PISA 2025 Results (Volume I)

Future-Ready Students

Report

8 September 2026

Executive Summary

As the world is changing at an unprecedented pace, young people need the knowledge, skills and agency to succeed in life and work, and to engage in lifelong learning in response to social and economic demands. Schools, families and communities all play a key role in supporting student engagement and educational success.

What students know and can do

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PISA 2025 assessed science, reading, mathematics and computational problem solving.

The Chinese jurisdictions of Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang [referred throughout this report as B‑S‑J‑Z (China)] and Singapore were the highest-performers across science, mathematics and reading in 2025. Additionally, Estonia, Japan, Korea, Macao (China), Chinese Taipei and the United Kingdom were among the top-10 performing education systems in all three domains.
Around three-quarters of students1 demonstrated at least baseline proficiency in science, i.e. they can use scientific knowledge and evidence to explain familiar phenomena and interpret straightforward data.
In computational problem solving, students in Macao (China), Singapore B-S-J-Z (China) and Japan achieved the highest scores (572, 563, 560 and 557 points, respectively), while students in Hong Kong (China), Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, the Philippines, Macao (China) and Iceland performed over 30 points above expectations based on their science performance.
PISA 2025 recorded the lowest OECD-average performance observed so far in science, reading and mathematics. Reading has declined after peaking around 2012, while science has declined more gradually over the past decade, and mathematics has fallen especially sharply after 2018.
In reading, PISA saw a decline in the very skills that matter most in the AI age: evaluating information, making connections across multiple sources, and thinking critically about what we read. In turn, the share of "hasty readers" – students who rush through texts and give quick but incorrect answers – almost doubled between 2018 and 2025.
However, among OECD countries, Costa Rica, the Slovak Republic, Türkiye and the United Kingdom have seen science scores go up since 2022. Among other countries and economies, improvements were seen in Cambodia, El Salvador, Georgia, Jordan, Mongolia, Montenegro, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates, Uruguay and Uzbekistan.
The world is no longer divided between rich and well-educated nations and poor and badly-educated ones: national wealth accounts for just half of the variation in countries’ performance. In the same vein, good policies and wise spending choices are far stronger predictors for performance on PISA than just how much countries spend per student: At USD 288 521 per student, Luxembourg is by far the biggest spender on education, but it posted lower average science scores than Ireland, France and Italy, all of which invested less than half that amount per student.

How students approach learning

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This volume focuses on various dimensions of student engagement in learning, including motivation (curiosity and perseverance), agency (goal setting and help seeking) and learning-related attitudes (growth mindset, beliefs about the nature of science and cognitive adaptability).

On average, 57% of students do not find learning new things boring. However, since 2022, this share decreased in 60 systems, with over 10-percentage-point decreases in 30 systems. No system showed the opposite trend.
On average, 60% of students reported putting in extra effort when work becomes challenging. Since 2022, this share decreased in 32 systems, but increased in 17, with the largest increases in Malaysia and Indonesia.
Girls generally reported higher levels of curiosity, perseverance, help seeking, goal setting and growth mindset, while boys tend to report higher cognitive adaptability.
Socio-economically advantaged students reported more engagement across all dimensions examined than disadvantaged students.
These engagement dimensions are positively associated with science performance and with each other: students reporting higher levels in one dimension tend to report higher levels in others.
Education systems with larger declines in reading performance also tend to show larger declines in engagement.

Safe and fair learning environment

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Students’ sense of belonging at school has improved since 2022. In 39 systems, a larger share of students reported feeling that they belong at school, and fewer students reported feeling lonely at school in 48 systems.
Disciplinary climate in science lessons improved between 2015 and 2025 in 37 education systems, especially remarkable in Korea and Croatia; this is associated with stable or improved science performance.
Bullying is associated with lower student performance and sense of belonging. Cyberbullying is relatively rare (3%) but is linked to the largest performance gaps.
Students reported slightly more truancy and lateness, on average, compared to 2018, reverting the positive trends observed in 2022.
Socio-economic background remains strongly associated with student achievement, accounting for 12% of within-country variation in science performance.
Between 2022 and 2025, narrowing of socio-economic gaps in performance largely reflected declines among advantaged students rather than improvements among disadvantaged students.
Some education systems, such as B-S-J-Z (China), Canada*, Estonia, Ireland, Japan, Korea and Macao (China), demonstrated both socio-economic fairness and strong performance.

Digitalisation and AI

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While limited or moderate use of digital devices for learning at school is often associated with better outcomes, when they are used for leisure at school, the relationship reverses sharply, with substantially lower levels of student performance.
On average, 28% of students reported that their peers are distracted by the use of digital devices during most or every science lesson. In B-S-J-Z (China), Japan and Korea, fewer than 10% of students reported such distraction.
In schools with clear policies on mobile phone use – whether through bans or well-defined guidelines – fewer students are distracted by digital devices.
The relationship between AI use and performance is complex. Students who do not use AI for specific schoolwork tasks outperform those who do, while weekly users and non-users of AI for general purposes perform similarly. Students tend to perform slightly better when frequent AI use is paired with opportunities to develop AI literacy skills. However, these opportunities are more common among advantaged students, risking a growing AI divide.

Supportive families and schools

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In half of countries and economies, students reported more teacher support in science lessons – which remains positively associated with science performance and learning attitudes – compared to 2015. The highest increases are observed in Korea, Japan, Indonesia, Croatia, the Slovak Republic, Thailand and Viet Nam.
Students reported less family support compared to 2022 in almost all countries and economies, particularly among boys and disadvantaged students.
The provision of study help, such as peer-to-peer tutoring, is associated with higher science performance.
Improvements in teacher shortages and student-to-teacher ratios have been reported by school principals compared to 2022, although concerns remain higher than in 2018.
Principals also reported higher concerns about material shortages and unpreparedness for digital learning, partly offsetting improvements between 2018 and 2022.

Student engagement in environmental challenges

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On average, 74% of students achieved at least baseline proficiency (Level 2) in environmental science.
Higher-performing students tend to report stronger environmental awareness, personal agency and belief in collective efficacy.
Over 90% of students in Viet Nam and Indonesia are interested in contributing to environmental protection through their future careers, while it is 62% on average and particularly prevalent among girls, socio-economically advantaged students, higher-performing students and students with pro-environmental attitudes.

Table I.1. Snapshot of performance in science, reading, mathematics and computational problem-solving
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	Mean performance in PISA 2025	Short-term change in mean performance (PISA 2022 to PISA 2025)	Top-performing and low-performing students
OECD average	482	461	463	500	-3	-14	-9	11.9	19.7
B-S-J-Z (China)	597	527	612	560	m	m	m	55.5	1.8
Singapore	560	535	563	563	-2	-8	-12	42.3	6.8
Macao (China)	541	501	549	572	-2	-9	-3	30.8	5.2
Chinese Taipei	540	508	546	551	2	-7	-1	35.0	9.1
Japan	538	503	525	557	-9	-13	-10	27.1	8.8
Estonia	527	499	508	541	1	-12	-2	18.0	7.4
Korea	526	501	522	538	-2	-15	-5	28.1	9.4
United Kingdom	511	494	488	523	12	0	-1	18.2	12.0
Canada*	510	490	485	525	-5	-17	-12	17.4	12.0
New Zealand*	509	497	480	531	5	-4	1	20.8	13.8
Australia	509	491	478	532	2	-7	-10	18.2	14.0
Finland	504	474	469	507	-7	-16	-15	14.0	15.7
United States*	502	490	463	513	2	-14	-2	17.8	17.5
Switzerland	501	470	499	520	-1	-13	-9	18.1	15.0
Ireland	500	500	480	511	-4	-16	-12	12.7	11.2
Austria	497	467	477	509	6	-13	-10	12.6	16.5
Hong Kong (China)	496	480	522	545	-25	-20	-19	22.9	10.0
Poland	495	482	484	507	-4	-7	-5	14.4	14.0
Türkiye	494	472	462	473	18	16	8	11.1	15.4
Czechia	490	468	477	517	-7	-20	-10	12.8	15.4
Belgium	490	466	480	508	-1	-13	-10	13.4	18.1
Lithuania	488	464	470	512	3	-8	-5	8.7	15.2
Germany	486	465	464	498	-7	-15	-11	14.0	20.7
Netherlands*	485	441	483	506	-3	-18	-9	15.7	21.3
Sweden	485	466	464	503	-8	-21	-18	14.1	19.4
Slovenia	484	445	460	486	-16	-24	-25	10.1	18.8
France	483	456	458	497	-4	-18	-16	9.8	21.3
Italy	483	474	468	490	6	-7	-3	10.1	15.8
Portugal	482	462	460	501	-3	-15	-12	9.0	18.6
Hungary	480	452	459	495	-6	-21	-13	7.6	19.7
Denmark	478	460	471	506	-16	-29	-19	8.9	16.0
Spain	477	451	457	499	-7	-23	-16	7.0	18.4
Croatia	476	453	455	464	-6	-22	-8	7.8	20.3
Slovak Republic	475	448	469	497	13	1	5	11.0	21.1
Luxembourg	474	443	458	506	m	m	m	11.4	25.0
Norway*	470	453	452	491	-8	-24	-17	9.7	22.0
Latvia	468	430	460	507	-25	-45	-23	6.7	21.6
United Arab Emirates	458	433	453	476	26	15	21	10.3	26.6
Viet Nam	457	392	443	461	m	m	m	4.2	26.0
Malta	453	415	439	463	-13	-31	-27	8.3	29.4
Ukrainian regions (17 of 27)	448	418	431	478	-1	-8	-9	3.6	29.3
Uruguay	445	423	405	462	9	-7	-4	2.8	30.2
Chile	442	436	403	466	-1	-12	-9	2.6	28.8
Israel	442	436	433	444	-23	-38	-25	8.8	29.0
Iceland	441	422	450	490	-6	-14	-9	5.9	27.6
Brunei Darussalam	439	426	435	496	-6	-4	-7	3.4	33.0
Mauritius	438	405	407	m	m	m	m	3.0	35.1
Uzbekistan	438	m	m	402	83	m	m	m	m
Montenegro	435	418	411	423	32	13	5	1.8	33.0
Albania*	435	408	433	437	m	m	m	1.9	27.8
Qatar	434	418	416	452	2	-1	2	5.0	35.8
Greece	434	423	424	461	-7	-16	-6	3.3	31.4
Thailand	432	392	407	476	23	13	13	1.2	36.9
Serbia	429	415	417	437	-18	-26	-23	3.4	34.1
Romania	425	413	419	442	-3	-16	-9	4.8	38.5
Mongolia	424	374	419	443	12	-4	-6	1.4	38.6
Costa Rica	424	416	387	452	13	1	3	0.9	36.7
Georgia	422	384	416	413	38	10	26	2.3	36.2
Moldova	422	404	410	452	5	-7	-4	1.5	39.0
Bulgaria	421	387	405	425	0	-18	-12	4.1	41.9
Kazakhstan	420	385	414	449	-4	-1	-12	1.4	41.1
Malaysia	419	393	397	484	3	5	-11	0.8	42.3
Colombia	414	399	381	432	3	-9	-2	1.1	43.9
Mexico	414	408	388	453	4	-7	-7	0.5	41.8
Saudi Arabia	413	387	390	426	23	5	1	0.6	44.0
Cyprus	411	379	412	427	0	-2	-7	4.6	43.5
Azerbaijan	409	374	422	388	m	m	m	4.8	42.9
Brazil	409	408	377	406	6	-2	-2	1.8	43.8
Jordan	407	363	388	408	32	20	26	0.3	48.1
Peru	406	390	382	436	-2	-18	-9	0.5	46.6
Ecuador	393	385	366	422	m	m	m	0.2	53.6
Argentina	393	389	367	403	-13	-12	-11	1.2	48.8
Indonesia	389	365	364	427	6	7	-2	0.1	60.9
El Salvador	385	366	346	401	12	2	3	0.2	61.3
Cambodia	382	347	366	m	35	18	29	0.0	61.7
North Macedonia	378	357	380	389	-1	-1	-9	0.9	55.8
Philippines	373	367	371	434	17	20	16	0.3	64.3
Lebanon	372	331	377	358	m	m	m	1.1	58.4
Armenia	369	348	376	354	m	m	m	0.8	58.1
Kyrgyzstan	363	344	364	388	m	m	m	0.0	70.9
Dominican Republic	361	346	339	379	0	-6	0	0.0	69.3
Palestinian Authority	359	350	354	393	-17	-6	-18	0.1	68.4
Morocco	358	321	355	374	-7	-18	-10	0.1	73.2
Kosovo	357	340	350	359	0	-2	-5	0.0	73.8
Paraguay	355	352	334	352	-13	-21	-4	0.1	69.4
Kurdistan Region (Iraq)	352	312	339	m	m	m	m	0.0	76.8
Guatemala	351	337	334	369	-22	-37	-10	0.0	75.6
Zambia	337	325	314	m	m	m	m	0.2	72.5
Kenya	335	320	326	278	m	m	m	0.0	82.1
Dushanbe (Tajikistan)	334	368	382	m	m	m	m	0.0	67.2
Rwanda	317	301	312	m	m	m	m	0.0	86.5

Table I.2. Snapshot of socio-economic disparities and immigrant background in science performance
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	Socio-economic disparities in science performance in PISA 2025	Short-term change in science performance, by socio-economic status (PISA 2022 to PISA 2025)	Science performance by immigrant background
OECD average	11.6	11.9	85	5	-8	-13	497	455	-43
Kenya	0.2	25.7	8	m	m	m	352	294	-58
Cambodia	0.5	22.4	9	36	37	0	388	347	-41
Uzbekistan	1.3	22.0	22	85	87	2	444	413	-31
Kurdistan Region (Iraq)	1.5	21.7	19	m	m	m	364	351	-14
Rwanda	3.1	22.4	30	m	m	m	329	365	36
United Arab Emirates	3.3	13.9	50	40	19	-21	412	507	94
Macao (China)	3.7	18.7	45	1	11	10	533	550	16
Qatar	4.0	14.7	50	21	-13	-34	393	477	85
Jordan	4.1	17.5	42	37	34	-4	413	411	-1
Armenia	4.3	21.7	39	m	m	m	380	363	-17
Georgia	4.4	18.0	46	55	29	-27	431	370	-62
Kazakhstan	4.6	17.9	41	-2	-3	-1	425	412	-13
Kosovo	4.8	17.8	40	2	3	1	366	352	-13
Palestinian Authority	5.4	18.1	43	-6	-12	-5	371	335	-36
Latvia	5.5	15.5	58	-12	-27	-15	479	404	-75
Saudi Arabia	5.6	14.2	47	15	17	3	414	452	38
Canada*	6.0	14.6	59	1	-13	-14	518	514	-4
Kyrgyzstan	6.1	17.0	45	m	m	m	372	342	-30
Hong Kong (China)	6.2	15.2	69	-27	-10	17	498	500	2
Malta	6.3	14.6	69	3	-19	-22	463	461	-2
Cyprus	6.6	15.0	73	12	4	-8	423	445	22
North Macedonia	6.8	18.1	63	17	5	-12	398	315	-84
Thailand	7.0	16.7	55	29	19	-11	437	370	-67
Iceland	7.1	13.3	66	13	-5	-18	456	390	-65
Azerbaijan	7.1	15.5	63	m	m	m	421	374	-48
Dushanbe (Tajikistan)	7.5	14.5	46	m	m	m	336	342	6
Japan	7.6	13.0	71	-7	-7	0	540	514	-26
Lebanon	7.7	16.9	74	m	m	m	408	322	-87
Korea	7.7	12.8	69	2	-15	-17	530	428	-101
Lithuania	7.9	13.7	63	16	-9	-25	494	463	-31
Ukrainian regions (17 of 27)	8.0	14.9	66	11	-3	-14	456	375	-81
Montenegro	8.2	14.3	65	40	34	-6	438	454	15
Norway*	8.2	12.2	77	-4	-17	-13	484	440	-44
Slovenia	8.5	13.3	71	-5	-25	-20	499	437	-62
United Kingdom	8.5	14.4	80	13	1	-12	517	517	0
Indonesia	8.6	15.4	47	2	17	15	392	328	-64
Albania*	8.7	13.3	63	52	67	15	439	m	m
Finland	9.0	13.5	78	0	-12	-11	517	429	-88
Serbia	9.1	14.1	70	-9	-17	-7	438	430	-8
Morocco	9.1	16.4	55	-13	5	18	363	329	-34
Israel	9.2	13.8	82	7	-30	-37	466	431	-35
Spain	9.2	13.2	71	-4	-13	-8	489	447	-43
Australia	9.5	13.2	80	10	-12	-22	511	517	6
Ireland	9.6	14.0	72	-1	-7	-6	503	496	-7
Denmark	9.6	13.5	69	-9	-20	-12	490	427	-63
Estonia	9.6	11.7	68	1	-7	-8	534	487	-47
B-S-J-Z (China)	9.7	14.4	72	m	m	m	598	544	-54
Greece	10.4	12.3	76	-5	-11	-5	448	387	-61
Dominican Republic	10.4	12.4	69	-2	13	15	372	329	-42
Türkiye	10.4	12.6	81	17	24	7	500	441	-60
United States*	11.0	10.8	104	6	2	-4	504	515	11
New Zealand*	11.1	12.6	89	20	4	-17	517	515	-2
Poland	11.3	12.1	82	4	-8	-13	502	447	-55
Italy	11.3	12.5	80	11	3	-8	491	445	-46
Chinese Taipei	11.4	10.9	91	2	-8	-10	543	489	-55
Chile	11.4	13.5	76	6	2	-3	451	420	-31
Argentina	11.8	14.2	82	-7	-1	6	402	386	-16
Mongolia	11.8	12.8	71	19	8	-11	429	318	-111
Croatia	11.9	12.0	84	-7	2	9	481	459	-22
Mexico	11.9	11.6	68	3	3	0	418	369	-49
Paraguay	12.0	12.3	72	-17	-11	6	366	360	-6
Sweden	12.0	9.3	92	-1	-21	-20	508	439	-69
Singapore	12.5	10.7	91	4	-12	-16	554	583	29
Mauritius	12.5	11.4	94	m	m	m	m	m	m
Brunei Darussalam	12.8	10.7	89	-4	-12	-8	437	484	46
Philippines	12.9	11.3	76	10	36	26	381	280	-101
Portugal	13.3	10.8	92	-2	-3	0	493	454	-39
Moldova	13.4	11.2	84	4	7	3	429	397	-32
France	13.5	11.0	100	13	-8	-21	502	445	-57
Switzerland	13.6	10.1	99	10	-11	-21	527	473	-54
Peru	13.7	10.1	78	6	-6	-12	411	378	-33
El Salvador	13.7	10.3	73	8	14	6	390	359	-31
Bulgaria	13.8	11.6	101	12	3	-9	440	377	-63
Netherlands*	13.9	10.4	105	-2	-8	-6	500	438	-63
Austria	14.0	9.9	98	20	-6	-26	519	452	-67
Belgium	14.6	9.9	98	17	-5	-22	509	456	-53
Uruguay	14.9	11.9	87	14	8	-6	449	460	11
Czechia	15.0	10.4	96	9	-13	-22	498	440	-58
Malaysia	15.7	10.3	82	3	8	5	423	381	-43
Brazil	15.9	9.6	96	7	12	5	420	334	-86
Guatemala	17.1	10.1	76	-26	-6	20	364	329	-35
Colombia	17.4	9.2	93	2	5	4	424	376	-48
Viet Nam	17.5	11.3	87	m	m	m	460	447	-13
Hungary	17.9	10.1	103	6	-16	-23	484	474	-10
Germany	19.0	8.5	125	-7	-3	4	521	438	-83
Ecuador	20.4	9.1	86	m	m	m	397	399	1
Slovak Republic	20.7	9.6	114	31	7	-24	484	443	-40
Luxembourg	21.7	6.8	130	m	m	m	494	473	-21
Romania	21.7	7.0	122	2	1	-1	434	374	-61
Zambia	37.8	3.8	177	m	m	m	348	327	-22
Costa Rica	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m

Table I.3. Snapshot of gender gaps in performance
Copy link to Table I.3. Snapshot of gender gaps in performance

	Science performance	Reading performance	Mathematics performance
OECD average	483	481	-1	476	446	-30	456	470	13
Rwanda	306	332	26	298	304	6	302	325	23
Kenya	322	346	24	322	319	-3	315	336	20
Hong Kong (China)	487	503	16	486	474	-12	513	530	17
B-S-J-Z (China)	590	604	14	530	523	-7	602	622	21
Zambia	330	344	14	326	324	-2	307	321	14
Mexico	407	420	13	414	402	-12	380	396	16
United Kingdom	505	517	12	501	488	-14	475	499	24
Costa Rica	418	430	11	423	409	-14	376	398	22
Peru	400	411	11	399	382	-17	376	389	13
Japan	533	542	10	510	496	-14	517	533	16
Guatemala	347	356	9	342	333	-9	330	339	9
Chile	438	447	9	446	425	-21	394	411	18
United States*	498	506	8	501	477	-24	451	475	24
Hungary	476	484	8	462	442	-20	450	469	19
Ireland	496	503	7	510	491	-19	471	488	17
Colombia	410	418	7	407	391	-16	374	388	14
Argentina	390	397	7	394	385	-9	358	376	18
El Salvador	382	388	6	375	358	-17	340	353	13
Canada*	508	512	5	501	479	-22	475	495	20
Lebanon	370	374	5	335	326	-10	374	381	7
Ecuador	391	396	4	394	376	-18	360	372	12
Türkiye	492	496	4	482	460	-22	453	471	18
Paraguay	353	357	4	361	343	-18	326	341	15
Dushanbe (Tajikistan)	332	336	4	372	364	-8	375	389	15
Italy	481	485	3	488	460	-28	459	476	17
Germany	484	487	3	478	453	-25	458	469	11
Austria	495	498	3	480	454	-26	466	489	23
Uruguay	443	446	2	436	411	-25	398	412	13
Brazil	408	409	2	419	397	-21	373	380	7
Luxembourg	473	474	1	458	429	-30	448	467	19
Denmark	477	478	1	476	445	-31	463	478	14
Macao (China)	540	541	1	513	490	-22	540	558	19
Australia	509	509	1	507	475	-31	469	486	16
Spain	477	477	0	464	439	-26	450	464	14
Singapore	560	560	0	548	522	-26	558	568	10
Brunei Darussalam	440	439	-1	438	414	-25	434	437	3
Viet Nam	458	457	-1	404	379	-25	440	446	6
Estonia	528	527	-1	512	487	-25	502	514	13
Malaysia	420	419	-1	403	382	-22	394	400	6
Poland	496	494	-1	500	463	-37	478	490	13
Romania	426	424	-2	429	399	-30	416	422	7
Belgium	491	489	-2	483	450	-33	472	487	16
Iceland	443	441	-2	439	408	-31	444	456	12
Korea	527	525	-2	515	487	-28	517	528	11
New Zealand*	510	508	-2	514	480	-33	474	486	12
Morocco	359	357	-3	329	313	-17	356	354	-2
Czechia	492	489	-3	484	454	-31	471	483	12
Portugal	484	480	-4	479	445	-33	455	465	11
Ukrainian regions (17 of 27)	450	446	-4	434	402	-32	427	435	8
Slovak Republic	477	472	-5	466	429	-37	463	475	11
Netherlands*	488	483	-5	459	424	-35	479	488	9
Kazakhstan	422	417	-5	398	372	-27	409	418	9
Indonesia	391	386	-5	377	353	-24	367	361	-6
Switzerland	504	498	-5	485	454	-31	493	506	13
Mauritius	441	435	-5	415	395	-20	405	409	4
France	487	480	-6	473	441	-32	451	464	13
Dominican Republic	364	357	-7	360	330	-30	336	342	6
Thailand	437	427	-9	406	376	-30	409	404	-6
Uzbekistan	442	433	-9	m	m	m	m	m	m
Norway*	475	465	-10	473	434	-39	449	455	6
Lithuania	493	483	-10	486	442	-44	466	475	9
Chinese Taipei	545	535	-11	528	489	-39	546	547	1
Moldova	427	417	-11	423	385	-38	408	412	4
United Arab Emirates	464	453	-11	451	414	-37	451	455	4
Latvia	474	462	-12	450	409	-42	457	464	7
Greece	440	428	-12	446	400	-46	421	427	6
Montenegro	442	429	-12	440	399	-41	411	411	0
Sweden	491	479	-12	487	447	-41	463	465	2
Philippines	380	367	-12	380	354	-27	373	368	-6
Serbia	436	422	-13	435	395	-40	417	417	0
Kyrgyzstan	369	356	-13	358	331	-27	364	364	0
Israel	449	435	-13	455	417	-38	432	435	3
Azerbaijan	416	402	-14	392	356	-36	423	422	-1
Cambodia	388	374	-14	355	338	-17	365	367	2
Qatar	441	427	-14	438	398	-40	415	417	2
Georgia	430	415	-15	406	364	-42	417	416	-1
Saudi Arabia	422	405	-17	400	374	-26	386	394	7
Albania*	443	426	-17	423	391	-32	431	435	4
Armenia	377	359	-18	368	327	-40	377	375	-2
Malta	462	443	-19	438	392	-47	443	435	-8
Kosovo	366	347	-19	358	322	-35	351	350	-1
Croatia	486	466	-20	477	430	-47	455	456	1
North Macedonia	389	369	-20	373	342	-31	381	378	-3
Jordan	417	397	-20	379	346	-33	390	385	-5
Slovenia	494	473	-21	471	420	-52	461	458	-3
Cyprus	422	400	-21	401	357	-44	413	410	-3
Finland	516	493	-22	498	452	-46	468	470	2
Mongolia	436	412	-23	390	358	-31	423	414	-8
Bulgaria	434	409	-26	412	364	-49	413	398	-15
Kurdistan Region (Iraq)	365	339	-26	328	295	-33	339	338	-1
Palestinian Authority	375	338	-37	374	319	-56	366	339	-27

Table I.4. Snapshot of perceived engagement with learning and response behaviour
Copy link to Table I.4. Snapshot of perceived engagement with learning and response behaviour

Table I.5. Snapshot of safe and fair learning environment
Copy link to Table I.5. Snapshot of safe and fair learning environment

	School climate	Beliefs about school and learning
OECD average	0.14	52.5	66.1	0.09	51.4	66.4
Korea	1.32	73.1	96.6	0.31	84.9	69.5
Japan	1.12	68.5	92.9	0.42	75.9	55.9
Uzbekistan	0.82	75.5	55.1	0.24	65.4	54.4
B-S-J-Z (China)	0.80	62.4	96.2	-0.04	50.4	51.4
Kazakhstan	0.80	77.5	63.9	0.13	70.6	66.0
Saudi Arabia	0.77	69.3	30.4	0.43	71.4	65.3
Albania*	0.70	73.9	60.8	0.67	58.3	58.3
Armenia	0.66	80.1	27.9	0.19	76.2	70.3
Chinese Taipei	0.59	71.0	89.4	0.01	69.7	52.4
Kenya	0.57	21.6	50.0	-0.21	47.2	39.6
Ukrainian regions (17 of 27)	0.50	65.1	27.3	0.06	65.7	69.2
Hong Kong (China)	0.48	53.6	86.3	-0.32	51.0	41.6
Indonesia	0.47	51.5	78.0	-0.07	70.3	32.0
Malaysia	0.46	41.7	78.6	-0.19	71.1	40.8
Azerbaijan	0.45	70.2	44.6	0.23	64.5	59.4
Croatia	0.41	61.9	79.4	0.46	55.9	69.4
Macao (China)	0.40	44.1	85.8	-0.27	47.3	41.1
Montenegro	0.37	67.3	42.7	0.35	52.2	62.1
Thailand	0.36	58.2	76.6	-0.26	44.6	37.9
Romania	0.36	48.8	51.9	0.14	48.3	73.5
Serbia	0.35	70.8	64.4	0.33	41.6	69.3
Kyrgyzstan	0.32	55.8	42.1	0.05	56.0	65.8
Austria	0.32	47.7	73.2	0.50	41.0	69.3
Viet Nam	0.30	54.2	90.1	-0.28	74.3	52.3
Slovak Republic	0.29	56.5	85.6	-0.04	57.7	63.6
Lithuania	0.29	54.7	63.7	-0.11	42.0	61.8
Brunei Darussalam	0.28	31.9	62.2	-0.43	33.6	42.3
United States*	0.27	52.9	56.5	-0.21	53.0	70.0
Georgia	0.24	67.8	19.6	0.08	67.6	71.8
Latvia	0.24	44.0	65.2	-0.11	52.9	71.6
Estonia	0.23	39.5	62.5	-0.04	53.7	72.3
United Arab Emirates	0.22	51.3	59.0	-0.01	47.5	65.0
North Macedonia	0.20	63.8	48.8	0.26	50.2	57.5
Switzerland	0.19	46.9	79.1	0.38	44.4	64.7
Hungary	0.19	55.9	83.1	0.23	55.3	72.1
Singapore	0.19	47.7	85.2	-0.11	62.6	m
Peru	0.19	43.1	53.7	-0.19	62.9	52.4
Ireland	0.18	52.3	47.8	-0.11	48.3	67.8
Moldova	0.18	38.4	58.1	0.00	52.6	68.0
Poland	0.16	55.9	49.0	-0.18	36.9	71.6
Mongolia	0.16	52.2	66.0	0.19	57.7	60.3
Portugal	0.15	62.1	85.3	0.16	50.8	76.7
Costa Rica	0.14	47.3	32.4	0.21	53.4	58.2
Finland	0.14	56.6	75.8	0.17	64.7	67.0
Iceland	0.13	59.7	76.0	0.36	57.7	55.4
Türkiye	0.12	52.1	37.2	0.05	50.0	62.5
Czechia	0.10	50.2	87.7	-0.19	46.8	69.9
Luxembourg	0.10	47.8	76.4	0.09	39.2	65.9
Ecuador	0.09	43.8	61.5	-0.01	50.8	53.1
Canada*	0.09	50.0	54.1	-0.11	53.4	66.6
El Salvador	0.09	35.4	55.8	-0.08	62.3	56.2
Norway*	0.08	54.6	72.2	0.39	47.4	m
Guatemala	0.07	50.5	46.0	m	52.0	47.8
Mexico	0.07	52.6	71.1	0.05	66.1	60.5
Sweden	0.06	56.2	77.0	0.30	m	m
Slovenia	0.06	58.1	66.2	0.17	58.0	71.4
United Kingdom	0.05	43.9	66.1	-0.10	50.7	64.9
Spain	0.05	59.9	51.3	0.46	54.7	m
Germany	0.04	38.2	78.0	0.24	24.6	m
Philippines	0.04	25.2	76.6	-0.29	32.6	36.9
Qatar	0.03	47.9	35.8	-0.14	53.0	62.4
Colombia	0.03	43.9	63.7	0.05	62.3	57.2
Belgium	0.03	46.9	80.3	0.12	47.3	70.9
Denmark	0.03	41.0	58.7	0.14	53.0	62.1
Jordan	0.02	51.0	64.2	-0.05	60.6	55.9
Kosovo	0.02	54.9	28.4	0.14	53.2	54.0
Netherlands*	0.00	60.5	74.8	0.23	47.9	63.3
Israel	-0.04	62.2	44.8	0.18	42.9	74.8
Italy	-0.04	65.3	27.3	0.01	41.8	73.1
Dominican Republic	-0.06	44.8	35.7	-0.02	63.5	59.0
Malta	-0.08	44.5	49.1	-0.14	45.6	61.6
Australia	-0.09	45.1	49.4	-0.16	55.3	m
France	-0.12	56.0	67.9	0.06	45.0	70.4
New Zealand*	-0.13	39.4	59.5	-0.23	51.9	61.3
Brazil	-0.15	51.8	30.7	-0.05	44.8	57.5
Chile	-0.16	46.1	81.5	-0.04	56.2	61.2
Bulgaria	-0.19	52.4	42.5	-0.01	60.8	56.1
Palestinian Authority	-0.20	53.8	40.5	-0.12	63.4	62.5
Morocco	-0.20	48.3	31.9	-0.08	59.9	59.6
Cyprus	-0.21	53.9	63.5	-0.02	43.5	63.7
Uruguay	-0.21	52.8	74.6	0.28	55.8	64.2
Paraguay	-0.22	42.0	25.9	-0.15	62.0	52.6
Lebanon	-0.22	40.9	48.9	m	47.4	54.8
Greece	-0.32	52.3	42.8	-0.04	35.4	67.9
Argentina	-0.43	45.1	71.8	-0.04	52.0	52.7
Zambia	m	30.2	57.8	m	60.5	54.6
Cambodia	m	49.0	79.5	m	40.2	47.8
Dushanbe (Tajikistan)	m	68.8	52.4	-0.11	49.7	47.9
Rwanda	m	16.2	46.0	m	48.8	44.6
Kurdistan Region (Iraq)	m	64.4	50.3	m	62.2	48.5
Mauritius	m	38.6	52.9	-0.23	39.2	54.7

Table I.6. Snapshot of digitalisation and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Copy link to Table I.6. Snapshot of digitalisation and Artificial Intelligence (AI)

	Digital learning opportunities	Digital learning conditions
OECD average	-0.03	45.5	62.6	39.2	49.5	71.2
United Arab Emirates	0.98	64.3	81.7	51.9	90.1	96.3
Uzbekistan	0.93	48.6	80.6	61.1	69.2	87.2
Singapore	0.91	65.6	81.0	25.8	43.1	94.1
Switzerland	0.73	55.4	69.0	43.4	50.6	79.4
Denmark	0.70	48.1	69.1	26.8	64.8	70.3
Thailand	0.65	50.7	68.9	32.6	8.0	59.1
Sweden	0.62	47.6	64.9	29.8	57.5	73.8
United States*	0.53	37.3	56.3	34.1	31.3	89.3
B-S-J-Z (China)	0.51	40.7	44.6	70.1	82.8	87.8
Netherlands*	0.51	35.2	55.4	43.2	58.5	75.8
Luxembourg	0.49	46.7	65.8	46.0	35.3	86.6
Iceland	0.49	41.5	72.8	33.7	51.4	79.0
Norway*	0.46	53.7	74.3	28.9	87.5	73.5
Austria	0.42	49.8	62.8	44.9	27.1	77.9
Qatar	0.41	46.0	68.6	62.0	88.6	95.3
Australia	0.39	50.3	68.3	22.9	85.3	89.2
Korea	0.35	50.7	66.5	72.2	34.1	60.1
Chinese Taipei	0.34	40.5	65.9	53.0	43.3	80.0
Kazakhstan	0.27	47.0	80.2	52.1	39.2	84.9
Finland	0.25	30.1	61.0	34.4	5.2	55.2
Viet Nam	0.24	68.6	70.0	44.6	24.3	77.4
New Zealand*	0.20	46.7	64.6	24.7	88.9	84.4
Bulgaria	0.17	41.2	71.3	31.9	39.2	73.0
Hong Kong (China)	0.16	53.2	69.3	41.8	85.1	74.2
Lithuania	0.15	52.5	73.9	37.7	11.3	58.7
Slovenia	0.11	48.3	63.7	50.1	45.8	67.2
Croatia	0.10	48.1	69.2	49.8	26.2	47.7
Belgium	0.06	42.5	58.6	48.0	52.0	77.1
Canada*	0.03	37.7	56.2	31.4	36.7	86.5
Macao (China)	0.00	66.8	74.5	49.9	49.2	87.5
Italy	0.00	47.5	73.7	28.4	63.2	59.1
Philippines	0.00	54.7	70.8	24.9	20.5	84.7
Indonesia	-0.03	53.5	73.2	49.0	45.4	86.5
Romania	-0.06	39.9	72.6	37.9	49.3	72.8
Germany	-0.07	50.2	59.3	37.5	64.3	80.2
Estonia	-0.07	58.4	72.5	26.6	26.0	30.4
Hungary	-0.09	36.9	61.0	69.7	89.8	55.5
Cambodia	-0.11	m	m	m	48.6	69.8
Czechia	-0.11	46.5	70.0	38.5	28.0	66.4
Latvia	-0.11	50.6	79.1	31.1	22.9	72.0
Cyprus	-0.11	42.5	67.6	37.4	83.4	80.3
Mongolia	-0.13	57.2	74.3	23.8	48.5	68.5
El Salvador	-0.14	40.1	60.5	54.6	71.2	75.8
Saudi Arabia	-0.17	53.8	74.8	78.5	84.1	93.3
Türkiye	-0.18	52.4	68.1	62.5	82.9	94.2
United Kingdom	-0.19	31.5	42.4	48.1	80.3	78.0
Poland	-0.21	55.1	62.4	25.6	18.2	49.9
Dushanbe (Tajikistan)	-0.21	m	m	m	85.2	69.2
Ukrainian regions (17 of 27)	-0.21	54.2	77.7	30.7	9.8	70.1
Georgia	-0.22	42.0	69.3	36.8	23.3	39.6
Slovak Republic	-0.23	46.1	71.1	57.3	56.7	39.2
Malta	-0.23	55.5	61.9	69.7	87.7	61.6
France	-0.25	37.4	46.8	44.8	27.1	78.9
Montenegro	-0.26	43.1	57.9	46.1	94.5	30.5
Moldova	-0.27	47.8	74.2	38.3	51.4	67.3
Israel	-0.28	49.3	63.0	35.2	30.0	84.5
Spain	-0.30	54.2	59.5	37.2	86.3	90.7
North Macedonia	-0.38	43.8	75.5	36.2	59.9	76.7
Serbia	-0.39	51.8	61.6	46.0	47.7	55.3
Jordan	-0.40	41.0	59.2	63.0	82.8	90.3
Ireland	-0.40	25.9	47.2	53.4	77.6	85.7
Kyrgyzstan	-0.42	50.4	74.8	41.0	51.3	82.8
Albania*	-0.45	45.5	81.6	65.1	95.9	85.7
Portugal	-0.50	48.3	57.4	31.2	24.7	73.2
Kosovo	-0.50	46.0	76.7	38.0	73.2	74.5
Brunei Darussalam	-0.51	59.3	73.4	64.8	90.3	86.8
Azerbaijan	-0.51	48.2	76.1	60.7	64.6	75.6
Japan	-0.56	27.4	31.2	74.1	33.8	63.4
Greece	-0.59	33.7	60.7	38.7	98.3	69.3
Chile	-0.61	51.1	61.5	20.1	58.5	59.3
Armenia	-0.63	49.1	75.9	50.4	34.1	47.3
Morocco	-0.65	44.9	52.7	39.6	81.8	63.8
Mauritius	-0.65	m	m	m	79.4	66.8
Guatemala	-0.67	49.9	52.6	43.5	50.1	73.9
Malaysia	-0.69	56.3	70.8	62.3	84.0	88.1
Peru	-0.71	53.8	55.3	43.7	86.4	66.9
Lebanon	-0.72	47.5	73.7	51.6	85.1	62.7
Rwanda	-0.74	m	m	m	66.7	76.3
Uruguay	-0.74	53.0	65.3	14.0	14.1	32.4
Mexico	-0.76	47.4	59.2	24.2	27.2	67.5
Dominican Republic	-0.79	50.4	64.7	43.1	77.1	74.4
Kurdistan Region (Iraq)	-0.82	m	m	m	81.3	62.1
Palestinian Authority	-0.83	44.6	61.4	60.8	73.6	86.3
Brazil	-0.86	47.8	51.2	50.6	81.4	81.8
Colombia	-0.97	55.7	63.5	25.9	37.5	54.7
Ecuador	-0.99	51.9	61.2	41.4	85.7	55.6
Zambia	-1.05	m	m	m	83.2	68.4
Paraguay	-1.06	45.0	53.7	35.1	42.6	68.9
Costa Rica	-1.09	50.1	66.1	28.5	22.7	69.2
Argentina	-1.11	51.8	60.7	18.4	37.0	82.0
Kenya	-1.16	45.7	55.5	65.6	59.8	74.3

Table I.7. Snapshot of supportive families and schools
Copy link to Table I.7. Snapshot of supportive families and schools

	Support perceived by students	School conditions for support
OECD average	-0.19	0.03	28.8	51.2	43.8
Albania*	0.42	0.97	76.5	70.7	45.4
Romania	0.16	0.08	63.6	60.9	44.9
Estonia	0.11	0.01	8.5	49.0	22.0
Armenia	0.10	0.59	52.1	71.4	30.2
Sweden	0.08	0.09	48.9	21.9	62.7
Hungary	0.03	-0.04	42.0	53.3	35.9
Colombia	0.01	0.54	30.6	46.5	17.6
United Arab Emirates	-0.01	0.38	58.2	81.7	68.9
Kenya	-0.03	0.39	23.7	93.7	23.9
Iceland	-0.03	0.31	48.3	43.1	45.8
Poland	-0.04	-0.56	26.5	80.2	42.8
Montenegro	-0.04	0.18	42.8	65.7	16.1
Saudi Arabia	-0.04	0.82	58.1	95.9	48.4
Croatia	-0.04	0.08	26.2	60.6	32.6
Greece	-0.04	-0.30	22.9	47.5	30.7
Slovak Republic	-0.05	0.09	40.6	52.8	19.1
Finland	-0.05	0.22	56.6	29.5	55.7
Portugal	-0.05	0.32	12.9	62.6	27.0
Korea	-0.06	0.51	16.1	80.3	22.4
Viet Nam	-0.07	0.61	26.3	96.2	40.6
Uzbekistan	-0.08	0.73	66.5	98.4	47.5
Spain	-0.08	0.05	20.1	47.0	43.9
Dushanbe (Tajikistan)	-0.08	m	50.3	92.7	37.4
Azerbaijan	-0.08	0.82	50.4	82.5	33.1
Lithuania	-0.09	-0.24	23.1	77.0	15.2
United Kingdom	-0.09	0.23	23.2	54.2	40.3
Kosovo	-0.09	0.37	45.4	81.8	20.0
Latvia	-0.10	0.00	14.1	71.7	13.2
B-S-J-Z (China)	-0.10	0.62	30.5	91.5	49.3
Moldova	-0.11	0.28	37.9	81.8	31.8
Serbia	-0.11	0.10	52.6	71.4	38.0
North Macedonia	-0.11	0.38	54.7	48.0	19.0
Ireland	-0.12	0.19	11.4	26.2	61.8
Ukrainian regions (17 of 27)	-0.13	0.19	36.3	59.8	16.9
Kyrgyzstan	-0.16	0.33	27.9	61.0	7.4
Malta	-0.17	0.26	26.4	17.3	60.8
United States*	-0.18	0.26	49.1	71.4	66.2
Australia	-0.19	0.24	24.3	40.8	65.9
Denmark	-0.20	-0.07	61.4	11.7	63.3
Czechia	-0.20	-0.51	33.1	25.6	46.2
Georgia	-0.21	0.35	82.7	69.4	41.7
Zambia	-0.21	m	21.7	87.2	11.7
New Zealand*	-0.22	0.15	29.3	72.9	57.1
Netherlands*	-0.22	-0.31	12.2	38.8	71.2
Austria	-0.22	-0.25	43.1	57.6	52.8
Italy	-0.22	-0.18	38.4	78.3	58.4
Peru	-0.23	0.47	46.4	60.7	24.5
Ecuador	-0.24	0.59	40.0	58.0	26.5
Switzerland	-0.25	-0.10	37.1	34.3	76.4
Kurdistan Region (Iraq)	-0.25	m	35.5	89.6	13.4
Norway*	-0.27	-0.03	27.2	29.5	31.4
Chinese Taipei	-0.27	0.33	24.0	71.0	60.3
Germany	-0.27	-0.28	18.1	40.4	45.7
Chile	-0.29	0.45	40.3	44.1	51.6
Bulgaria	-0.29	0.14	71.6	67.6	75.7
Canada*	-0.30	m	32.7	72.0	50.0
Mexico	-0.31	0.43	36.7	72.6	29.5
Cyprus	-0.32	-0.11	51.5	26.2	52.2
Qatar	-0.33	0.38	64.1	83.3	80.2
Kazakhstan	-0.34	0.65	53.4	86.9	56.4
Argentina	-0.34	0.30	28.6	78.8	24.8
Uruguay	-0.34	0.23	36.2	39.8	38.2
Guatemala	-0.36	0.63	46.3	61.1	30.5
Mongolia	-0.37	0.21	35.6	84.9	33.6
Mauritius	-0.37	m	25.1	56.9	47.4
Belgium	-0.38	-0.05	9.6	30.1	58.6
Luxembourg	-0.38	-0.26	15.9	63.4	81.4
Israel	-0.38	-0.07	23.6	64.2	42.3
Türkiye	-0.39	0.16	58.4	64.1	48.5
Thailand	-0.40	0.74	46.6	97.8	36.8
Morocco	-0.40	0.30	33.4	47.2	12.4
Slovenia	-0.41	-0.41	17.5	61.2	44.5
Lebanon	-0.42	0.17	55.8	45.6	40.5
Philippines	-0.42	0.62	59.0	96.2	23.2
France	-0.42	-0.18	12.9	52.9	48.5
Paraguay	-0.45	0.57	48.7	54.2	35.4
Palestinian Authority	-0.45	0.45	34.9	51.1	32.7
Jordan	-0.46	0.66	38.4	72.4	37.3
Dominican Republic	-0.46	0.68	42.1	58.2	29.2
Brazil	-0.47	0.35	49.6	57.9	51.6
El Salvador	-0.50	0.65	56.2	73.8	45.1
Malaysia	-0.51	0.52	30.9	94.5	59.5
Singapore	-0.51	0.43	13.7	72.1	92.2
Hong Kong (China)	-0.55	0.26	49.3	77.6	67.2
Rwanda	-0.56	m	34.4	86.5	18.4
Brunei Darussalam	-0.58	0.31	31.5	76.4	33.0
Indonesia	-0.60	0.54	49.4	87.4	28.0
Japan	-0.64	0.37	3.5	45.7	5.2
Cambodia	-0.66	m	10.9	80.0	15.7
Macao (China)	-0.68	0.13	44.8	89.2	40.5
Costa Rica	m	0.52	23.3	32.7	13.6

Table I.8. Snapshot of students and the environment
Copy link to Table I.8. Snapshot of students and the environment

	Performance in environmental science (science subscale)	Environmental attitudes	Environmental commitment	School opportunities for environmental learning and action
OECD average	480	85	-0.14	0.00	0.00	71.9	61.6	0.00
B-S-J-Z (China)	594	68	0.54	0.60	0.53	87.4	77.8	0.98
Singapore	561	88	0.37	0.35	0.57	71.5	61.7	0.21
Chinese Taipei	539	92	-0.01	0.30	0.34	71.8	49.6	0.57
Macao (China)	539	41	0.19	0.18	0.15	79.8	58.5	0.50
Japan	536	67	-0.42	0.03	0.36	58.9	62.2	-0.24
Korea	522	69	0.12	0.43	0.35	68.2	52.9	-0.09
Estonia	520	64	0.02	-0.08	-0.03	68.5	60.8	0.11
United Kingdom	513	78	0.35	-0.10	-0.06	59.8	53.2	-0.08
Canada*	511	56	0.08	0.07	0.16	68.2	59.7	0.10
New Zealand*	511	92	-0.09	-0.06	0.07	61.6	55.5	-0.04
Australia	510	78	0.05	-0.01	0.11	61.7	56.3	0.02
Ireland	503	71	0.22	0.06	0.32	66.9	62.0	0.20
Finland	502	83	-0.15	-0.10	-0.08	65.6	51.5	0.01
United States*	500	100	m	m	m	m	m	m
Hong Kong (China)	497	68	0.09	0.11	0.19	73.8	45.5	0.55
Switzerland	495	97	-0.16	-0.01	-0.13	75.6	56.3	-0.14
Türkiye	494	82	0.39	0.22	-0.16	86.1	78.5	0.05
Austria	493	97	-0.03	0.03	-0.15	75.2	52.1	-0.25
Poland	492	83	-0.27	-0.31	-0.25	65.2	58.9	-0.20
Czechia	488	96	-0.23	-0.24	-0.27	75.3	60.1	-0.11
Lithuania	487	64	0.07	0.10	0.17	80.1	51.2	0.14
France	486	95	-0.04	-0.07	0.12	73.9	58.5	-0.13
Belgium	486	98	-0.23	-0.17	-0.04	69.8	59.0	-0.30
Sweden	485	93	0.05	0.03	-0.09	64.8	m	0.11
Netherlands*	483	99	-0.39	-0.41	-0.32	54.8	41.0	-0.61
Italy	482	83	-0.09	-0.02	-0.06	74.4	71.9	0.04
Germany	481	124	-0.03	-0.04	-0.30	73.7	45.9	-0.25
Portugal	481	88	0.28	0.32	0.31	75.6	75.8	0.30
Slovenia	480	72	-0.14	-0.03	0.01	85.0	58.4	-0.02
Spain	477	69	-0.32	0.02	-0.04	70.8	66.7	-0.09
Hungary	475	107	-0.14	0.09	-0.13	84.3	66.6	0.12
Croatia	474	83	-0.05	0.16	0.18	75.5	56.0	0.01
Denmark	472	74	-0.13	-0.23	-0.07	74.7	53.9	0.13
Luxembourg	471	131	-0.18	-0.12	-0.08	77.1	59.8	-0.26
Norway*	469	81	-0.10	-0.11	-0.17	63.5	m	0.13
Slovak Republic	469	115	-0.30	-0.09	-0.19	74.8	68.5	0.07
Viet Nam	465	88	0.07	0.20	0.37	93.5	92.8	0.90
Latvia	464	57	-0.29	-0.09	-0.12	82.6	60.0	0.21
United Arab Emirates	458	48	0.20	0.38	0.44	83.8	74.8	0.38
Malta	453	69	0.30	0.18	0.16	71.5	63.0	0.24
Ukrainian regions (17 of 27)	447	68	-0.12	-0.04	0.04	79.4	70.9	0.17
Uruguay	445	84	-0.62	-0.10	-0.04	64.5	60.8	0.06
Israel	443	79	-0.69	-0.08	-0.18	65.6	60.0	-0.18
Brunei Darussalam	443	85	-0.13	0.06	0.26	85.9	71.7	0.48
Chile	442	75	-0.34	0.08	0.04	65.5	68.7	0.14
Montenegro	438	63	-0.44	0.02	-0.05	76.4	68.0	0.10
Uzbekistan	433	23	-0.12	0.35	0.41	90.1	77.9	0.82
Iceland	433	66	-0.51	0.13	0.06	73.2	71.1	0.14
Qatar	432	44	-0.21	0.08	0.13	74.7	71.2	0.03
Albania*	431	59	0.43	0.82	0.78	92.4	85.1	1.06
Costa Rica	430	m	-0.23	0.28	0.26	74.6	85.1	0.27
Romania	426	123	-0.34	0.12	0.19	81.6	72.9	0.30
Thailand	425	58	-0.41	0.17	0.34	91.6	83.5	1.11
Serbia	425	66	-0.37	-0.02	-0.01	79.4	63.2	-0.01
Greece	425	82	-0.38	0.13	-0.05	83.0	48.4	-0.14
Moldova	423	84	-0.21	0.09	0.12	84.6	74.6	0.47
Mongolia	423	64	-0.14	0.25	0.29	88.1	74.7	0.12
Malaysia	421	84	-0.10	0.25	0.44	91.0	75.8	0.85
Kazakhstan	421	40	-0.02	0.06	0.03	75.0	70.3	0.51
Georgia	420	49	-0.04	0.06	0.02	86.3	65.8	0.35
Colombia	420	93	-0.43	0.10	0.19	77.4	80.2	0.33
Bulgaria	419	100	-0.30	-0.12	-0.11	77.1	59.4	0.05
Brazil	413	96	-0.26	0.11	0.04	77.6	67.3	0.17
Mexico	413	74	-0.45	0.17	0.33	83.9	85.2	0.44
Saudi Arabia	413	43	-0.53	0.40	0.46	78.6	79.0	0.53
Peru	405	77	-0.28	0.12	0.19	86.2	86.0	0.45
Azerbaijan	405	62	-0.23	0.10	0.07	86.1	75.6	0.50
Jordan	405	45	-0.32	0.03	-0.07	81.8	65.4	0.33
Cyprus	404	73	-0.41	-0.02	-0.13	77.6	53.0	-0.17
Argentina	397	81	-0.76	-0.18	-0.07	67.5	71.2	0.21
Ecuador	396	87	-0.50	0.09	0.19	79.9	78.7	0.33
Indonesia	393	50	-0.43	0.40	0.46	94.5	92.5	1.00
El Salvador	381	75	-0.61	-0.06	-0.05	74.7	75.2	0.26
Lebanon	372	76	-0.48	-0.12	-0.02	87.8	55.2	0.31
North Macedonia	372	59	-0.62	0.20	0.06	84.6	75.7	0.34
Philippines	371	78	-0.22	0.06	0.32	91.2	65.2	0.70
Armenia	362	40	-0.29	-0.07	-0.01	88.4	80.3	0.47
Dominican Republic	361	70	-0.58	-0.05	-0.02	82.0	71.5	0.45
Kyrgyzstan	357	42	-0.42	-0.03	0.03	80.9	75.9	0.41
Morocco	357	51	-0.59	0.14	-0.04	81.5	70.5	0.39
Palestinian Authority	357	42	-0.90	-0.04	-0.13	78.5	66.2	0.31
Paraguay	356	65	-0.89	-0.03	0.00	76.0	78.5	0.35
Kosovo	351	38	-0.59	0.16	0.10	88.6	78.4	0.27
Guatemala	347	78	-0.71	0.08	0.10	80.4	81.9	0.46
Kenya	331	9	-0.39	0.23	0.28	93.7	76.7	0.69
Mauritius	m	m	-0.06	0.08	0.25	85.9	m	0.47
Rwanda	m	m	-0.67	-0.02	0.09	93.6	m	0.65
Cambodia	m	m	-0.68	m	m	92.9	m	m
Zambia	m	m	-0.73	0.12	0.28	81.2	m	0.27
Dushanbe (Tajikistan)	m	m	-0.97	-0.09	-0.06	76.5	m	0.69
Kurdistan Region (Iraq)	m	m	-0.99	0.08	-0.08	85.4	m	0.29

Note

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← 1. Unless a country or economy is explicitly identified, all figures refer to the average across OECD countries.

	Mean performance in PISA 2025				Short-term change in mean performance (PISA 2022 to PISA 2025)			Top-performing and low-performing students
	Science	Reading	Mathematics	Computational problem solving	Science	Reading	Mathematics	Share of top performers (Level 5 or 6) in science, reading or mathematics	Share of low performers (Below Level 2) in science, reading and mathematics
	Mean score	Mean score	Mean score	Mean score	Score dif.	Score dif.	Score dif.	%	%
OECD average	482	461	463	500	-3	-14	-9	11.9	19.7
B-S-J-Z (China)	597	527	612	560	m	m	m	55.5	1.8
Singapore	560	535	563	563	-2	-8	-12	42.3	6.8
Macao (China)	541	501	549	572	-2	-9	-3	30.8	5.2
Chinese Taipei	540	508	546	551	2	-7	-1	35.0	9.1
Japan	538	503	525	557	-9	-13	-10	27.1	8.8
Estonia	527	499	508	541	1	-12	-2	18.0	7.4
Korea	526	501	522	538	-2	-15	-5	28.1	9.4
United Kingdom	511	494	488	523	12	0	-1	18.2	12.0
Canada*	510	490	485	525	-5	-17	-12	17.4	12.0
New Zealand*	509	497	480	531	5	-4	1	20.8	13.8
Australia	509	491	478	532	2	-7	-10	18.2	14.0
Finland	504	474	469	507	-7	-16	-15	14.0	15.7
United States*	502	490	463	513	2	-14	-2	17.8	17.5
Switzerland	501	470	499	520	-1	-13	-9	18.1	15.0
Ireland	500	500	480	511	-4	-16	-12	12.7	11.2
Austria	497	467	477	509	6	-13	-10	12.6	16.5
Hong Kong (China)	496	480	522	545	-25	-20	-19	22.9	10.0
Poland	495	482	484	507	-4	-7	-5	14.4	14.0
Türkiye	494	472	462	473	18	16	8	11.1	15.4
Czechia	490	468	477	517	-7	-20	-10	12.8	15.4
Belgium	490	466	480	508	-1	-13	-10	13.4	18.1
Lithuania	488	464	470	512	3	-8	-5	8.7	15.2
Germany	486	465	464	498	-7	-15	-11	14.0	20.7
Netherlands*	485	441	483	506	-3	-18	-9	15.7	21.3
Sweden	485	466	464	503	-8	-21	-18	14.1	19.4
Slovenia	484	445	460	486	-16	-24	-25	10.1	18.8
France	483	456	458	497	-4	-18	-16	9.8	21.3
Italy	483	474	468	490	6	-7	-3	10.1	15.8
Portugal	482	462	460	501	-3	-15	-12	9.0	18.6
Hungary	480	452	459	495	-6	-21	-13	7.6	19.7
Denmark	478	460	471	506	-16	-29	-19	8.9	16.0
Spain	477	451	457	499	-7	-23	-16	7.0	18.4
Croatia	476	453	455	464	-6	-22	-8	7.8	20.3
Slovak Republic	475	448	469	497	13	1	5	11.0	21.1
Luxembourg	474	443	458	506	m	m	m	11.4	25.0
Norway*	470	453	452	491	-8	-24	-17	9.7	22.0
Latvia	468	430	460	507	-25	-45	-23	6.7	21.6
United Arab Emirates	458	433	453	476	26	15	21	10.3	26.6
Viet Nam	457	392	443	461	m	m	m	4.2	26.0
Malta	453	415	439	463	-13	-31	-27	8.3	29.4
Ukrainian regions (17 of 27)	448	418	431	478	-1	-8	-9	3.6	29.3
Uruguay	445	423	405	462	9	-7	-4	2.8	30.2
Chile	442	436	403	466	-1	-12	-9	2.6	28.8
Israel	442	436	433	444	-23	-38	-25	8.8	29.0
Iceland	441	422	450	490	-6	-14	-9	5.9	27.6
Brunei Darussalam	439	426	435	496	-6	-4	-7	3.4	33.0
Mauritius	438	405	407	m	m	m	m	3.0	35.1
Uzbekistan	438	m	m	402	83	m	m	m	m
Montenegro	435	418	411	423	32	13	5	1.8	33.0
Albania*	435	408	433	437	m	m	m	1.9	27.8
Qatar	434	418	416	452	2	-1	2	5.0	35.8
Greece	434	423	424	461	-7	-16	-6	3.3	31.4
Thailand	432	392	407	476	23	13	13	1.2	36.9
Serbia	429	415	417	437	-18	-26	-23	3.4	34.1
Romania	425	413	419	442	-3	-16	-9	4.8	38.5
Mongolia	424	374	419	443	12	-4	-6	1.4	38.6
Costa Rica	424	416	387	452	13	1	3	0.9	36.7
Georgia	422	384	416	413	38	10	26	2.3	36.2
Moldova	422	404	410	452	5	-7	-4	1.5	39.0
Bulgaria	421	387	405	425	0	-18	-12	4.1	41.9
Kazakhstan	420	385	414	449	-4	-1	-12	1.4	41.1
Malaysia	419	393	397	484	3	5	-11	0.8	42.3
Colombia	414	399	381	432	3	-9	-2	1.1	43.9
Mexico	414	408	388	453	4	-7	-7	0.5	41.8
Saudi Arabia	413	387	390	426	23	5	1	0.6	44.0
Cyprus	411	379	412	427	0	-2	-7	4.6	43.5
Azerbaijan	409	374	422	388	m	m	m	4.8	42.9
Brazil	409	408	377	406	6	-2	-2	1.8	43.8
Jordan	407	363	388	408	32	20	26	0.3	48.1
Peru	406	390	382	436	-2	-18	-9	0.5	46.6
Ecuador	393	385	366	422	m	m	m	0.2	53.6
Argentina	393	389	367	403	-13	-12	-11	1.2	48.8
Indonesia	389	365	364	427	6	7	-2	0.1	60.9
El Salvador	385	366	346	401	12	2	3	0.2	61.3
Cambodia	382	347	366	m	35	18	29	0.0	61.7
North Macedonia	378	357	380	389	-1	-1	-9	0.9	55.8
Philippines	373	367	371	434	17	20	16	0.3	64.3
Lebanon	372	331	377	358	m	m	m	1.1	58.4
Armenia	369	348	376	354	m	m	m	0.8	58.1
Kyrgyzstan	363	344	364	388	m	m	m	0.0	70.9
Dominican Republic	361	346	339	379	0	-6	0	0.0	69.3
Palestinian Authority	359	350	354	393	-17	-6	-18	0.1	68.4
Morocco	358	321	355	374	-7	-18	-10	0.1	73.2
Kosovo	357	340	350	359	0	-2	-5	0.0	73.8
Paraguay	355	352	334	352	-13	-21	-4	0.1	69.4
Kurdistan Region (Iraq)	352	312	339	m	m	m	m	0.0	76.8
Guatemala	351	337	334	369	-22	-37	-10	0.0	75.6
Zambia	337	325	314	m	m	m	m	0.2	72.5
Kenya	335	320	326	278	m	m	m	0.0	82.1
Dushanbe (Tajikistan)	334	368	382	m	m	m	m	0.0	67.2
Rwanda	317	301	312	m	m	m	m	0.0	86.5

	Socio-economic disparities in science performance in PISA 2025						Science performance by immigrant background
	Strength: Percentage of variance in science performance explained by ESCS¹	Percentage of disadvantaged students who are academically resilient²	Difference between advantaged³ and disadvantaged students	Disadvantaged students⁴	Advantaged students⁴	Difference between advantaged and disadvantaged students⁵	Non-immigrant students	Immigrant students	Difference between non-immigrant and immigrant students
	%	%	Score dif.	Score dif.	Score dif.	Score dif.	Mean score	Mean score	Score dif.
OECD average	11.6	11.9	85	5	-8	-13	497	455	-43
Kenya	0.2	25.7	8	m	m	m	352	294	-58
Cambodia	0.5	22.4	9	36	37	0	388	347	-41
Uzbekistan	1.3	22.0	22	85	87	2	444	413	-31
Kurdistan Region (Iraq)	1.5	21.7	19	m	m	m	364	351	-14
Rwanda	3.1	22.4	30	m	m	m	329	365	36
United Arab Emirates	3.3	13.9	50	40	19	-21	412	507	94
Macao (China)	3.7	18.7	45	1	11	10	533	550	16
Qatar	4.0	14.7	50	21	-13	-34	393	477	85
Jordan	4.1	17.5	42	37	34	-4	413	411	-1
Armenia	4.3	21.7	39	m	m	m	380	363	-17
Georgia	4.4	18.0	46	55	29	-27	431	370	-62
Kazakhstan	4.6	17.9	41	-2	-3	-1	425	412	-13
Kosovo	4.8	17.8	40	2	3	1	366	352	-13
Palestinian Authority	5.4	18.1	43	-6	-12	-5	371	335	-36
Latvia	5.5	15.5	58	-12	-27	-15	479	404	-75
Saudi Arabia	5.6	14.2	47	15	17	3	414	452	38
Canada*	6.0	14.6	59	1	-13	-14	518	514	-4
Kyrgyzstan	6.1	17.0	45	m	m	m	372	342	-30
Hong Kong (China)	6.2	15.2	69	-27	-10	17	498	500	2
Malta	6.3	14.6	69	3	-19	-22	463	461	-2
Cyprus	6.6	15.0	73	12	4	-8	423	445	22
North Macedonia	6.8	18.1	63	17	5	-12	398	315	-84
Thailand	7.0	16.7	55	29	19	-11	437	370	-67
Iceland	7.1	13.3	66	13	-5	-18	456	390	-65
Azerbaijan	7.1	15.5	63	m	m	m	421	374	-48
Dushanbe (Tajikistan)	7.5	14.5	46	m	m	m	336	342	6
Japan	7.6	13.0	71	-7	-7	0	540	514	-26
Lebanon	7.7	16.9	74	m	m	m	408	322	-87
Korea	7.7	12.8	69	2	-15	-17	530	428	-101
Lithuania	7.9	13.7	63	16	-9	-25	494	463	-31
Ukrainian regions (17 of 27)	8.0	14.9	66	11	-3	-14	456	375	-81
Montenegro	8.2	14.3	65	40	34	-6	438	454	15
Norway*	8.2	12.2	77	-4	-17	-13	484	440	-44
Slovenia	8.5	13.3	71	-5	-25	-20	499	437	-62
United Kingdom	8.5	14.4	80	13	1	-12	517	517	0
Indonesia	8.6	15.4	47	2	17	15	392	328	-64
Albania*	8.7	13.3	63	52	67	15	439	m	m
Finland	9.0	13.5	78	0	-12	-11	517	429	-88
Serbia	9.1	14.1	70	-9	-17	-7	438	430	-8
Morocco	9.1	16.4	55	-13	5	18	363	329	-34
Israel	9.2	13.8	82	7	-30	-37	466	431	-35
Spain	9.2	13.2	71	-4	-13	-8	489	447	-43
Australia	9.5	13.2	80	10	-12	-22	511	517	6
Ireland	9.6	14.0	72	-1	-7	-6	503	496	-7
Denmark	9.6	13.5	69	-9	-20	-12	490	427	-63
Estonia	9.6	11.7	68	1	-7	-8	534	487	-47
B-S-J-Z (China)	9.7	14.4	72	m	m	m	598	544	-54
Greece	10.4	12.3	76	-5	-11	-5	448	387	-61
Dominican Republic	10.4	12.4	69	-2	13	15	372	329	-42
Türkiye	10.4	12.6	81	17	24	7	500	441	-60
United States*	11.0	10.8	104	6	2	-4	504	515	11
New Zealand*	11.1	12.6	89	20	4	-17	517	515	-2
Poland	11.3	12.1	82	4	-8	-13	502	447	-55
Italy	11.3	12.5	80	11	3	-8	491	445	-46
Chinese Taipei	11.4	10.9	91	2	-8	-10	543	489	-55
Chile	11.4	13.5	76	6	2	-3	451	420	-31
Argentina	11.8	14.2	82	-7	-1	6	402	386	-16
Mongolia	11.8	12.8	71	19	8	-11	429	318	-111
Croatia	11.9	12.0	84	-7	2	9	481	459	-22
Mexico	11.9	11.6	68	3	3	0	418	369	-49
Paraguay	12.0	12.3	72	-17	-11	6	366	360	-6
Sweden	12.0	9.3	92	-1	-21	-20	508	439	-69
Singapore	12.5	10.7	91	4	-12	-16	554	583	29
Mauritius	12.5	11.4	94	m	m	m	m	m	m
Brunei Darussalam	12.8	10.7	89	-4	-12	-8	437	484	46
Philippines	12.9	11.3	76	10	36	26	381	280	-101
Portugal	13.3	10.8	92	-2	-3	0	493	454	-39
Moldova	13.4	11.2	84	4	7	3	429	397	-32
France	13.5	11.0	100	13	-8	-21	502	445	-57
Switzerland	13.6	10.1	99	10	-11	-21	527	473	-54
Peru	13.7	10.1	78	6	-6	-12	411	378	-33
El Salvador	13.7	10.3	73	8	14	6	390	359	-31
Bulgaria	13.8	11.6	101	12	3	-9	440	377	-63
Netherlands*	13.9	10.4	105	-2	-8	-6	500	438	-63
Austria	14.0	9.9	98	20	-6	-26	519	452	-67
Belgium	14.6	9.9	98	17	-5	-22	509	456	-53
Uruguay	14.9	11.9	87	14	8	-6	449	460	11
Czechia	15.0	10.4	96	9	-13	-22	498	440	-58
Malaysia	15.7	10.3	82	3	8	5	423	381	-43
Brazil	15.9	9.6	96	7	12	5	420	334	-86
Guatemala	17.1	10.1	76	-26	-6	20	364	329	-35
Colombia	17.4	9.2	93	2	5	4	424	376	-48
Viet Nam	17.5	11.3	87	m	m	m	460	447	-13
Hungary	17.9	10.1	103	6	-16	-23	484	474	-10
Germany	19.0	8.5	125	-7	-3	4	521	438	-83
Ecuador	20.4	9.1	86	m	m	m	397	399	1
Slovak Republic	20.7	9.6	114	31	7	-24	484	443	-40
Luxembourg	21.7	6.8	130	m	m	m	494	473	-21
Romania	21.7	7.0	122	2	1	-1	434	374	-61
Zambia	37.8	3.8	177	m	m	m	348	327	-22
Costa Rica	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m

	Science performance			Reading performance			Mathematics performance
	Girls	Boys	Difference between boys and girls	Girls	Boys	Difference between boys and girls	Girls	Boys	Difference between boys and girls
	Mean score	Mean score	Score dif.	Mean score	Mean score	Score dif.	Mean score	Mean score	Score dif.
OECD average	483	481	-1	476	446	-30	456	470	13
Rwanda	306	332	26	298	304	6	302	325	23
Kenya	322	346	24	322	319	-3	315	336	20
Hong Kong (China)	487	503	16	486	474	-12	513	530	17
B-S-J-Z (China)	590	604	14	530	523	-7	602	622	21
Zambia	330	344	14	326	324	-2	307	321	14
Mexico	407	420	13	414	402	-12	380	396	16
United Kingdom	505	517	12	501	488	-14	475	499	24
Costa Rica	418	430	11	423	409	-14	376	398	22
Peru	400	411	11	399	382	-17	376	389	13
Japan	533	542	10	510	496	-14	517	533	16
Guatemala	347	356	9	342	333	-9	330	339	9
Chile	438	447	9	446	425	-21	394	411	18
United States*	498	506	8	501	477	-24	451	475	24
Hungary	476	484	8	462	442	-20	450	469	19
Ireland	496	503	7	510	491	-19	471	488	17
Colombia	410	418	7	407	391	-16	374	388	14
Argentina	390	397	7	394	385	-9	358	376	18
El Salvador	382	388	6	375	358	-17	340	353	13
Canada*	508	512	5	501	479	-22	475	495	20
Lebanon	370	374	5	335	326	-10	374	381	7
Ecuador	391	396	4	394	376	-18	360	372	12
Türkiye	492	496	4	482	460	-22	453	471	18
Paraguay	353	357	4	361	343	-18	326	341	15
Dushanbe (Tajikistan)	332	336	4	372	364	-8	375	389	15
Italy	481	485	3	488	460	-28	459	476	17
Germany	484	487	3	478	453	-25	458	469	11
Austria	495	498	3	480	454	-26	466	489	23
Uruguay	443	446	2	436	411	-25	398	412	13
Brazil	408	409	2	419	397	-21	373	380	7
Luxembourg	473	474	1	458	429	-30	448	467	19
Denmark	477	478	1	476	445	-31	463	478	14
Macao (China)	540	541	1	513	490	-22	540	558	19
Australia	509	509	1	507	475	-31	469	486	16
Spain	477	477	0	464	439	-26	450	464	14
Singapore	560	560	0	548	522	-26	558	568	10
Brunei Darussalam	440	439	-1	438	414	-25	434	437	3
Viet Nam	458	457	-1	404	379	-25	440	446	6
Estonia	528	527	-1	512	487	-25	502	514	13
Malaysia	420	419	-1	403	382	-22	394	400	6
Poland	496	494	-1	500	463	-37	478	490	13
Romania	426	424	-2	429	399	-30	416	422	7
Belgium	491	489	-2	483	450	-33	472	487	16
Iceland	443	441	-2	439	408	-31	444	456	12
Korea	527	525	-2	515	487	-28	517	528	11
New Zealand*	510	508	-2	514	480	-33	474	486	12
Morocco	359	357	-3	329	313	-17	356	354	-2
Czechia	492	489	-3	484	454	-31	471	483	12
Portugal	484	480	-4	479	445	-33	455	465	11
Ukrainian regions (17 of 27)	450	446	-4	434	402	-32	427	435	8
Slovak Republic	477	472	-5	466	429	-37	463	475	11
Netherlands*	488	483	-5	459	424	-35	479	488	9
Kazakhstan	422	417	-5	398	372	-27	409	418	9
Indonesia	391	386	-5	377	353	-24	367	361	-6
Switzerland	504	498	-5	485	454	-31	493	506	13
Mauritius	441	435	-5	415	395	-20	405	409	4
France	487	480	-6	473	441	-32	451	464	13
Dominican Republic	364	357	-7	360	330	-30	336	342	6
Thailand	437	427	-9	406	376	-30	409	404	-6
Uzbekistan	442	433	-9	m	m	m	m	m	m
Norway*	475	465	-10	473	434	-39	449	455	6
Lithuania	493	483	-10	486	442	-44	466	475	9
Chinese Taipei	545	535	-11	528	489	-39	546	547	1
Moldova	427	417	-11	423	385	-38	408	412	4
United Arab Emirates	464	453	-11	451	414	-37	451	455	4
Latvia	474	462	-12	450	409	-42	457	464	7
Greece	440	428	-12	446	400	-46	421	427	6
Montenegro	442	429	-12	440	399	-41	411	411	0
Sweden	491	479	-12	487	447	-41	463	465	2
Philippines	380	367	-12	380	354	-27	373	368	-6
Serbia	436	422	-13	435	395	-40	417	417	0
Kyrgyzstan	369	356	-13	358	331	-27	364	364	0
Israel	449	435	-13	455	417	-38	432	435	3
Azerbaijan	416	402	-14	392	356	-36	423	422	-1
Cambodia	388	374	-14	355	338	-17	365	367	2
Qatar	441	427	-14	438	398	-40	415	417	2
Georgia	430	415	-15	406	364	-42	417	416	-1
Saudi Arabia	422	405	-17	400	374	-26	386	394	7
Albania*	443	426	-17	423	391	-32	431	435	4
Armenia	377	359	-18	368	327	-40	377	375	-2
Malta	462	443	-19	438	392	-47	443	435	-8
Kosovo	366	347	-19	358	322	-35	351	350	-1
Croatia	486	466	-20	477	430	-47	455	456	1
North Macedonia	389	369	-20	373	342	-31	381	378	-3
Jordan	417	397	-20	379	346	-33	390	385	-5
Slovenia	494	473	-21	471	420	-52	461	458	-3
Cyprus	422	400	-21	401	357	-44	413	410	-3
Finland	516	493	-22	498	452	-46	468	470	2
Mongolia	436	412	-23	390	358	-31	423	414	-8
Bulgaria	434	409	-26	412	364	-49	413	398	-15
Kurdistan Region (Iraq)	365	339	-26	328	295	-33	339	338	-1
Palestinian Authority	375	338	-37	374	319	-56	366	339	-27

	Drive to learn		Agency and adaptability					Hasty responses (percentage of responses that are both incorrect and fast – average across reading items)
	Students' perseverance	Students' curiosity	Students' goal setting	Students' help seeking	Students' beliefs about the nature of science	Students' cognitive adaptability	Students' growth mindset
	Mean index	Mean index	Mean index	Mean index	Mean index	Mean index	%	%
OECD average	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	69.3	8.9
Costa Rica	0.51	0.31	0.19	0.36	-0.10	0.27	58.7	9.6
Thailand	0.40	0.00	0.28	0.16	-0.04	-0.15	36.3	10.8
Malaysia	0.38	0.21	0.25	0.43	-0.16	-0.20	37.0	7.2
Iceland	0.37	0.08	0.14	0.18	-0.08	0.06	61.9	11.4
Chile	0.34	0.24	0.10	0.11	-0.08	0.11	66.4	10.3
Mexico	0.33	0.24	0.04	0.22	-0.17	0.24	60.8	5.6
Colombia	0.32	0.24	0.12	0.22	-0.26	0.25	56.6	9.8
Ecuador	0.28	0.20	0.16	0.24	-0.25	0.16	49.4	7.9
United Arab Emirates	0.28	0.18	0.56	0.31	0.06	0.16	67.5	12.8
Philippines	0.27	0.14	0.30	0.17	-0.28	-0.08	44.2	7.6
Spain	0.26	0.12	0.22	0.09	0.05	0.15	m	9.7
Portugal	0.24	0.12	0.16	0.13	0.14	-0.07	66.9	7.8
Viet Nam	0.24	0.08	0.37	0.28	-0.27	0.12	51.8	8.8
Guatemala	0.23	0.19	0.11	0.20	-0.44	0.06	47.2	10.4
Peru	0.21	0.22	0.20	-0.02	-0.22	-0.05	45.2	8.6
Kurdistan Region (Iraq)	0.20	-0.08	m	m	-0.47	m	46.2	m
Uzbekistan	0.19	0.21	0.47	0.13	-0.23	0.15	53.1	12.2
Saudi Arabia	0.18	0.07	0.54	0.35	-0.04	0.30	64.4	11.9
Mauritius	0.18	0.32	m	m	-0.16	m	57.6	m
Romania	0.17	0.12	0.21	0.01	-0.07	-0.03	60.7	12.9
Uruguay	0.17	0.00	-0.05	0.12	-0.21	-0.04	74.3	11.7
Canada*	0.12	0.13	0.17	0.11	0.11	0.10	76.3	6.8
Türkiye	0.11	0.10	0.03	0.00	0.06	0.09	71.5	5.1
Malta	0.10	0.09	0.26	-0.02	-0.05	0.07	65.6	18.4
B-S-J-Z (China)	0.10	0.01	0.09	0.31	0.38	0.06	49.6	2.2
Singapore	0.08	0.15	0.20	0.38	0.31	0.00	62.3	5.6
Kosovo	0.08	-0.04	0.49	0.09	-0.47	-0.01	57.3	20.1
North Macedonia	0.07	-0.05	0.38	-0.06	-0.37	0.10	55.3	20.7
El Salvador	0.06	-0.10	0.04	0.16	-0.47	0.23	49.3	11.8
Japan	0.05	-0.21	-0.44	0.07	0.26	-0.54	76.0	5.5
Azerbaijan	0.05	-0.16	0.40	0.06	-0.36	0.12	55.8	17.0
Brunei Darussalam	0.03	0.25	0.13	0.33	0.02	-0.32	53.6	4.7
Austria	0.03	0.14	0.10	-0.06	0.03	0.08	78.6	8.1
Morocco	0.03	-0.26	0.37	0.18	-0.33	0.09	58.6	14.3
Switzerland	0.02	0.07	0.08	0.06	0.06	0.05	68.7	8.0
Ireland	0.02	0.14	-0.06	-0.08	0.21	0.04	76.3	4.1
Chinese Taipei	0.02	-0.13	-0.11	0.20	0.36	-0.25	45.5	8.4
Qatar	0.01	0.00	0.41	0.18	-0.12	0.00	65.0	16.4
Australia	0.00	0.08	0.02	0.07	0.13	0.07	67.5	8.0
France	-0.01	0.11	-0.20	-0.16	0.12	0.00	80.5	9.0
Lebanon	-0.01	-0.15	0.37	-0.20	-0.45	-0.15	58.2	22.5
Italy	-0.02	-0.01	0.06	0.00	-0.01	-0.22	69.8	8.6
Paraguay	-0.02	-0.06	0.13	0.17	-0.51	0.23	49.9	14.2
Korea	-0.02	0.01	-0.14	0.20	0.21	-0.20	77.9	6.9
Dushanbe (Tajikistan)	-0.02	-0.25	m	m	-0.50	m	52.0	m
Argentina	-0.03	-0.13	0.14	0.13	-0.37	0.00	58.7	13.0
New Zealand*	-0.03	0.06	-0.11	0.08	0.10	-0.03	74.4	7.1
Israel	-0.03	-0.08	0.09	0.08	-0.21	0.17	65.6	19.7
Moldova	-0.04	-0.11	0.20	0.03	-0.17	0.02	58.9	10.1
Armenia	-0.05	-0.16	0.38	-0.11	-0.53	0.17	63.2	23.1
United Kingdom	-0.05	0.03	0.10	-0.05	0.05	-0.03	73.6	6.4
Croatia	-0.06	-0.10	0.20	-0.08	0.03	0.07	71.6	11.4
Mongolia	-0.06	0.22	0.19	0.16	0.01	0.01	72.1	10.1
Estonia	-0.06	-0.01	-0.03	0.08	0.13	0.12	83.0	4.4
Hungary	-0.07	-0.09	0.10	-0.06	-0.06	-0.21	68.0	8.7
Belgium	-0.07	-0.13	-0.08	-0.11	0.02	-0.03	66.7	7.2
Germany	-0.07	0.02	-0.07	-0.09	0.04	0.09	76.0	7.7
Norway*	-0.07	m	-0.03	0.00	0.04	m	57.1	12.2
Dominican Republic	-0.07	-0.09	0.09	0.10	-0.58	0.04	56.0	16.7
Greece	-0.08	-0.07	0.02	-0.10	-0.04	-0.04	74.2	14.3
Denmark	-0.09	-0.18	-0.21	0.00	-0.08	0.00	67.9	8.5
Jordan	-0.09	-0.32	0.20	0.03	-0.40	-0.03	56.2	10.5
Finland	-0.10	-0.06	-0.09	0.02	-0.06	-0.02	76.6	8.8
Macao (China)	-0.11	-0.11	-0.14	0.22	0.19	-0.21	44.6	4.1
Palestinian Authority	-0.11	-0.34	0.25	0.09	-0.48	0.03	56.4	17.9
Rwanda	-0.13	-0.27	m	m	-0.57	m	49.9	m
Hong Kong (China)	-0.13	-0.06	0.02	0.16	0.17	-0.19	44.0	8.8
Lithuania	-0.14	-0.18	0.08	-0.05	-0.09	-0.01	51.7	7.0
Luxembourg	-0.14	-0.03	-0.01	-0.20	0.02	-0.01	75.0	9.9
Montenegro	-0.14	-0.20	0.20	0.02	-0.34	0.23	67.3	12.2
Latvia	-0.16	-0.13	0.12	-0.09	-0.15	-0.05	75.6	11.4
Serbia	-0.16	-0.21	0.19	-0.04	-0.23	0.13	65.7	17.2
Cyprus	-0.20	-0.27	0.15	-0.14	-0.31	-0.07	64.2	24.9
Ukrainian regions (17 of 27)	-0.21	-0.32	0.09	-0.12	-0.09	0.19	68.2	9.6
Netherlands*	-0.21	-0.26	-0.12	-0.13	-0.30	-0.08	62.2	14.2
Kyrgyzstan	-0.22	-0.07	0.19	-0.03	-0.41	-0.02	72.6	15.1
Georgia	-0.22	-0.12	0.31	-0.13	-0.33	0.11	72.2	15.3
Bulgaria	-0.26	-0.28	0.06	-0.16	-0.41	0.12	56.4	22.3
Slovak Republic	-0.29	-0.10	0.03	-0.26	-0.12	-0.17	62.4	9.7
Czechia	-0.30	-0.28	-0.35	-0.27	0.00	-0.17	64.0	9.2
Slovenia	-0.31	-0.26	0.05	-0.23	-0.04	0.06	69.5	11.5
Poland	-0.34	-0.12	-0.17	-0.33	-0.09	0.03	69.9	8.4
Albania*	m	0.45	0.74	0.43	0.13	0.28	59.3	10.4
Indonesia	m	0.18	0.32	0.25	-0.21	-0.07	30.2	6.6
Zambia	m	0.14	m	m	-0.19	m	59.1	m
Kenya	m	-0.01	0.59	0.16	-0.36	0.03	45.1	10.1
Brazil	m	-0.05	0.07	0.05	-0.09	-0.15	52.3	12.3
Kazakhstan	m	-0.09	0.39	0.05	-0.33	0.21	74.8	9.0
Sweden	m	m	0.16	0.14	0.00	m	53.5	11.1
United States*	m	m	0.04	0.15	0.21	0.16	81.1	7.3
Cambodia	m	m	m	m	m	m	48.4	m

	School climate			Beliefs about school and learning
	Disciplinary climate	Absence of bullying	Lack of truancy	Sense of belonging at school	Value of learning at school¹	Students' views on social mobility
	Mean index	%	%	Mean index	%	%
OECD average	0.14	52.5	66.1	0.09	51.4	66.4
Korea	1.32	73.1	96.6	0.31	84.9	69.5
Japan	1.12	68.5	92.9	0.42	75.9	55.9
Uzbekistan	0.82	75.5	55.1	0.24	65.4	54.4
B-S-J-Z (China)	0.80	62.4	96.2	-0.04	50.4	51.4
Kazakhstan	0.80	77.5	63.9	0.13	70.6	66.0
Saudi Arabia	0.77	69.3	30.4	0.43	71.4	65.3
Albania*	0.70	73.9	60.8	0.67	58.3	58.3
Armenia	0.66	80.1	27.9	0.19	76.2	70.3
Chinese Taipei	0.59	71.0	89.4	0.01	69.7	52.4
Kenya	0.57	21.6	50.0	-0.21	47.2	39.6
Ukrainian regions (17 of 27)	0.50	65.1	27.3	0.06	65.7	69.2
Hong Kong (China)	0.48	53.6	86.3	-0.32	51.0	41.6
Indonesia	0.47	51.5	78.0	-0.07	70.3	32.0
Malaysia	0.46	41.7	78.6	-0.19	71.1	40.8
Azerbaijan	0.45	70.2	44.6	0.23	64.5	59.4
Croatia	0.41	61.9	79.4	0.46	55.9	69.4
Macao (China)	0.40	44.1	85.8	-0.27	47.3	41.1
Montenegro	0.37	67.3	42.7	0.35	52.2	62.1
Thailand	0.36	58.2	76.6	-0.26	44.6	37.9
Romania	0.36	48.8	51.9	0.14	48.3	73.5
Serbia	0.35	70.8	64.4	0.33	41.6	69.3
Kyrgyzstan	0.32	55.8	42.1	0.05	56.0	65.8
Austria	0.32	47.7	73.2	0.50	41.0	69.3
Viet Nam	0.30	54.2	90.1	-0.28	74.3	52.3
Slovak Republic	0.29	56.5	85.6	-0.04	57.7	63.6
Lithuania	0.29	54.7	63.7	-0.11	42.0	61.8
Brunei Darussalam	0.28	31.9	62.2	-0.43	33.6	42.3
United States*	0.27	52.9	56.5	-0.21	53.0	70.0
Georgia	0.24	67.8	19.6	0.08	67.6	71.8
Latvia	0.24	44.0	65.2	-0.11	52.9	71.6
Estonia	0.23	39.5	62.5	-0.04	53.7	72.3
United Arab Emirates	0.22	51.3	59.0	-0.01	47.5	65.0
North Macedonia	0.20	63.8	48.8	0.26	50.2	57.5
Switzerland	0.19	46.9	79.1	0.38	44.4	64.7
Hungary	0.19	55.9	83.1	0.23	55.3	72.1
Singapore	0.19	47.7	85.2	-0.11	62.6	m
Peru	0.19	43.1	53.7	-0.19	62.9	52.4
Ireland	0.18	52.3	47.8	-0.11	48.3	67.8
Moldova	0.18	38.4	58.1	0.00	52.6	68.0
Poland	0.16	55.9	49.0	-0.18	36.9	71.6
Mongolia	0.16	52.2	66.0	0.19	57.7	60.3
Portugal	0.15	62.1	85.3	0.16	50.8	76.7
Costa Rica	0.14	47.3	32.4	0.21	53.4	58.2
Finland	0.14	56.6	75.8	0.17	64.7	67.0
Iceland	0.13	59.7	76.0	0.36	57.7	55.4
Türkiye	0.12	52.1	37.2	0.05	50.0	62.5
Czechia	0.10	50.2	87.7	-0.19	46.8	69.9
Luxembourg	0.10	47.8	76.4	0.09	39.2	65.9
Ecuador	0.09	43.8	61.5	-0.01	50.8	53.1
Canada*	0.09	50.0	54.1	-0.11	53.4	66.6
El Salvador	0.09	35.4	55.8	-0.08	62.3	56.2
Norway*	0.08	54.6	72.2	0.39	47.4	m
Guatemala	0.07	50.5	46.0	m	52.0	47.8
Mexico	0.07	52.6	71.1	0.05	66.1	60.5
Sweden	0.06	56.2	77.0	0.30	m	m
Slovenia	0.06	58.1	66.2	0.17	58.0	71.4
United Kingdom	0.05	43.9	66.1	-0.10	50.7	64.9
Spain	0.05	59.9	51.3	0.46	54.7	m
Germany	0.04	38.2	78.0	0.24	24.6	m
Philippines	0.04	25.2	76.6	-0.29	32.6	36.9
Qatar	0.03	47.9	35.8	-0.14	53.0	62.4
Colombia	0.03	43.9	63.7	0.05	62.3	57.2
Belgium	0.03	46.9	80.3	0.12	47.3	70.9
Denmark	0.03	41.0	58.7	0.14	53.0	62.1
Jordan	0.02	51.0	64.2	-0.05	60.6	55.9
Kosovo	0.02	54.9	28.4	0.14	53.2	54.0
Netherlands*	0.00	60.5	74.8	0.23	47.9	63.3
Israel	-0.04	62.2	44.8	0.18	42.9	74.8
Italy	-0.04	65.3	27.3	0.01	41.8	73.1
Dominican Republic	-0.06	44.8	35.7	-0.02	63.5	59.0
Malta	-0.08	44.5	49.1	-0.14	45.6	61.6
Australia	-0.09	45.1	49.4	-0.16	55.3	m
France	-0.12	56.0	67.9	0.06	45.0	70.4
New Zealand*	-0.13	39.4	59.5	-0.23	51.9	61.3
Brazil	-0.15	51.8	30.7	-0.05	44.8	57.5
Chile	-0.16	46.1	81.5	-0.04	56.2	61.2
Bulgaria	-0.19	52.4	42.5	-0.01	60.8	56.1
Palestinian Authority	-0.20	53.8	40.5	-0.12	63.4	62.5
Morocco	-0.20	48.3	31.9	-0.08	59.9	59.6
Cyprus	-0.21	53.9	63.5	-0.02	43.5	63.7
Uruguay	-0.21	52.8	74.6	0.28	55.8	64.2
Paraguay	-0.22	42.0	25.9	-0.15	62.0	52.6
Lebanon	-0.22	40.9	48.9	m	47.4	54.8
Greece	-0.32	52.3	42.8	-0.04	35.4	67.9
Argentina	-0.43	45.1	71.8	-0.04	52.0	52.7
Zambia	m	30.2	57.8	m	60.5	54.6
Cambodia	m	49.0	79.5	m	40.2	47.8
Dushanbe (Tajikistan)	m	68.8	52.4	-0.11	49.7	47.9
Rwanda	m	16.2	46.0	m	48.8	44.6
Kurdistan Region (Iraq)	m	64.4	50.3	m	62.2	48.5
Mauritius	m	38.6	52.9	-0.23	39.2	54.7

	Digital learning opportunities
	Schools' capacity to enhance teaching and learning using digital devices	Students using AI at least weekly to help them learn	Students learning to assess AI-generated information in their school lesson	Students reporting no distraction using digital devices	Students in schools where cell phones are not allowed	Students in schools with subject-specific guidelines on digital devices
	Mean index	%	%	%	%	%
OECD average	-0.03	45.5	62.6	39.2	49.5	71.2
United Arab Emirates	0.98	64.3	81.7	51.9	90.1	96.3
Uzbekistan	0.93	48.6	80.6	61.1	69.2	87.2
Singapore	0.91	65.6	81.0	25.8	43.1	94.1
Switzerland	0.73	55.4	69.0	43.4	50.6	79.4
Denmark	0.70	48.1	69.1	26.8	64.8	70.3
Thailand	0.65	50.7	68.9	32.6	8.0	59.1
Sweden	0.62	47.6	64.9	29.8	57.5	73.8
United States*	0.53	37.3	56.3	34.1	31.3	89.3
B-S-J-Z (China)	0.51	40.7	44.6	70.1	82.8	87.8
Netherlands*	0.51	35.2	55.4	43.2	58.5	75.8
Luxembourg	0.49	46.7	65.8	46.0	35.3	86.6
Iceland	0.49	41.5	72.8	33.7	51.4	79.0
Norway*	0.46	53.7	74.3	28.9	87.5	73.5
Austria	0.42	49.8	62.8	44.9	27.1	77.9
Qatar	0.41	46.0	68.6	62.0	88.6	95.3
Australia	0.39	50.3	68.3	22.9	85.3	89.2
Korea	0.35	50.7	66.5	72.2	34.1	60.1
Chinese Taipei	0.34	40.5	65.9	53.0	43.3	80.0
Kazakhstan	0.27	47.0	80.2	52.1	39.2	84.9
Finland	0.25	30.1	61.0	34.4	5.2	55.2
Viet Nam	0.24	68.6	70.0	44.6	24.3	77.4
New Zealand*	0.20	46.7	64.6	24.7	88.9	84.4
Bulgaria	0.17	41.2	71.3	31.9	39.2	73.0
Hong Kong (China)	0.16	53.2	69.3	41.8	85.1	74.2
Lithuania	0.15	52.5	73.9	37.7	11.3	58.7
Slovenia	0.11	48.3	63.7	50.1	45.8	67.2
Croatia	0.10	48.1	69.2	49.8	26.2	47.7
Belgium	0.06	42.5	58.6	48.0	52.0	77.1
Canada*	0.03	37.7	56.2	31.4	36.7	86.5
Macao (China)	0.00	66.8	74.5	49.9	49.2	87.5
Italy	0.00	47.5	73.7	28.4	63.2	59.1
Philippines	0.00	54.7	70.8	24.9	20.5	84.7
Indonesia	-0.03	53.5	73.2	49.0	45.4	86.5
Romania	-0.06	39.9	72.6	37.9	49.3	72.8
Germany	-0.07	50.2	59.3	37.5	64.3	80.2
Estonia	-0.07	58.4	72.5	26.6	26.0	30.4
Hungary	-0.09	36.9	61.0	69.7	89.8	55.5
Cambodia	-0.11	m	m	m	48.6	69.8
Czechia	-0.11	46.5	70.0	38.5	28.0	66.4
Latvia	-0.11	50.6	79.1	31.1	22.9	72.0
Cyprus	-0.11	42.5	67.6	37.4	83.4	80.3
Mongolia	-0.13	57.2	74.3	23.8	48.5	68.5
El Salvador	-0.14	40.1	60.5	54.6	71.2	75.8
Saudi Arabia	-0.17	53.8	74.8	78.5	84.1	93.3
Türkiye	-0.18	52.4	68.1	62.5	82.9	94.2
United Kingdom	-0.19	31.5	42.4	48.1	80.3	78.0
Poland	-0.21	55.1	62.4	25.6	18.2	49.9
Dushanbe (Tajikistan)	-0.21	m	m	m	85.2	69.2
Ukrainian regions (17 of 27)	-0.21	54.2	77.7	30.7	9.8	70.1
Georgia	-0.22	42.0	69.3	36.8	23.3	39.6
Slovak Republic	-0.23	46.1	71.1	57.3	56.7	39.2
Malta	-0.23	55.5	61.9	69.7	87.7	61.6
France	-0.25	37.4	46.8	44.8	27.1	78.9
Montenegro	-0.26	43.1	57.9	46.1	94.5	30.5
Moldova	-0.27	47.8	74.2	38.3	51.4	67.3
Israel	-0.28	49.3	63.0	35.2	30.0	84.5
Spain	-0.30	54.2	59.5	37.2	86.3	90.7
North Macedonia	-0.38	43.8	75.5	36.2	59.9	76.7
Serbia	-0.39	51.8	61.6	46.0	47.7	55.3
Jordan	-0.40	41.0	59.2	63.0	82.8	90.3
Ireland	-0.40	25.9	47.2	53.4	77.6	85.7
Kyrgyzstan	-0.42	50.4	74.8	41.0	51.3	82.8
Albania*	-0.45	45.5	81.6	65.1	95.9	85.7
Portugal	-0.50	48.3	57.4	31.2	24.7	73.2
Kosovo	-0.50	46.0	76.7	38.0	73.2	74.5
Brunei Darussalam	-0.51	59.3	73.4	64.8	90.3	86.8
Azerbaijan	-0.51	48.2	76.1	60.7	64.6	75.6
Japan	-0.56	27.4	31.2	74.1	33.8	63.4
Greece	-0.59	33.7	60.7	38.7	98.3	69.3
Chile	-0.61	51.1	61.5	20.1	58.5	59.3
Armenia	-0.63	49.1	75.9	50.4	34.1	47.3
Morocco	-0.65	44.9	52.7	39.6	81.8	63.8
Mauritius	-0.65	m	m	m	79.4	66.8
Guatemala	-0.67	49.9	52.6	43.5	50.1	73.9
Malaysia	-0.69	56.3	70.8	62.3	84.0	88.1
Peru	-0.71	53.8	55.3	43.7	86.4	66.9
Lebanon	-0.72	47.5	73.7	51.6	85.1	62.7
Rwanda	-0.74	m	m	m	66.7	76.3
Uruguay	-0.74	53.0	65.3	14.0	14.1	32.4
Mexico	-0.76	47.4	59.2	24.2	27.2	67.5
Dominican Republic	-0.79	50.4	64.7	43.1	77.1	74.4
Kurdistan Region (Iraq)	-0.82	m	m	m	81.3	62.1
Palestinian Authority	-0.83	44.6	61.4	60.8	73.6	86.3
Brazil	-0.86	47.8	51.2	50.6	81.4	81.8
Colombia	-0.97	55.7	63.5	25.9	37.5	54.7
Ecuador	-0.99	51.9	61.2	41.4	85.7	55.6
Zambia	-1.05	m	m	m	83.2	68.4
Paraguay	-1.06	45.0	53.7	35.1	42.6	68.9
Costa Rica	-1.09	50.1	66.1	28.5	22.7	69.2
Argentina	-1.11	51.8	60.7	18.4	37.0	82.0
Kenya	-1.16	45.7	55.5	65.6	59.8	74.3

	Support perceived by students		School conditions for support
	Family support	Teacher support	Students in schools with no teacher shortages	Students in schools where peer-to-peer tutoring is provided	Students in schools with no material shortages
	Mean index	Mean index	%	%	%
OECD average	-0.19	0.03	28.8	51.2	43.8
Albania*	0.42	0.97	76.5	70.7	45.4
Romania	0.16	0.08	63.6	60.9	44.9
Estonia	0.11	0.01	8.5	49.0	22.0
Armenia	0.10	0.59	52.1	71.4	30.2
Sweden	0.08	0.09	48.9	21.9	62.7
Hungary	0.03	-0.04	42.0	53.3	35.9
Colombia	0.01	0.54	30.6	46.5	17.6
United Arab Emirates	-0.01	0.38	58.2	81.7	68.9
Kenya	-0.03	0.39	23.7	93.7	23.9
Iceland	-0.03	0.31	48.3	43.1	45.8
Poland	-0.04	-0.56	26.5	80.2	42.8
Montenegro	-0.04	0.18	42.8	65.7	16.1
Saudi Arabia	-0.04	0.82	58.1	95.9	48.4
Croatia	-0.04	0.08	26.2	60.6	32.6
Greece	-0.04	-0.30	22.9	47.5	30.7
Slovak Republic	-0.05	0.09	40.6	52.8	19.1
Finland	-0.05	0.22	56.6	29.5	55.7
Portugal	-0.05	0.32	12.9	62.6	27.0
Korea	-0.06	0.51	16.1	80.3	22.4
Viet Nam	-0.07	0.61	26.3	96.2	40.6
Uzbekistan	-0.08	0.73	66.5	98.4	47.5
Spain	-0.08	0.05	20.1	47.0	43.9
Dushanbe (Tajikistan)	-0.08	m	50.3	92.7	37.4
Azerbaijan	-0.08	0.82	50.4	82.5	33.1
Lithuania	-0.09	-0.24	23.1	77.0	15.2
United Kingdom	-0.09	0.23	23.2	54.2	40.3
Kosovo	-0.09	0.37	45.4	81.8	20.0
Latvia	-0.10	0.00	14.1	71.7	13.2
B-S-J-Z (China)	-0.10	0.62	30.5	91.5	49.3
Moldova	-0.11	0.28	37.9	81.8	31.8
Serbia	-0.11	0.10	52.6	71.4	38.0
North Macedonia	-0.11	0.38	54.7	48.0	19.0
Ireland	-0.12	0.19	11.4	26.2	61.8
Ukrainian regions (17 of 27)	-0.13	0.19	36.3	59.8	16.9
Kyrgyzstan	-0.16	0.33	27.9	61.0	7.4
Malta	-0.17	0.26	26.4	17.3	60.8
United States*	-0.18	0.26	49.1	71.4	66.2
Australia	-0.19	0.24	24.3	40.8	65.9
Denmark	-0.20	-0.07	61.4	11.7	63.3
Czechia	-0.20	-0.51	33.1	25.6	46.2
Georgia	-0.21	0.35	82.7	69.4	41.7
Zambia	-0.21	m	21.7	87.2	11.7
New Zealand*	-0.22	0.15	29.3	72.9	57.1
Netherlands*	-0.22	-0.31	12.2	38.8	71.2
Austria	-0.22	-0.25	43.1	57.6	52.8
Italy	-0.22	-0.18	38.4	78.3	58.4
Peru	-0.23	0.47	46.4	60.7	24.5
Ecuador	-0.24	0.59	40.0	58.0	26.5
Switzerland	-0.25	-0.10	37.1	34.3	76.4
Kurdistan Region (Iraq)	-0.25	m	35.5	89.6	13.4
Norway*	-0.27	-0.03	27.2	29.5	31.4
Chinese Taipei	-0.27	0.33	24.0	71.0	60.3
Germany	-0.27	-0.28	18.1	40.4	45.7
Chile	-0.29	0.45	40.3	44.1	51.6
Bulgaria	-0.29	0.14	71.6	67.6	75.7
Canada*	-0.30	m	32.7	72.0	50.0
Mexico	-0.31	0.43	36.7	72.6	29.5
Cyprus	-0.32	-0.11	51.5	26.2	52.2
Qatar	-0.33	0.38	64.1	83.3	80.2
Kazakhstan	-0.34	0.65	53.4	86.9	56.4
Argentina	-0.34	0.30	28.6	78.8	24.8
Uruguay	-0.34	0.23	36.2	39.8	38.2
Guatemala	-0.36	0.63	46.3	61.1	30.5
Mongolia	-0.37	0.21	35.6	84.9	33.6
Mauritius	-0.37	m	25.1	56.9	47.4
Belgium	-0.38	-0.05	9.6	30.1	58.6
Luxembourg	-0.38	-0.26	15.9	63.4	81.4
Israel	-0.38	-0.07	23.6	64.2	42.3
Türkiye	-0.39	0.16	58.4	64.1	48.5
Thailand	-0.40	0.74	46.6	97.8	36.8
Morocco	-0.40	0.30	33.4	47.2	12.4
Slovenia	-0.41	-0.41	17.5	61.2	44.5
Lebanon	-0.42	0.17	55.8	45.6	40.5
Philippines	-0.42	0.62	59.0	96.2	23.2
France	-0.42	-0.18	12.9	52.9	48.5
Paraguay	-0.45	0.57	48.7	54.2	35.4
Palestinian Authority	-0.45	0.45	34.9	51.1	32.7
Jordan	-0.46	0.66	38.4	72.4	37.3
Dominican Republic	-0.46	0.68	42.1	58.2	29.2
Brazil	-0.47	0.35	49.6	57.9	51.6
El Salvador	-0.50	0.65	56.2	73.8	45.1
Malaysia	-0.51	0.52	30.9	94.5	59.5
Singapore	-0.51	0.43	13.7	72.1	92.2
Hong Kong (China)	-0.55	0.26	49.3	77.6	67.2
Rwanda	-0.56	m	34.4	86.5	18.4
Brunei Darussalam	-0.58	0.31	31.5	76.4	33.0
Indonesia	-0.60	0.54	49.4	87.4	28.0
Japan	-0.64	0.37	3.5	45.7	5.2
Cambodia	-0.66	m	10.9	80.0	15.7
Macao (China)	-0.68	0.13	44.8	89.2	40.5
Costa Rica	m	0.52	23.3	32.7	13.6

	Performance in environmental science (science subscale)		Environmental attitudes			Environmental commitment		School opportunities for environmental learning and action
	All students	Difference between advantaged and disadvantaged students	Index of students' environmental awareness	Index of students' beliefs in their capacity to generate environmental change	Index of students' beliefs in collective environmental efficacy	Students who participate in at least one environment-related activity	Students who are interested, to some or a large extent, in contributing to protecting the environment in their future jobs	Opportunities for environmental learning in class
	Mean score	Score dif.	Mean index	Mean index	Mean index	%	%	Mean index
OECD average	480	85	-0.14	0.00	0.00	71.9	61.6	0.00
B-S-J-Z (China)	594	68	0.54	0.60	0.53	87.4	77.8	0.98
Singapore	561	88	0.37	0.35	0.57	71.5	61.7	0.21
Chinese Taipei	539	92	-0.01	0.30	0.34	71.8	49.6	0.57
Macao (China)	539	41	0.19	0.18	0.15	79.8	58.5	0.50
Japan	536	67	-0.42	0.03	0.36	58.9	62.2	-0.24
Korea	522	69	0.12	0.43	0.35	68.2	52.9	-0.09
Estonia	520	64	0.02	-0.08	-0.03	68.5	60.8	0.11
United Kingdom	513	78	0.35	-0.10	-0.06	59.8	53.2	-0.08
Canada*	511	56	0.08	0.07	0.16	68.2	59.7	0.10
New Zealand*	511	92	-0.09	-0.06	0.07	61.6	55.5	-0.04
Australia	510	78	0.05	-0.01	0.11	61.7	56.3	0.02
Ireland	503	71	0.22	0.06	0.32	66.9	62.0	0.20
Finland	502	83	-0.15	-0.10	-0.08	65.6	51.5	0.01
United States*	500	100	m	m	m	m	m	m
Hong Kong (China)	497	68	0.09	0.11	0.19	73.8	45.5	0.55
Switzerland	495	97	-0.16	-0.01	-0.13	75.6	56.3	-0.14
Türkiye	494	82	0.39	0.22	-0.16	86.1	78.5	0.05
Austria	493	97	-0.03	0.03	-0.15	75.2	52.1	-0.25
Poland	492	83	-0.27	-0.31	-0.25	65.2	58.9	-0.20
Czechia	488	96	-0.23	-0.24	-0.27	75.3	60.1	-0.11
Lithuania	487	64	0.07	0.10	0.17	80.1	51.2	0.14
France	486	95	-0.04	-0.07	0.12	73.9	58.5	-0.13
Belgium	486	98	-0.23	-0.17	-0.04	69.8	59.0	-0.30
Sweden	485	93	0.05	0.03	-0.09	64.8	m	0.11
Netherlands*	483	99	-0.39	-0.41	-0.32	54.8	41.0	-0.61
Italy	482	83	-0.09	-0.02	-0.06	74.4	71.9	0.04
Germany	481	124	-0.03	-0.04	-0.30	73.7	45.9	-0.25
Portugal	481	88	0.28	0.32	0.31	75.6	75.8	0.30
Slovenia	480	72	-0.14	-0.03	0.01	85.0	58.4	-0.02
Spain	477	69	-0.32	0.02	-0.04	70.8	66.7	-0.09
Hungary	475	107	-0.14	0.09	-0.13	84.3	66.6	0.12
Croatia	474	83	-0.05	0.16	0.18	75.5	56.0	0.01
Denmark	472	74	-0.13	-0.23	-0.07	74.7	53.9	0.13
Luxembourg	471	131	-0.18	-0.12	-0.08	77.1	59.8	-0.26
Norway*	469	81	-0.10	-0.11	-0.17	63.5	m	0.13
Slovak Republic	469	115	-0.30	-0.09	-0.19	74.8	68.5	0.07
Viet Nam	465	88	0.07	0.20	0.37	93.5	92.8	0.90
Latvia	464	57	-0.29	-0.09	-0.12	82.6	60.0	0.21
United Arab Emirates	458	48	0.20	0.38	0.44	83.8	74.8	0.38
Malta	453	69	0.30	0.18	0.16	71.5	63.0	0.24
Ukrainian regions (17 of 27)	447	68	-0.12	-0.04	0.04	79.4	70.9	0.17
Uruguay	445	84	-0.62	-0.10	-0.04	64.5	60.8	0.06
Israel	443	79	-0.69	-0.08	-0.18	65.6	60.0	-0.18
Brunei Darussalam	443	85	-0.13	0.06	0.26	85.9	71.7	0.48
Chile	442	75	-0.34	0.08	0.04	65.5	68.7	0.14
Montenegro	438	63	-0.44	0.02	-0.05	76.4	68.0	0.10
Uzbekistan	433	23	-0.12	0.35	0.41	90.1	77.9	0.82
Iceland	433	66	-0.51	0.13	0.06	73.2	71.1	0.14
Qatar	432	44	-0.21	0.08	0.13	74.7	71.2	0.03
Albania*	431	59	0.43	0.82	0.78	92.4	85.1	1.06
Costa Rica	430	m	-0.23	0.28	0.26	74.6	85.1	0.27
Romania	426	123	-0.34	0.12	0.19	81.6	72.9	0.30
Thailand	425	58	-0.41	0.17	0.34	91.6	83.5	1.11
Serbia	425	66	-0.37	-0.02	-0.01	79.4	63.2	-0.01
Greece	425	82	-0.38	0.13	-0.05	83.0	48.4	-0.14
Moldova	423	84	-0.21	0.09	0.12	84.6	74.6	0.47
Mongolia	423	64	-0.14	0.25	0.29	88.1	74.7	0.12
Malaysia	421	84	-0.10	0.25	0.44	91.0	75.8	0.85
Kazakhstan	421	40	-0.02	0.06	0.03	75.0	70.3	0.51
Georgia	420	49	-0.04	0.06	0.02	86.3	65.8	0.35
Colombia	420	93	-0.43	0.10	0.19	77.4	80.2	0.33
Bulgaria	419	100	-0.30	-0.12	-0.11	77.1	59.4	0.05
Brazil	413	96	-0.26	0.11	0.04	77.6	67.3	0.17
Mexico	413	74	-0.45	0.17	0.33	83.9	85.2	0.44
Saudi Arabia	413	43	-0.53	0.40	0.46	78.6	79.0	0.53
Peru	405	77	-0.28	0.12	0.19	86.2	86.0	0.45
Azerbaijan	405	62	-0.23	0.10	0.07	86.1	75.6	0.50
Jordan	405	45	-0.32	0.03	-0.07	81.8	65.4	0.33
Cyprus	404	73	-0.41	-0.02	-0.13	77.6	53.0	-0.17
Argentina	397	81	-0.76	-0.18	-0.07	67.5	71.2	0.21
Ecuador	396	87	-0.50	0.09	0.19	79.9	78.7	0.33
Indonesia	393	50	-0.43	0.40	0.46	94.5	92.5	1.00
El Salvador	381	75	-0.61	-0.06	-0.05	74.7	75.2	0.26
Lebanon	372	76	-0.48	-0.12	-0.02	87.8	55.2	0.31
North Macedonia	372	59	-0.62	0.20	0.06	84.6	75.7	0.34
Philippines	371	78	-0.22	0.06	0.32	91.2	65.2	0.70
Armenia	362	40	-0.29	-0.07	-0.01	88.4	80.3	0.47
Dominican Republic	361	70	-0.58	-0.05	-0.02	82.0	71.5	0.45
Kyrgyzstan	357	42	-0.42	-0.03	0.03	80.9	75.9	0.41
Morocco	357	51	-0.59	0.14	-0.04	81.5	70.5	0.39
Palestinian Authority	357	42	-0.90	-0.04	-0.13	78.5	66.2	0.31
Paraguay	356	65	-0.89	-0.03	0.00	76.0	78.5	0.35
Kosovo	351	38	-0.59	0.16	0.10	88.6	78.4	0.27
Guatemala	347	78	-0.71	0.08	0.10	80.4	81.9	0.46
Kenya	331	9	-0.39	0.23	0.28	93.7	76.7	0.69
Mauritius	m	m	-0.06	0.08	0.25	85.9	m	0.47
Rwanda	m	m	-0.67	-0.02	0.09	93.6	m	0.65
Cambodia	m	m	-0.68	m	m	92.9	m	m
Zambia	m	m	-0.73	0.12	0.28	81.2	m	0.27
Dushanbe (Tajikistan)	m	m	-0.97	-0.09	-0.06	76.5	m	0.69
Kurdistan Region (Iraq)	m	m	-0.99	0.08	-0.08	85.4	m	0.29

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