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This collection of studies is intended as a practical tool to help negotiators navigate the numerous, complex issues that have arisen in international discussions over liberalising trade in environmental goods and services. In addition to explaining the background to the two earlier lists of environmental goods (stemming from separate efforts by the OECD and by the Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation Forum), the different chapters:
- Explore various practical issues related to the classification of environmental goods, including "dual use" goods.
- Provide concrete examples of synergies between trade in environmental services and environmental goods.
- Synthesise the findings of various country studies on environmental goods and services undertaken by the OECD and other inter-governmental organisations.
This book provides lessons from case studies in policy governance for the information society and sustainable development. It highlights important lessons from these policy areas for the governance of innovation policy, and illustrates mechanisms and practices for better co-ordination and integration across policy areas.
Companion volumes to this edition are:
- Governance of Innovation Systems – Volume 1: Synthesis Report
- Governance of Innovation Systems – Volume 2: Case Studies in Innovation Policy
This International Energy Agency review of Norway's energy policies and programmes examines recent developments related to each type of energy as well as environmental and market issues.
Energy policy in Norway continues to be the object of considerable domestic and international political attention. The development of its petroleum resources contributes significantly to Europe’s security of supply. Norway enjoys extensive access to hydro power and its pioneer role in the liberalised Nordic electricity market is commendable. However, Norway is now facing important challenges. Energy consumption growth is outpacing onshore energy production, and CO2 emissions are rising. Better understanding by the general public is essential to overcome these challenges.
Meeting its Kyoto target without compromising security of supply is Norway’s biggest energy policy challenge. We recommend a comprehensive public debate covering all the tools of climate change policy, including intensive use of Kyoto mechanisms. Norway expects a significant contribution from Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), but the technological and economic realities of CCS need to be considered in the public debate and decision making.
The Norwegian petroleum industry is close to reaching peak of production. The government’s transparent and forward-looking way of addressing this is commendable. It has taken action to increase exploration and to open industrial opportunities further. The partial privatisation of Statoil is an important progress since the last review. Norwegian management of petroleum resources is an example of “best practice” in the management of valuable natural resources in a small economy.
Low rainfall in 2002-03 highlighted the importance of trade and domestic investment in generating capacity to secure reliable electricity services. The planned transmission link between Norway and the Netherlands is therefore important. Increasing domestic access to gas can also make a significant contribution to security of supply in electricity, as it contributes to the diversification of generation sources. Congestion has become a regular feature in the Nordic electricity market, and more integrated regulatory planning and the development of transmission capacity should be addressed in concert with other Nordic countries.
Climate policy raises a number of challenges for the energy sector, the most significant being the transition from a high to a low-CO2 energy path in a few decades. Act Locally, Trade Globally seeks to provide a complete picture of the future role of emissions trading in climate policy and the energy sector. It offers an overview of existing trading systems, their mechanisms, and looks into the future of the instrument for limiting greenhouse gas emissions.
Ce rapport de l’OCDE s’appuie sur une vingtaine d'études de cas portant sur des exportations en provenance de pays en développement soumises à des prescriptions environnementales. Il analyse comment ces réglementations environnementales peuvent être des obstacles pour les pays en développement. Ces études de cas, qui couvrent un large éventail de produits et de pays exportateurs, suivent un certain nombre de réglementations, normes et systèmes d'étiquetage relatifs à la protection de l'environnement, depuis leur conception jusqu'à leur mise en œuvre. Elles soulignent combien il est important de prendre en compte les effets que ces normes et réglementations environnementales peuvent avoir sur le commerce dès leur élaboration. Enfin, ces études montrent qu’une assistance technique opportune peut aider les exportateurs des pays en développement à s'adapter aux nouvelles prescriptions environnementales sans en pâtir sur le plan commercial.
Energy security, economic prosperity and environmental protection are prominent challenges for all countries. The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier and fuel cells as motive devices in transportation and energy distribution systems are possible solutions. This book provides the reader with an authoritative and objective analysis of policy responses and hurdles and business opportunities. Information regarding the latest RD&D, policy initiatives and private sector plans are assessed from the perspective of the rapidly changing global energy system in the next half century.
This book provides:
• The reality of the technology status-quo;
• A hard look at hydrogen and fuel cells benefits in comparison to other options;
• An incisive analysis of the main barriers for a hydrogen and fuel cell transition;
• Four scenarios for a hydrogen and fuel cells transition;
• Guidance for far-reaching decision making under uncertainty.
Prospects for hydrogen and fuel cells offers the facts, figures and strategic thinking that is needed for true solutions to the world’s energy problems.
Les statistiques de l’OCDE sur les banques, publiées chaque année sous le titre Rentabilité des banques : Comptes des banques, fournissent un instrument sans équivalent pour analyser l’évolution de la rentabilité des banques dans les pays membres de l'OCDE. Les notes méthodologiques par pays, incluses dans ce volume, complètent la publication statistique et ont été préparées afin de faciliter la compréhension et l'interprétation des statistiques.
Governments are the major issuers of debt instruments in the global financial market. This 2005 edition provides quantitative information on central government debt broken down by instrument and duration for the 30 OECD member countries for the period 1994 to 2003. Cross-country summary tables provide data in US dollars and more detailed country tables provide data in national currency values.
Statistics are presented according to a comprehensive standard framework to allow cross-country comparison. Country notes provide information on debt issuance in each country as well as on the institutional and regulatory framework governing debt management policy and selling techniques.
Also available on line at www.OCD-iLibrary.org .
Les auteurs des études regroupées dans ce volume passent en revue les préoccupations exprimées par les exportateurs et les pouvoirs publics en termes d’accès au marché. Ils examinent certaines mesures non tarifaires appliquées à des biens échangés entrant dans le champ d’application de règles et disciplines multilatérales. Ils analysent dans quels domaines et pour quelles raisons ces mesures continuent à poser des problèmes aux exportateurs et aux responsables de l’action publique. Parmi les mesures spécifiques examinées, on peut citer les interdictions et les quotas, les régimes de licences d’importation non automatiques, les redevances et impositions douanières ou encore les restrictions à l’exportation. Grâce à la compilation de données récentes et de diverses informations, cette publication constituera une référence utile pour les responsables de l’action publique, les négociateurs et toute autre personne souhaitant connaître l’usage qui est fait de ces mesures d’un pays à l’autre, les règles commerciales internationales applicables et les problèmes encore en suspens en matière d’accès au marché.
This report, part of a series covering around 20 OECD countries, contains a survey of Germany's main barriers to employment for older workers, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to overcome these barriers, and a set of policy recommendations to further action by public authorities and social partners. These recommendations are designed to alleviate some of the pension and health care pressures governments are facing because of ageing populations.
Angesichts der rasch fortschreitenden Bevölkerungsalterung und des Trends zum vorzeitigen Arbeitsmarktrückzug muss für bessere Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten für ältere Menschen gesorgt werden. Regierungen ebenso wie Unternehmen werden aktive Maßnahmen ergreifen müssen, um die Lohnfindungsmechanismen auf eine alternde Erwerbsbevölkerung abzustimmen, um zu verhindern, dass andere Sozialtransfersysteme als alternative Wege in die Frührente genutzt werden, um Altersdiskriminierung zu bekämpfen und um die Arbeitsplatzkompetenzen und Arbeitsbedingungen der älteren Arbeitskräfte zu verbessern.
This 2005 survey of the United Kingdom's economy examines the key challenges for translating resilient economic performance into faster growth in living standards. In particular, it looks at housing supply, public services and infrastructure, pensions, childcare, the disability system, and raising skills. The special chapter covers raising innovation performance.
The studies in this volume review concerns that exporters and governments have raised about market access. This publication analyses where and why certain non-tariff measures are being applied to traded goods that are covered by multilateral rules and disciplines, and how they continue to represent challenges for exporters and policy makers. The specific measures examined are prohibitions and quotas, non-automatic import licensing schemes, customs fees and charges and export restrictions. By drawing together available recent data and other information, this volume expands the knowledge base of policy makers, negotiators and anyone interested in learning about the use of these measures across countries, applicable international trade rules and remaining market access issues.
Central Asia's securities markets remain small-scale and underdeveloped. Building up well functioning securities markets will be essential to vitalising their economies. This publication contains an overview of securities markets in the region and selected country reports. It provides comprehensive data and analyses of securities markets in the region, updated to April 2005, addressing specifically effective measures to develop securities markets and infrastructure, especially the role of institutional investors and clearing and settlement systems; building investor confidence; and regulation and supervision of securities markets.
Ces Principes directeurs sont des recommandations à l’intention des entreprises multinationales sur la conduite de leurs activités dans des domaines comme le travail, la protection des consommateurs et la lutte contre la corruption. Il montre également en quoi les entreprises peuvent contribuer au respect de l’environnement.
This report, part of a series covering around 21 OECD countries, contains a survey of Denmark's main barriers to employment for older workers, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to overcome these barriers, and a set of policy recommendations to further action by public authorities and social partners. These recommendations are designed to alleviate some of the pension and health care pressures governments are facing because of ageing populations.
Cet ouvrage présente des orientations pratiques sur un domaine qui ne retient l’attention des pouvoirs publics que depuis quelques années. Il réunit les principaux enseignements qui se dégagent de l’expérience de 17 pays de l’OCDE, en fournissant des informations concrètes sur les stratégies mises en œuvre pour améliorer la participation des adultes à la formation. Il s’intéresse aux problèmes susceptibles de faire obstacle à celle-ci, ainsi qu’aux mesures propres à y remédier. Ces dernières consistent entre autres à renforcer et mettre en avant les avantages que procure la formation des adultes, afin de les rendre plus visibles et plus aisément reconnaissables. Parmi les autres moyens d’action possibles figurent les incitations économiques et les mécanismes de cofinancement, qui peuvent accroître l’efficience de l’offre de formation tout en assurant des services de qualité adaptés aux besoins des adultes. Enfin, il est possible d’améliorer l’élaboration des politiques en renforçant la coordination et la cohérence dans un domaine caractérisé par une grande diversité de parties prenantes, dont font partie les ministères de l’Éducation et les ministères du Travail.
This publication is the sixth edition of the Condensed Version of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and Capital. This shorter version contains the full text of the Articles, Commentary, and Country Positions of the Model Tax Convention as it read on 15 July 2005. It does not include the the historical notes, the detailed list of tax conventions between OECD member countries and the background reports that are included in the Electronic Version or the two-volume looseleaf version.
The full-length version of the OECD Model Tax Convention is now available electronically. This new electronic version includes such features as extensive internal linking, making it easy to link from an article to its commentary; fast searching capabilities; the ability for the user to attach notes to specific areas of text; and cut and paste capabilities.
This assessment framework for public sector integrity provides policy makers and managers with a pioneering roadmap to design and organise sound assessments in specific public organisations and sectors. It includes practical checklists, decision-making tools and options for methodologies based on good practices. At a time when governments are increasingly required to assess pro-integrity and corruption prevention measures, this report provides a unique inventory of methods and solutions used world wide for crafting well-designed assessments. Selected case studies give more details on recent assessments in the specific country contexts of Australia, Finland, France and Korea.
With a view to helping policy analysts and decision makers focus on the development impacts of their policies, this report discusses the extent to which OECD country agricultural and agricultural trade policies are coherent with, and supportive of, the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, particularly the elimination of extreme poverty and hunger.
Agriculture and Development: The Case for Policy Coherence defines the ‘where’ (country impact), ‘how’ (most damaging forms of support), ‘which’ (commodity aspects) and ‘who’ (household effects) of agricultural policy reform. It treats the effects of four main categories of OECD country agricultural policies: domestic, trade, regulatory, and development co-operation policies. In each case it identifies the implications from the perspective of making agriculture and development policies more coherent.
By providing a survey of the policy coherence dimension in OECD country agricultural policy-making, this report provides the analytical framework that policy makers need to help them weigh their decisions in the light of their countries’ internationally agreed development commitments.