Browse by: "2013"

Vzdelávanie a starostlivosť v ranom detstve (VSRD) môžu byť prínosné v širokej škále aspektov – pre deti, ich rodičov aj spoločnosť ako takú. Všetky tieto prínosy však závisia od kvality VSRD. Širšie sprístupnenie služieb bez ohľadu na kvalitu neprinesie z pohľadu dlhodobého zvýšenia produktivity práce nič dobré deťom ani spoločnosti.

Toto vydanie správ špecifických pre jednotlivé krajiny sa zameriava na otázky súvisiace s kvalitou. Každá správa sa zaoberá konkrétnou témou, ktorú si zvolila samotná skúmaná krajina. Správy poukazujú na silné stránky a upozorňujú na oblasti, na ktoré by sa mali zamerať úvahy o iniciatívach v rámci súčasných politík.

This edition of the Southeast Asian Economic Outlook examines medium-term growth prospects, recent macroeconomic policy challenges, and structural challenges including human capital, infrastructure and SME development.  It also looks at economic disparities “between” and “within” countries in the region.  It provides coverage for Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam.

While solid growth is forecast to continue until 2017, countries must address structural issues in order to sustain this favourable outlook. Narrowing development gaps presents one of the region’s most important challenges.

Abruzzo is at a tipping point: despite economic, cultural and natural strengths, the region is facing declining economic growth, ageing population and a reduction in outside economic aid. The devastating earthquake that hit the regional capital L’Aquila and its surroundings on 6 April 2009 caused 309 deaths and was a significant economic shock, jeopardizing the long-term growth prospects of an already vulnerable region.

To increase its resilience to current and future shocks, Abruzzo must encourage innovation-driven growth, based on knowledge and better use of skills, and redesign the city of L’Aquila through technological upgrade to make it more attractive to outsiders and improve the quality of life of its residents.

The report suggests that Abruzzo should focus on endogenous resources to build its long-term development strategy and, at the same time, to increase the external openness of the regional system to attract more entrepreneurs, students, foreigners and external capital. The economic development and quality of societal life in Abruzzo will strongly depend on how private and public actors will make the best use of existing knowledge, strengthening the cultural and economic networks as a major tool for growth; as well as promoting information sharing, transparency, accountability and community engagement to improve decision making.

More broadly, the issues raised in the report can help other governments to rethink regional policy, for both regions vulnerable to natural disasters and for those facing long-term decline. As such, eight guiding recommendations for building resilient regions after a disaster are drawn. These guiding recommendations can provide a framework for policy making in other OECD regions.

Sonora is one of wealthiest states in Mexico and has made great strides in building its human capital and skills. How can Sonora turn the potential of its universities and technological institutions into an active asset for economic and social development? How can it improve the equity, quality and relevance of education at all levels?

This publication explores a range of helpful policy measures and institutional reforms to mobilise higher education for regional development. It is part of the series of the OECD reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development. These reviews help mobilise higher education institutions for economic, social and cultural development of cities and regions. They analyse how the higher education system impacts upon regional and local development and bring together universities, other higher education institutions and public and private agencies to identify strategic goals and to work towards them.

La fourniture de services d’approvisionnement en eau, d’assainissement et de traitement des eaux usées a des répercussions très favorables sur la santé publique, l’économie et l’environnement. Dans les pays en développement, le rapport avantages/coûts peut aller jusqu’à 7 pour 1 pour les services d’eau et d’assainissement de base. Les actions en matière de traitement des eaux usées, par exemple, peuvent s’accompagner d’effets très positifs en termes de santé publique et d’environnement, ainsi que pour certains secteurs économiques comme la pêche, le tourisme et le marché de l’immobilier.

Les retombées favorables des services d’eau sont rarement considérées dans leur pleine mesure pour différentes raisons, notamment la difficulté de quantifier d’importants avantages non économiques tels que les valeurs de non-usage, la dignité, le statut social, la propreté et le bien-être général. Par ailleurs, les informations concernant les avantages liés aux services d’eau sont souvent enfouies dans des documents techniques et échappent aux principaux décideurs des ministères.

Ce rapport réunit et résume les informations existantes sur les avantages de l’eau et de l’assainissement.

By 2015, half of the world’s people living on less than USD 1.25 a day will be in fragile states. While poverty has decreased globally, progress on Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 1 is slower in fragile states than in other developing countries. Fragile states are also off-track to meet the rest of the MDGs by 2015.

Fragile situations became a central concern of the international development and security agenda in the 1990s. Since then, powerful forces have been influencing the causes and manifestations of fragility, including the combination of democratic aspirations, new technologies, demographic shifts and climate change. The last five years have been especially tumultuous, encompassing the 2008 food, fuel and financial crisis and the Arab Spring, which began in 2011.

These events have influenced the international debate on the nature, relevance and implications of fragility. While situations of fragility clearly have common elements – including poverty, inequality and vulnerability – how can we make sense of the great diversity in their national income, endowment in natural resources or historical trajectories? How do we move towards a more substantive concept of fragility that goes beyond a primary focus on the quality of government policies and institutions to include a broader picture of the economy and society? This publication takes stock of i) the evolution of fragility as a concept, ii) analyses of financial flows to and within fragile states between 2000 and 2010, and iii) trends and issues that are likely to shape fragility in the years to come.

Tackling mental ill-health of the working-age population is becoming a key issue for labour market and social policies in OECD countries. OECD governments increasingly recognise that policy has a major role to play in keeping people with mental ill-health in employment or bringing those outside of the labour market back to it, and in preventing mental illness. This report on Sweden is the second in a series of reports looking at how the broader education, health, social and labour market policy challenges identified in Sick on the Job? Myths and Realities about Mental Health and Work (OECD, 2012) are being tackled in a number of OECD countries. It concludes that Swedish policy makers recognise the need to take steps to tackle mental ill-health and its labour market implications, but that a more comprehensive reform effort and a long-term commitment to it is needed in order to prevent problems from arising in the first place and respond more effectively when they do occur.

Tax revenues provide governments with funds to invest in development, relieve poverty, deliver public services and build the physical and social infrastructure for long-term growth. Moreover, there are mutually beneficial links between taxation and good governance. Tax and Development: Aid Modalities for Strengthening Tax Systems highlights how taxation can have a positive effect on the quality of governance and a government’s relationship with citizens and, in turn, how good governance can have a positive effect on compliance and revenue mobilisation.

How can international assistance providers, including OECD members, international and regional organisations, support the development of tax systems in developing countries? Tax and Development: Aid Modalities for Strengthening Tax Systems provides practical guidance for policy makers and practitioners based on the results of an extensive literature review, a survey of aid agency officials and six country case studies (Ghana, Guatemala, Liberia, Mali, Mozambique, and Tanzania). It examines the aid instruments that donors use to assist developing countries including general and sector budget support, basket financing, stand-alone bilateral aid and funding South-South organisations. The strengths and weaknesses of each modality for supporting tax systems are identified, and some 50 recommendations to support the development of effective, efficient and growth-oriented tax systems in developing countries are provided.

Qu’est-ce que l’OCDE a à dire sur la situation actuelle de l’éducation ? Quels sont les principaux messages de l’OCDE concernant l’éducation et l’accueil des jeunes enfants, les politiques relatives aux enseignants et l’enseignement supérieur ? Qu’en est-il des performances des élèves, des dépenses d’éducation et de l’équité dans l’éducation ? Les travaux de l’OCDE sur ces thèmes importants de l’éducation et d’autres ont été compilés sous la forme d’une ressource unique et accessible.

Comptant huit chapitres, ce rapport analyse l’éducation et l’accueil de la petite enfance, l’enseignement scolaire, la transition au-delà de la formation initiale, l’enseignement supérieur, la formation des adultes, les résultats et le rendement, l’équité et enfin, l’innovation. Les chapitres s’organisent sur la base des principales constatations et des orientations pour l’action publique établies grâce aux études récentes menées par l’OCDE sur l’éducation. Chaque information est résumée sous la forme d’un message principal concis et accessible, suivi d’une brève explication et de la référence à la source de l’OCDE.

Ce rapport constituera une ressource précieuse pour toutes les personnes intéressées par une vue d’ensemble de l’éducation dans une perspective internationale, ainsi que pour tous ceux qui souhaitent en savoir plus sur les travaux de l’OCDE dans ce domaine fondamental.

The OECD Environmental Performance Review Programme provides independent assessments of countries’ progress in achieving their domestic and international environmental policy commitments, together with policy relevant recommendations. They are conducted to promote peer learning, to enhance countries’ accountability to each other and to the public, and to improve governments’ environmental performance, individually and collectively. The Reviews are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data. Each cycle of the Environmental Performance Reviews covers all OECD member countries and selected partner countries. The most recent reviews include: Mexico (2013), Germany (2012) and Slovenia (2012).

This report is the third OECD review of Italy’s environmental performance. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with a focus on policies that promote more effective and efficient water management and provide better incentives to tackle climate change.

l programma degli esami ambientali dell’OCSE ha l’obiettivo di valutare in maniera indipendente i progressi conseguiti dai singoli Paesi a fronte degli impegni ambientali assunti a livello nazionale e internazionale, e di formulare raccomandazioni rilevanti per il miglioramento delle politiche ambientali. Gli esami mirano a incoraggiare il processo di apprendimento tra pari, a promuovere una maggiore accountability dei governi di fronte agli altri Paesi e all’opinione pubblica, nonché ad aiutare i Paesi a migliorare individualmente e collettivamente i risultati ottenuti nella gestione dell'ambiente. Gli esami si basano su un ampio spettro di dati economici e ambientali. Ogni ciclo del programma di esami ambientali copre tutti i Paesi membri dell’OCSE e alcuni Paesi partner. Di recente sono stati pubblicati i rapporti su Messico (2013), Germania (2012) e Slovenia (2012).

Questo rapporto, il terzo che l’OCSE dedica all’esame delle performance ambientali dell’Italia, valuta i progressi compiuti verso il raggiungimento degli obiettivi in materia di sviluppo sostenibile e crescita verde. Un’attenzione particolare è dedicata alle politiche intese a promuovere una gestione delle risorse idriche più efficace ed efficiente e a dare maggiore impulso alla lotta al cambiamento climatico.

This report provides a comparative overview of common standards and key features of specialised anti-corruption institutions and comprehensive descriptions of 19 anti-corruption institutions operating in different parts of the world, presented in a comparable framework. This new edition of an 2008 report reflects the evolving understanding of international standards and the practice and the most recent experiences of anti-corruption institutions. The report discusses three "models" of anti-corruption institutions: multi-functional anti-corruption agencies, institutions fighting corruption through law enforcement and prevention institutions.  

Encouraged by international conventions and success of some specialised anti-corruption institutions in earlier times, such as the Hong Kong’s anti-corruption commission, many countries around the world, including those in Eastern Europe, have created new specialised institutions to prevent and combat corruption over the past decade. Establishing such bodies was often seen as the only way to reduce widespread corruption, as existing institutions were considered too weak for the task, or were considered to be part of the corruption-problem. The report highlights that while many of these new anti-corruption agencies have shown good results, they cannot fight corruption alone. Other public institutions, including various specialised integrity and control bodies, and internal units in various public institutions should play a role in preventing and detecting corruption in different sectors of public administration.