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Browse by: "2012"

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¿Están los estudiantes bien preparados para responder a los retos del futuro? ¿Son capaces de analizar, razonar y comunicar con eficacia sus ideas? ¿Han encontrado los intereses en los que persistirán a lo largo de sus vidas, como miembros productivos de la economía y la sociedad? El Programa para la Evaluación Internacional de Alumnos (PISA) de la OCDE busca dar respuesta a estas preguntas mediante la evaluación internacional más completa y rigurosa de los conocimientos y las capacidades de los estudiantes. En conjunto, el grupo de países y economías que participa en PISA suponen casi un 90% de la economía mundial.
El Informe PISA 2009 presenta los datos de la evaluación más reciente, que se centró en la lectura, pero que también examinó el rendimiento de los estudiantes en matemáticas y ciencias. El informe comprende seis volúmenes:
-El Volumen I, Lo que los estudiantes saben y pueden hacer: rendimiento de los estudiantes en lectura, matemáticas y ciencias, compara los conocimientos y las capacidades de los estudiantes en estas materias en los distintos países y economías.
-El Volumen II, Superación del entorno social: equidad en las oportunidades y resultados del aprendizaje, analiza cómo los sistemas educativos más eficaces moderan el impacto del entorno social e inmigrante en el rendimiento de los alumnos y de los centros escolares.
-El Volumen III, Aprendiendo a aprender: implicación, estrategias y prácticas de los estudiantes, examina la motivación de los alumnos de 15 años, su implicación en la lectura y el uso que hacen de estrategias efectivas de aprendizaje.
-El Volumen IV, ¿Qué hace que un centro escolar tenga éxito? Recursos, políticas y prácticas, indaga cómo los recursos humanos, económicos y materiales, y las políticas y prácticas educativas, configuran los resultados del aprendizaje.
-El Volumen V, Tendencias de aprendizaje: cambios en el rendimiento de los estudiantes desde 2000, aporta una visión general de los progresos que han hecho los países en la mejora del rendimiento de los estudiantes y de la equidad en la distribución de las oportunidades de aprendizaje.
-El Volumen VI, Estudiantes en Internet: tecnología y rendimiento digitales, explora cómo utilizan los alumnos las tecnologías de la información para aprender.
PISA 2009 marca el comienzo del segundo ciclo de evaluaciones. En 2012 está prevista una evaluación de matemáticas y en 2015, de ciencias.
EL PROGRAMA PARA LA EVALUACIÓN INTERNACIONAL DE ALUMNOS (PISA) DE LA OCDE
PISA se centra en la capacidad de los jóvenes de utilizar sus conocimientos y capacidades para enfrentarse a los retos de la vida real. Esta orientación refleja un cambio en los fines y objetivos de los contenidos curriculares, que cada vez se preocupan más de lo que los estudiantes pueden hacer con lo que han aprendido en el centro escolar, y no solo de si dominan el contenido curricular específico.
PISA tiene las siguientes características que lo hacen único en su género:
-Orientación hacia políticas, que ilustra las diferencias en los modelos de rendimiento e identifica las características comunes de los alumnos, los centros y los sistemas educativos con unos niveles altos de rendimiento, relacionando los datos sobre los resultados del aprendizaje con los datos sobre las características de los estudiantes y otros factores clave que conforman el aprendizaje dentro y fuera del centro escolar.
-Un concepto innovador de “competencia”, como capacidad de los estudiantes de aplicar sus conocimientos y habilidades en áreas curriculares fundamentales, y de analizar, razonar y comunicarse con eficacia cuando plantean, interpretan y resuelven problemas en diversas situaciones.
-Relevancia del aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida. PISA no se limita a evaluar las competencias de los alumnos en las asignaturas escolares, sino que también les pide que informen de sus motivaciones para aprender, sus opiniones sobre ellos mismos y sus estrategias de aprendizaje.
-Regularidad, que permite a los países hacer un seguimiento de su progreso en la consecución de sus objetivos clave de aprendizaje.
-Amplitud de cobertura geográfica y esfuerzo de colaboración. PISA 2009 abarca los 34 países miembros de la OCDE y 41 países y economías asociados.

German, English, French, Arabic
  • 29 Feb 2012
  • Ben Jensen, Andrés Sandoval-Hernández, Steffen Knoll, Eugenio J. Gonzalez
  • Pages: 116

This publication provides a comprehensive analysis of the most important issues facing teachers during the early stages of their careers. The effectiveness of teachers fresh to the profession is an important policy issue, especially knowing the impact that teachers have on student learning.

The OECD’s Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) is the first and only international survey on the conditions of teaching and learning. This report uses the TALIS 2008 dataset to analyse key aspects of new teachers’ work and highlight policy implications.

  • 29 Feb 2012
  • OECD
  • Pages: 208

For decades Japan has remained at or near the top of international assessments of student learning; and in the past decade, students in Japan have become more engaged in learning. However, the government aspires to improve learning outcomes even further. Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in Education: Lessons from PISA for Japan focuses on how Japan is reforming its education system not only to produce better learning outcomes, but to equip students with the skills they need to navigate through the unpredictable labour market of the future and to participate in society as active citizens.

This is the second in a series of reports examining how education systems are handling the challenge of preparing their students for a world of interconnected populations, rapid technological change, and instantaneous availability of vast amounts of information. Like the first volume, Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in Education: Lessons from PISA for the United States, this report presents examples from other countries with consistently high-performing education systems or countries that, by redesigning policies and practices, have been able to improve their education outcomes, as measured by the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the world’s most comprehensive and rigorous survey of students’ skills and attitudes towards learning.

  • 29 Feb 2012
  • Brian Keeley, Patrick Love
  • Pages: 160

¿Qué desató la mayor desaceleración global que se haya visto en más de seis décadas? Y, ¿cómo puede lograrse una recuperación sostenible? De la crisis a la recuperación, dentro de la colección en español Esenciales OCDE (Insights en inglés), hace un recuento de las causas, el desarrollo y las consecuencias de la “Gran Recesión”. Explica de qué manera la acumulación global de liquidez, aunada a una mala regulación, provocó una crisis financiera que rápidamente se extendió a la economía real, destruyendo empresas y disparando el desempleo a los niveles más altos en décadas
Aunque parece que lo peor de la crisis ha pasado, se antoja poco probable volver pronto al crecimiento sólido y se requerirán varios años para que el empleo retorne a las tasas previas a la crisis. Dados los altos niveles de deuda pública y privada, los recortes y el ahorro quizá se conviertan en la máxima prioridad, lo cual significa que los efectos de la recesión seguirán sintiéndose en los años por venir.

English, French
  • 01 Mar 2012
  • OECD
  • Pages: 88

OECD governments are facing unprecedented challenges in the markets for government securities as a result of continued strong borrowing amid a highly uncertain environment with growing concerns about the pace of recovery, surging borrowing costs, sovereign risk and contagion pressures.

The OECD Sovereign Borrowing Outlook provides estimates for 2011 and projections for 2012. Higher than anticipated gross borrowing needs of OECD governments are expected to reach USD 10.4 trillion in 2011 and USD 10.5 trillion in 2012, including a strong increase in longer-term redemptions in 2012. Against this backdrop government debt ratios are expected to remain at high levels.

Raising large volumes of funds at lowest cost, with acceptable roll-over risk, remains therefore a great challenge for a wide range of governments, with most OECD debt managers continuing to rebalance the profile of debt portfolios by issuing more long-term instruments and moderating bill issuance.

Additional challenges for government (and corporate) issuers are the complications generated by the pressures of a rapid increase in sovereign risk, whereby “the market” suddenly perceives the debt of some sovereigns as “risky”, as well as euro area-induced contagion effects. Growing concerns among investors have resulted in the offloading of significant holdings of European debt.

Cost estimation for the decommissioning of nuclear facilities can vary considerably in format, content and practice both within and across countries. These differences may have legitimate reasons but make the process of reviewing estimates complicated and the estimates themselves difficult to defend.  Hence, the joint initiative of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the European Commission (EC) was undertaken to propose a standard itemisation of decommissioning costs either directly for the production of cost estimates or for mapping estimates onto a standard, common structure for purposes of comparison. This report updates the earlier itemisation published in 1999 and takes into account experience accumulated thus far. The revised cost itemisation structure has sought to ensure that all costs within the planned scope of a decommissioning project may be reflected. The report also provides general guidance on developing a decommissioning cost estimate, including detailed advice on using the structure.

 

  • 02 Mar 2012
  • OECD
  • Pages: 80

This book synthesizes the findings of a longer work which sets out a strategy for raising rural incomes. It emphasises the creation of diversified rural economies with opportunities within and outside agriculture. Agricultural policies need to be integrated within an overall mix of policies and institutional reforms that facilitate, rather than impede, structural change. By investing in public goods, such as infrastructure and agricultural research, and by building effective social safety nets, governments can limit the role of less efficient policies such as price controls and input subsidies.

  • 02 Mar 2012
  • OECD
  • Pages: 192

With more than two-thirds of the world’s poor living in rural areas, higher rural incomes are a pre-requisite for sustained poverty reduction and reduced hunger. This volume sets out a strategy for raising rural incomes which emphasises the creation of diversified rural economies with opportunities within and outside agriculture. Agricultural policies need to be integrated within an overall mix of policies and institutional reforms that facilitate, rather than impede, structural change. By investing in public goods, such as infrastructure and agricultural research, and by building effective social safety nets, governments can limit the role of less efficient policies such as price controls and input subsidies.

The role of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the Middle East and North African economies  (MENA) has historically been and remains significant in terms of their contribution to the economic value added, employment and the provision of vital services. State-owned enterprises operate across a wide range of sectors in the region - hydrocarbons, banking, construction – but also in network industries. Despite the privatisations carried out during the 1980-1990s, the role of the state in Arab economies has not declined and in many ways have indeed increased, reflecting the growth of oil and gas SOEs, sovereign wealth funds and infrastructure development projects, often carried out with the involvement of the state. This publication seeks to provide insight into the varied and rich experience in SOE reform in the region over the past decade, highlighting reform initiatives undertaken at national and country specific levels. It is unique in highlighting the challenges faced by policymakers in reforming the governance of regional SOEs

Arabic
  • 05 Mar 2012
  • OECD
  • Pages: 84

This study examines the broad range of factors driving farm management decisions that can improve the environment, including drawing on the experiences of OECD countries. It identifies policy options that would contribute to a sustainable and resilient agricultural sector in the context of climate change.

French

Cette publication a précédemment fait l’objet d’un rapport de conférence au Quatrième Forum de Haut Niveau sur l'Efficacité de l'Aide à Busan, en Corée (29 novembre-1 décembre 2011) sous le titre Efficacité de l'aide 2005-10: Progrès accomplis dans la mise en œuvre de la Déclaration de Paris.

English
For the most part, the findings are clear: while many donors and partner country governments have made significant progress towards the targets that they set themselves for 2010, few of them have been met. Partner country authorities appear to have gone further in implementing their commitments under the Paris Declaration than donors, though efforts – and progress – also vary significantly across countries and donor organisations.

As the international community takes stock of what has been achieved on the occasion of the Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Busan, Korea (29 November to 1 December 2011), this report sets out evidence of progress and challenges in making aid more effective. This evidence should help forge a consensus beyond Busan that aid – and its effectiveness –represents only one element of a broader landscape of development finance and joint efforts to make aid more effective can and should inform a broader development effectiveness agenda.    
French
  • 08 Mar 2012
  • OECD
  • Pages: 172
The need to reform water policies is as urgent as ever. Water is essential for economic growth, human health, and the environment. Yet governments around the world face significant challenges in managing their water resources effectively. The problems are multiple and complex: billions of people are still without access to safe water and adequate sanitation; competition for water is increasing among the different uses and users; and major investment is required to maintain and improve water infrastructure in OECD and non-OECD countries.   Despite progress on many fronts, governments around the world are still confronted with the need to reform their existing water policies in order to meet current objectives and future challenges. Building on the water challenges identified by the OECD Environment Outlook to 2050, this report examines three fundamental areas that need to be addressed whatever reform agendas are pursued by governments: financing of the water sector; the governance and institutional arrangements that are in place; and coherence between water policies and policies in place in other sectors of the economy. The report provides governments with practical advice and policy tools to pursue urgent reform in their water sectors.
  • 09 Mar 2012
  • OECD
  • Pages: 142

Les Études économiques de l'OCDE : Israël 2011 examine les développements économiques récents, les politiques et les perspectives économiques, le marché du logement, enjeux de la finance privée et les defis dans le secteur énergétique.

English, Hebrew

Les coûts d’une mauvaise santé mentale pour les individus concernés, les employeurs et la société au sens large sont considérables. Une estimation prudente de l’Organisation internationale du travail les chiffre à 3-4 % du PIB de l’Union européenne. La plupart de ces coûts se manifestent en dehors de la sphère de la santé. La maladie mentale est à l’origine de pertes considérables de main-d’oeuvre potentielle, de taux de chômage élevés, d’une forte incidence de l’absentéisme pour maladie et d’une moindre productivité au travail.

Ce rapport vise à cerner les données manquantes sur la santé mentale et l'emploi, à enrichir la base de connaissances et ainsi à remettre en question certains mythes, et à donner une vision plus complète des défis stratégiques sousjacents.

English
  • 09 Mar 2012
  • OECD
  • Pages: 252

The OECD territorial review of Småland-Blekinge presents an overview of recent trends, regional policies and governance arrangements of this region that is made up of four counties in South-East Sweden: Jönköping,  Kronoberg, Kalmar and Blekinge. The challenges include the need to facilitate a shift from the region’s historic specialisation in medium-low and low technology manufacturing towards more knowledge-intensive activities. This will require addressing the supply of human capital, improving connectivity and enhancing the attractiveness of the region. A regionalisation reform is now under discussion in Sweden with potential implications for Småland-Blekinge. Whatever the future administrative structure of Småland-Blekinge, the effectiveness of regional development policies and public service delivery will be directly related to strengthened interaction and co-ordination arrangements among the numerous actors and administrative units involved.

Swedish
  • 12 Mar 2012
  • OECD
  • Pages: 156

Improving water quality is consistently ranked as a top environmental concern in OECD public opinion surveys. The key challenges for policy makers in addressing water quality issues in agriculture are to reduce water pollution while encourage benefits, such as maintaining aquatic life. This book examines linking policies, farm management and water quality. It looks at recent trends and prospects for water pollution from agriculture and the implications of climate change. It assesses the costs and benefits of agriculture's impact on water systems, and presents a series of case studies. Finally the report provides a set of recommendations for countries for meeting the challenge of improving agricultural water quality.

French

L’eau est un élément essentiel à la croissance économique, à la santé humaine, à l’environnement. La gestion rationnelle des ressources en eau représente pourtant aujourd’hui un défi majeur pour les gouvernements du monde entier. Les problèmes sont nombreux et complexes : des milliards d’individus n’ont toujours pas d’accès à l’eau potable ni à un assainissement adéquat ; la concurrence s’accroît entre les différents usagers et usages de l’eau ; des investissements importants sont nécessaires au maintien et à l’amélioration des infrastructures de l’eau, aussi bien dans les pays membres de l’OCDE que dans les non-membres. Cette série d’ouvrages de l’OCDE propose des analyses et des orientations sur les aspects de la gestion des ressources en eau qui touchent à l’économie, à la finance et à la gouvernance. Ces aspects sont généralement au cœur du problème. Ce n’est qu’en les prenant en compte qu’une solution au problème crucial de l’eau pourra être trouvée.

English
  • 13 Mar 2012
  • OECD
  • Pages: 152

OECD's 2012 Economic Survey of Hungary reviews economic developments, prospects and policies and provides a series of policy recommendations. It also includes a special chapter on the labour market.

French
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