economy. It recommends providing support to the working poor in the informal economy, making formal structures more efficient and flexible and creating more formal jobs.”
-Professor Marty Chen, Harvard Kennedy School and WIEGO
“The strengths of this volume are many: evidence that “Informal Is Normal;” references to many newer studies and ways of thinking; the consistent three-pronged strategy; accessibility. Is Informal Normal? will serve as a reference in the literature on informality for years to come.”
-Professor Gary Fields, Cornell University
This report contains - for Australia - a survey of the main barriers to employment for young people, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school-to-work, as well as a set of policy recommendations for further action.
First experiences on the labour market have a profound influence on later working life. This report on France contains a survey of the main barriers to employment for young people, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school-to-work, and a set of policy recommendations for further action by the public authorities and social partners.
First experiences on the labour market have a profound influence on later working life. This report on Poland contains a survey of the main barriers to employment for young people, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school-to-work, and a set of policy recommendations for further action by the public authorities and social partners.
First experiences on the labour market have a profound influence on later working life. This report on the United States contains a survey of the main barriers to employment for young people, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school-to-work, and a set of policy recommendations for further action.
The first chapter looks at the jobs crisis itself, analysing the implications for employment and social policy. The second chapter looks at how industry, firm, and worker characteristics shape job and worker flows. The third chapter examines the problem of the working poor, now exacerbated by the crisis. And the fourth examines pathways on to and off of disability benefits, a growing problem in most OECD countries. As in previous editions, a comprehensive statistical annex provides the latest data.
The report finds that Chile has enjoyed rising living standards over two decades of strong economic growth. The incidence of poverty is now much lower and there is better access to adequate housing, education and healthcare. Nevertheless, Chile’s income distribution remains disturbingly unequal by OECD standards. This is partly due to Chile’s a relatively low employment rate, especially for women, but it also reflects a segmented labour market, where much of the recent job creation has occurred in relatively low-productive sectors. Moreover, despite the existence of an internationally renowned pension programme, Chile’s social protection system as a whole has still a relatively long way to go before reaching the standards of developed countries in terms of effective coverage and capacity to assist needy households. Chilean policy makers have begun to develop and implement a series of ambitious reforms, intended to promote the twin goals of work and equity.
This report analyses the main challenges for labour market and social policies in Slovenia and considers the available policy options from the perspective of OECD countries' experience. It finds that Slovenia has one of the most equal income distributions in the world and a tradition of social dialogue. However, its unemployment insurance and employment service system are not sufficient to deal effectively with the present economic crisis and the country is also faced with rapid population ageing and a low employment rate among 55-to-64 year olds. This report makes recommendations to deal with these issues.
Taxing Wages provides unique information on income tax paid by workers and on social security contributions levied upon employees and their employers in OECD countries. In addition, this annual publication specifies family benefits paid as cash transfers. Amounts of taxes and benefits are detailed program by program, for eight household types which differ by income level and household composition. Results reported include the marginal and effective tax burden for one- and two-earner families, and total labour costs of employers. These data on tax burdens and cash benefits are widely used in academic research and in the preparation and evaluation of social and economic policy making. Taxing Wages 2008 includes a Special Feature entitled "Consumption Taxation as an Additional Burden on Labour Income".
Social enterprises are entering a new phase of consolidation after overcoming various challenges over the last 10 years in their efforts to foster sustainable local development, help create local wealth and jobs, and fight social exclusion. This book contains recommendations for national and local policy makers and presents a set of international best practices based on new legislation that has been enacted, novel frontiers that have opened up, and support and financial tools that have been developed.
Despite many examples of good practice, large weaknesses exist in many countries’ national career guidance services, according to extensive research conducted by the OECD, and by the Centre for the Development of Vocational Training and the European Training Foundation on behalf of the European Commission. Access is limited, particularly for adults. In addition, services often focus upon immediate decisions, and fail to develop career management skills. Training for those who provide services is frequently inappropriate, failing to reflect the full range of client needs or to take account of modern, more flexible delivery methods such as ICT. Services are poorly co-ordinated between different ministries, and between governments and other stakeholders. The evidence base is too weak to provide policy makers with useful data on outcomes, costs and benefits. These gaps stand in the way of governments’ attempts to implement lifelong learning, active employability and social equity policies. This joint publication by the OECD and the European Commission (staff working paper) gives policy makers practical tools to tackle these problems. In simple, non-technical language, the publication addresses a broad range of policy issues that are central to the effective delivery of career guidance services. These include: how to widen access to career guidance; ways of improving the quality of career information; ensuring that staff qualifications meet policy objectives; and improving strategic leadership. This publication is essential reading for all policy makers, especially those in education and labour, who are responsible for planning, managing and delivering career guidance services.
Etwa 190 Millionen Menschen leben weltweit außerhalb ihres Herkunftslands. Diese Zuwanderer bereichern unsere Gesellschaften durch ihre Energie, ihren Unternehmergeist und ihre Ideen. Dabei gibt es aber auch negative Aspekte wie schulisches Versagen unter jungen Zuwanderern, Arbeitslosigkeit unter Migranten und natürlich irreguläre Migration. Solche Herausforderungen können die Zuwanderung zu einem politischen Zankapfel und heiß umstrittenen Diskussionsthema machen.
Gestützt auf die einzigartige Fachkompetenz der OECD betrachtet diese Publikation die Realitäten internationaler Migration in der heutigen Zeit jenseits aller rhetorischen Floskeln: Woher kommen die Zuwanderer, und wohin gehen sie? Wie steuern die Staaten die Migration? Mit welchem Erfolg nehmen Zuwanderer an Bildung und Arbeitsleben teil? Und hilft Zuwanderung – oder schadet sie – den Entwicklungsländern?
Cette publication examine les succès d’importants pôles d’entreprises et d’innovation des pays de l’OCDE, les défis auxquels ceux-ci doivent actuellement faire face pour maintenir leurs positions, ainsi que les enseignements dont pourraient bénéficier d’autres candidats à la création de pôles performants. De quels facteurs clés dépend le succès d’un pôle ? Quels sont les problèmes qui se profilent à l’horizon ? Quel rôle doit exactement jouer le secteur public pour soutenir le développement des pôles et vaincre les différents obstacles ?
Ces questions, et bien d’autres encore, sont abordées par l’ouvrage qui se livre à l’analyse détaillée de sept pôles de renommée internationale : Grenoble, en France ; Vienne, en Autriche ; Waterloo, au Canada ; Dunedin, en Nouvelle-Zélande ; Medicon Valley, en Scandinavie ; Oxfordshire, au Royaume-Uni ; et Madison, aux États-Unis. Pour chacun de ces pôles, le livre examine les facteurs qui ont contribué à son développement, l’impact du pôle sur les performances de l’entrepreneuriat local, et les défis posés par une expansion supplémentaire. Le livre propose également une série de recommandations politiques s’attachant, dans un contexte élargi, à la question du développement des pôles.
Cet ouvrage constitue une lecture essentielle pour tous les décideurs publics, praticiens et universitaires désireux de connaître les bonnes pratiques en matière de développement des pôles et souhaitant obtenir des conseils pour accroître l’impact économique des pôles.
À travers le monde, environ 190 millions de personnes vivent dans un autre pays que celui où elles sont nées. Ces migrants sont une source d’énergie, d’esprit d’entreprise et d’idées nouvelles pour nos sociétés. Il y a cependant des inconvénients : certains jeunes migrants sont en échec scolaire, certains adultes ne trouvent pas de travail et il existe bien sûr des flux migratoires non régulés. De tels défis peuvent faire des migrations un enjeu politique incontournable et une question très controversée.
Cet ouvrage s’appuie sur l’expertise incomparable de l’OCDE pour dépasser les débats rhétoriques et examiner les réalités des migrations internationales d’aujourd’hui. D’où les migrants viennent-ils et où vont-ils ? Comment les gouvernements gèrent-ils les migrations ? Comment les migrants s’en sortent-ils à l’école et sur le marché du travail ? Et les migrations sont-elles un atout – ou un frein – pour les pays en développement ?
Cette publication annuelle Perspectives de l’Emploi de l'OCDE 2009 présente une analyse détaillée des derniers développements et des perspectives des marchés du travail dans les pays membres. L'ouvrage met l'accent sur la crise de l'emploi et analyse les mesures prises par les gouvernements pour aider les travailleurs et les personnes sans emploi. Elle préconise des solutions pour éviter que les taux de chomage actuels perdurent sur le long terme.
Le premier chapitre examine la crise de l’emploi proprement dite en analysant les conséquences pour l’emploi et la politique sociale. Le second chapitre examine comment l’industrie, les entreprises et les salariés conditionnent l’évolution de l’emploi et les flux de salariés. Le troisième s’interroge sur le cas des pauvres au travail exacerbé par la crise. Enfin, le quatrième chapitre analyse les prestations d’invalidité : les voies d’accès et de sortie – problème croissant dans la plupart des pays de l’OCDE. Comme dans les éditions précédentes, une annexe statistique exhaustive fournit une mise à jour chiffrée.