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The objective of this paper is to assess mechanisms to improve resource planning and allocation by integrating financial and budgetary management with performance management.

French

The following five articles contain reports on national practices in five Member countries for reallocating budgetary resources. The five countries are Finland, Germany, Korea, Switzerland and the United States. The reports were presented at a special OECD meeting in the year 2000 where senior officials from Member countries met to discuss these issues.

French

Canada’s level of indebtedness, as a percentage of GDP, increased from a level lower than the average for OECD Member countries in the early 1980s to a high of 97.6% in 1995. This was a level of debt exceeded only by Italy among G7 nations and Belgium and Greece among the wider OECD community. Fiscal management reached a breaking point in 1994. It was recognised that the fiscal situation had reached crisis proportions and strong corrective measures were needed. Today, Canada is enjoying a budget surplus and is repaying debt. This paper surveys these developments.

French

Most OECD Member countries have sought to renew their systems and structures of public management in the last 10-15 years. Some started earlier than others and the emphasis will vary among Member countries according to their historic traditions and institutions. There is no single best model of public management, but what stands out most clearly is the extent to which countries have pursued and are pursuing broadly common approaches to public management reform. This is most probably because countries have been responding to essentially similar pressures to reform.

French

The formal procedures of public expenditure management vary widely within the European Union. They depend especially on the relative status of institutions. In most member states, operations are delegated to spending ministries or other spending units which have considerable freedom (within tough overall budget constraints) to decide how they meet their objectives; but there are wide variations in the degree of delegation and the incentives for efficiency. Public enterprises, similarly, are seen in some countries as an arm of the public sector and in others as essentially commercial bodies. Some member states have federal structures. Nearly all have complex procedures for funding local municipalities or counties. They differ in their relationships between government and Parliament. They also differ in technical procedures such as budgetary timescales, and methods of accounting for expenditure.

French

Cette étude vise à donner un aperçu des soubassements intellectuels d’une proposition figurant dans une note de discussion récemment rendue publique par le Business Council of Australia (BCA). Le BCA, qui est la principale organisation patronale d’Australie, compte parmi ses adhérents les présidents des grandes entreprises australiennes. La note du BCA s’intitulait Avoiding boom/bust : Macroeconomic reform for a globalised economy (1999). Une part importante y était consacrée à l’idée de « reconfiguration » de la politique budgétaire.

English

Alors qu’elle bénéficiait des plus forts excédents budgétaires de tous les pays Membres de l’OCDE à la fin des années 80, la Suède a enregistré ensuite les déficits budgétaires les plus élevés de tous les pays Membres de l’OCDE. Ces énormes déficits se sont accompagnés d’une hausse massive de la dette publique. En cinq ans à peine, le niveau de la dette brute s’est accru de moitié. Cependant, vers la fin des années 90, l’équilibre budgétaire a été rétabli et maintenant elle bénéficie de nouveau d’excédents importants.

English

La mission traditionnelle des services centraux du budget est incompatible avec les réformes de la gestion qui touchent plusieurs pays Membres de l’OCDE. Ces réformes partent du principe que les gestionnaires doivent pouvoir gérer sans ingérence excessive. Dans la logique des réformes, les gestionnaires ne peuvent être tenus pour responsables des performances de leurs services que s’ils peuvent disposer à leur guise des ressources administratives, notamment financières, prévues au budget. Dans les pays où souffle l’esprit de réforme, on s’accorde à reconnaître qu’il ne sert à rien de faire les choses à moitié, que les gestionnaires sont libres d’agir ou ne le sont pas. Il ne s’agit pas d’assouplir telle ou telle restriction, mais de transformer le fonctionnement des institutions publiques et l’attitude de ceux qui y travaillent. L’élaboration du budget est l’un des domaines où les rouages de l’administration sont en mutation.

English

L’introduction au Chili, au début des années 80, d’un régime de retraite privé reposant sur des comptes d’épargne retraite individuels, a attiré l’attention du monde entier. Cette réforme – ainsi que d’autres changements structurels favorisant les mécanismes du marché – et la nette amélioration des résultats de l’économie chilienne ont conduit de nombreux observateurs à conclure qu’il existait un lien direct entre tous ces facteurs, compte tenu notamment de l’augmentation de l’épargne intérieure des ménages générée par ce nouveau régime de retraite.

English

Cette étude porte sur un certain nombre de problèmes conceptuels et pratiques liés à l’utilisation des chèques-service dans la fourniture de services collectifs. La section 1 propose une définition des chèques-service et examine la place qu’occupe la formule des chèques-service dans l’éventail des mécanismes susceptibles d’assurer la production et la distribution de services collectifs, ce qui conduit à analyser les objectifs auxquels pourrait servir la distribution de chèques-service. La section 2 présente une classification des contextes où les chèques-service pourraient être mis en oeuvre et des systèmes de chèques-service. Elle permet de procéder à un premier croisement entre d’une part des combinaisons d’objectifs publics et de caractéristiques d’un service collectif déterminé, et d’autre part diverses formes de distribution de chèques-service. La section 3 présente à titre d’illustration un tableau de l’utilisation des chèques-service dans la fourniture de services collectifs. Un grand nombre d’exemples commentés ressortent du domaine de l’éducation, domaine où les chèques-service ont été particulièrement débattus ou mis en oeuvre, mais on a fait référence, lorsqu’ils existaient, à d’autres cas de services collectifs. Ajoutons que je m’appuie à titre principal sur les expériences du Royaume-Uni et des États-Unis, puisqu’elles ont été particulièrement bien analysées dans les documents dont je disposais. Les conclusions figurent dans la section 4.

English

The introduction in the early 1980s of a privately managed pension system in Chile, based on individual capital accounts, has attracted world-wide attention. This reform – as well as other market oriented structural changes – and the significant improvement in Chilean economic performance has led many observers to conclude a direct link, especially through the rise in private domestic savings generated through the new pension system.

French

This paper is concerned with a number of conceptual and practical issues associated with the use of vouchers to distribute public services. Section 1 proposes a definition of vouchers and considers the position which voucher distribution occupies in the spectrum of possible mechanisms for the production and distribution of public services; this leads into a discussion of the objectives which voucher distribution might promote. Section 2 classifies the contexts in which vouchers might be applied and types of voucher systems. This permits a preliminary mapping of combinations of policy objectives and characteristics of the public service in question onto alternative forms of voucher distribution. Section 3 provides an illustrative review of the use of vouchers in the distribution of public services. Many of the examples discussed are in the field of education, where discussion of or use of vouchers is most developed, but experience of other public services is included where it is available. Section 4 contains conclusions.

French

The traditional role of the central budget office is incompatible with the management reforms enfolding in various OECD Member countries. These reforms are grounded on the principle that managers must be permitted to run their operations without undue outside interference. The logic of reform is that only when managers are free to use money and other organisational resources within agreed budgets can they be responsible for the organisation’s successes or failures. In countries where a culture of reform has taken hold, there is consensus that halfway measures do not suffice, that managers either are free to act or are not. It is not a matter of relaxing one or another restriction, but of reshaping the operations of public institutions and the behaviour of those who work in them. The budget process is one of the main arenas in which the machinery of government is undergoing fundamental transformation.

French
This paper seeks to outline the thinking behind a proposal contained in a recently released discussion paper by the Business Council of Australia (BCA). The BCA is Australia’s leading business body. It comprises the chief executive officers of most of Australia’s largest companies. The BCA’s paper was entitled Avoiding boom/bust: macroeconomic reform for a globalised economy (1999). A major section of the paper was devoted to exploring the idea of “re-engineering” fiscal policy.
French

From enjoying the largest budget surpluses of any OECD Member country in the late 1980s, Sweden went into having the largest budget deficits of any OECD Member country in the early 1990s, which were accompanied by a massive increase in government debt. In a span of just five years, the level of debt had nearly doubled. However, by the late 1990s, the budget had been brought back to balance and Sweden is now enjoying significant surpluses again.

French
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