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The global energy scene is in a state of flux. Large-scale shifts include: the rapid deployment and steep declines in the costs of major renewable energy technologies; the growing importance of electricity in energy use across the globe; profound changes in China’s economy and energy policy, moving consumption away from coal; and the continued surge in shale gas and tight oil production in the United States.
These changes provide the backdrop for the World Energy Outlook-2017, which includes a full update of energy demand and supply projections to 2040 based on different scenarios. The projections are accompanied by detailed analyses of their impact on energy industries and investment, as well as implications for energy security and the environment.
The report this year includes a focus on China, which examines how China’s choices could reshape the global outlook for all fuels and technologies. A second focus, on natural gas, explores how the rise of shale gas and LNG are changing the global gas market as well as the opportunities and risks for gas in the transition to a cleaner energy system.
Finally, the WEO-2017 introduces a major new scenario – the Sustainable Development Scenario – that outlines an integrated approach to achieving internationally agreed objectives on climate change, air quality and universal access to modern energy.
This paper outlines how these different challenges can limit, and sometimes prohibit, donors from working to strengthen the resilience of people, communities, and states and their institutions. The paper also proposes a menu of incentives that could be useful in different contexts to ensure political buy-in for resilience, to drive behaviour change by all actors, and to ensure that the risk analysis actually leads to the prioritization of resilience programming.
This report examines how current legal provisions in Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia are impacting women’s ability to fully participate in economic life, both as employees and entrepreneurs. It is based on a comparative analysis of the various rights set out in constitutions, personal status laws, labour laws, in addition to tax and business laws. The report recognises the considerable progress made – in particular in the aftermath of the 2011 uprisings – following the adoption of constitutional and institutional reforms to strengthen women’s status.
Yet ensuring sufficient opportunities for women remains a challenge in the six countries. The report suggests that this may be due to different factors such as: the existence of certain laws that are gender discriminatory, contradictions between various legal frameworks, lack of enforcement mechanisms, and barriers for women in accessing justice. Through targeted policies, countries can tackle these challenges, and help unleash women’s potential to boost growth, competitiveness and inclusive social development.
Agriculture is expected to face increasing water risks that will impact production, markets, trade and food security - risks that can be mitigated with targeted policy actions on water hotspots. This report develops the hotspot approach, provides an application at the global scale, and presents a mitigation policy action plan. The People’s Republic of China, India and the United States are identified as countries facing the greatest water risks for agriculture production globally.
A global simulation shows that, in the absence of action, water risks in Northeast China, Northwest India and the Southwest United States in particular could have significant production, price and trade consequences. Agriculture water risks could also result in broader socio-economic and food security concerns. Farmers, agro food companies, and governments can all play a role in responding to water risks at hotspot locations. A three-tier policy action plan is proposed to confront water risk hotspots, encompassing targeted responses, adapted national policies, strengthened market integration and international collaboration.
This publication presents comprehensive world energy statistics on all energy sources – coal, gas, oil, electricity, renewables and waste. It covers energy supply and consumption for 150 countries and regions, including all OECD countries, over 100 other key energy producing and consuming countries, as well as world and regional totals. The book includes detailed tables by country in original units for the year 2015, and summary time series on production, trade, and final consumption by sector. It also presents provisional 2016 supply data for OECD countries, and initial 2016 estimates for non-OECD countries’ production and trade of natural gas, primary coal and oil.
In the 2017 edition of World Energy Balances, data are presented as comprehensive energy balances expressed in energy units.
This publication presents comprehensive energy balances for all the world’s largest energy producing and consuming countries. It contains detailed data on the supply and consumption of energy for 150 countries and regions, including all OECD countries, over 100 other key energy producing and consuming countries, as well as world and regional totals. The book includes graphs and detailed data by country for all energy sources – coal, gas, oil, electricity, renewables and waste - expressed in balance format, for the year 2015. Alongside this, there are summary time series on production, trade, final consumption by sector, as well as key energy and economic indicators. The volume also presents provisional 2016 supply data for OECD countries, and initial 2016 estimates for non-OECD countries’ production and trade of natural gas, primary coal and oil.
More detailed data in original units are published in the 2017 edition of World Energy Statistics.
The second annual IEA benchmark analysis of energy investment – the lifeblood of the global energy system – presents diverse findings, with upbeat news in some quarters and bearish indicators in others.
World Energy Investment 2017 provides a critical foundation for decision making by governments, the energy industry and financial institutions.
With analysis of the past year’s developments across all fuels and all energy technologies, the report reveals the critical issues confronting energy markets and features the emerging themes for 2017 and beyond. It highlights the ways in which investment decisions taken today are determining how energy supply and demand will unfold tomorrow, complementing the forecasts and projections found in other IEA publications.
This year’s edition examines the financial landscape for energy investment and how financing flows are evolving in relation to renewable energy expansion, shorter-cycle oil and gas projects, and innovations in energy efficiency financing.
World Energy Investment 2017 addresses key questions, including:
- Which countries and policies attracted the most energy investment in 2016?
- Investments are growing the fastest in which fuels and technologies?
- How are oil and gas companies reinventing themselves to survive the new technology and price environments in the sector?
- How might energy investment trends affect energy security and climate change mitigation?
- How are business models evolving with the changing availabilities of capital for different energy sources?
- What are governments and the energy sector spending on energy R&D, and who are the biggest spenders?
The landmark Paris Agreement on climate change will transform the global energy system for decades to come.
The latest World Energy Outlook offers the most comprehensive analysis of what this transformation of the energy sector might look like, thanks to its energy projections to 2040. It reviews the key opportunities and challenges ahead for renewable energy, the central pillar of the low- carbon energy transition, as well as the critical role for energy efficiency.
WEO-2016 examines how a post-Paris world redefines the idea of energy security, particularly in the power sector, the frontline in the fight against climate change. The report explores how oil, natural gas and coal are adjusting to today’s market conditions and assesses the risks that lie ahead, from under-investment in essential supply to stranded assets.
WEO-2016 looks at individual country pledges and examines how close – or far – nations are from reaching their goals. It outlines a course that would limit the rise in global temperature to below 2 °C and also plots possible pathways for meeting even more ambitious goals.
This year, WEO-2016 also devotes a special chapter to the critical interplay between water and energy, with an emphasis on the stress points that arise as the linkages between these two sectors intensify.
The report provides a comprehensive picture of well-being in the major Danish cities, by looking at a wide range of dimensions that shape people’s lives. It contains both objective and subjective indicators meant to help policy makers, citizens and other stakeholders to better understand living conditions not only among cities but also among the different neighbourhoods within cities. This information can help policy makers build a development strategy based on well-being metrics, and choose the courses of action that will make the most difference in people’s lives.
Ireland has made considerable progress in rebounding from the crisis, but, like other OECD countries, continues to grapple with how to address lingering socio-economic impacts and ensure inclusive growth growing forward. Multi-faceted interventions, targeting disadvantaged populations and the places they live, can lead to more effective and inclusive policies. Ignoring the relationship between people and place will, in contrast, lead to further entrenched disadvantage. This report looks at some of the ways in which Ireland can build on an already comprehensive series of reforms to better weave together current policies and practices.
In this inaugural annual report on energy investments around the world, the International Energy Agency (IEA) looks at the lifeblood of the global energy system: investment. The ability to attract and direct capital flows is vital to transitioning to a low-carbon economy while also maintaining energy security and expanding energy access worldwide. The success or failure of energy policies can be measured by their ability to mobilise investments.
The new report measures in a detailed manner the state of investment in the energy system across technologies, sectors and regions. The analysis takes a comprehensive look at the critical issues confronting investors, policy-makers, and consumers over the past year.
World Energy Investment 2016 addresses key questions, including :
- What was the level of investment in the global energy system in 2015? Which countries attracted the most capital?
- What fuels and technologies received the most investment and which saw the biggest changes?
- How is the low fuel price environment affecting spending in upstream oil and gas, renewables and energy efficiency? What does this mean for energy security?
- Are current investment trends consistent with the transition to a low-carbon energy system?
- How are technological progress, new business models and key policy drivers such as the Paris Climate Agreement reshaping investment?
World Energy Investment 2016As a unique benchmark of current investment trends, serves as a complement to the forecasts and projections found in other IEA publications and provides a critical foundation for decision making by governments and industry.
The data service contains energy balances for over 150 countries and regions. The figures are expressed in thousand tonnes of oil equivalent (ktoe) and in terajoules. Conversion factors used to calculate energy balances and indicators such as GDP and population are also provided. In general, the data are available for 1971 (1960 for OECD countries) to 2014, with preliminary estimates of 2015 production (and trade when available) for natural gas, primary coal and oil.
Definitions of products and flows, explanatory notes on the individual country data, indicators (including GDP, population, industrial production index and ratios calculated with the energy data) and net calorific values are also included.
The data service contains key energy statistics for over 150 countries and regions. Data are provided in original units for the different types of coal, oil, natural gas, renewables and waste, as well as for electricity and heat. In general, the data are available for 1971 (1960 for OECD countries) to 2014, with preliminary estimates of 2015 production (and trade when available) for natural gas, primary coal and oil.
Data are provided in original units for the different types of coal, oil, natural gas, renewables and waste, as well as for electricity and heat. In general, the data are available for 1960 to 2014.
Präferenzielle Steuerregelungen sind weiterhin ein kritischer Bereich. Besorgnis herrscht gegenwärtig vor allem über präferenzielle Regelungen, die zur künstlichen Gewinnverlagerung genutzt werden können, sowie über mangelnde Transparenz im Zusammenhang mit bestimmten steuerlichen Vorabzusagen („Rulings“). In diesem Bericht wird die vereinbarte Methode beschrieben, um festzustellen, ob eine wesentliche Geschäftstätigkeit vorliegt. In Bezug auf Regelungen für geistiges Eigentum, wie z.B. Patentboxen, einigte man sich auf den „Nexus-Ansatz“, bei dem die Ausgaben als Hilfsvariable für die wesentliche Geschäftstätigkeit dienen, womit gewährleistet wird, dass Steuerpflichtige eine solche Regelung nur in Anspruch nehmen können, wenn sie Forschungs- und Entwicklungstätigkeiten durchgeführt und für diese Aktivitäten effektiv Ausgaben getätigt haben. Das gleiche Prinzip kann auch auf andere präferenzielle Regelungen angewandt werden, und zwar so, dass die erforderliche wesentliche Geschäftstätigkeit dann vorliegt, wenn der Steuerpflichtige die entscheidenden einkünftegenerierenden Tätigkeiten durchgeführt hat. Zur Förderung der Transparenz wurde ein Rahmen für den verbindlichen spontanen Informationsaustausch über steuerliche Vorabzusagen vereinbart, die ohne einen solchen Informationsaustausch zu BEPS-Problemen führen könnten. Der Bericht liefert zudem die Ergebnisse der Anwendung der bereits zuvor vom FHTP verwendeten Kriterien sowie der nun genauer ausgearbeiteten Faktoren der wesentlichen Geschäftstätigkeit (Substanz) und der Transparenz auf eine Reihe von Regelungen.
This review is the first in a new series on the skills and labour market integration of immigrants and their children. With 16% of its population born abroad, Sweden has one of the larger immigrant populations among the European OECD countries. Estimates suggest that about half of the foreign-born population originally came to Sweden as refugees or as the family of refugees and Sweden has been the OECD country that has had by far the largest inflows of asylum seekers relative to its population. In all OECD countries, humanitarian migrants and their families face greater challenges to integrate into the labour market than other groups. It is thus not surprising that immigrant versus native-born differences are larger than elsewhere, which also must be seen in the context of high skills and labour market participation among the native-born. For both genders, employment disparities are particularly pronounced among the low-educated, among whom immigrants are heavily overrepresented. These immigrants face particular challenges related to the paucity of low-skilled jobs in Sweden, and policy needs to acknowledge that their integration pathway tends to be a long one. Against this backdrop, Sweden has highly developed and longstanding integration policies that mainly aim at upskilling immigrants while temporarily lowering the cost of hiring, while other tools that work more strongly with the social partners and the civil society are less well developed and need strengthening.
Urban, demographic and climate trends are increasingly exposing cities to risks of having too little, too much and too polluted water. Facing these challenges requires robust public policies and sound governance frameworks to co-ordinate across multiple scales, authorities, and policy domains. Building on a survey of 48 cities in OECD countries and emerging economies, the report analyses key factors affecting urban water governance, discusses trends in allocating roles and responsibilities across levels of government, and assesses multi-level governance gaps in urban water management. It provides a framework for mitigating territorial and institutional fragmentation and raising the profile of water in the broader sustainable development agenda, focusing in particular on the contribution of metropolitan governance, rural-urban partnerships and stakeholder engagement.
The precipitous fall in oil prices, continued geopolitical instability and the ongoing global climate negotiations are witness to the dynamic nature of energy markets. In a time of so much uncertainty, understanding the implications of the shifting energy landscape for economic and environmental goals and for energy security is vital. The World Energy Outlook 2015 (WEO-2015) will present updated projections for the evolution of the global energy system to 2040, based on the latest data and market developments, as well as detailed insights on the prospects for fossil fuels, renewables, the power sector and energy efficiency and analysis on trends in CO2 emissions and fossil-fuel and renewable energy subsidies.
In addition, the WEO-2015 covers in-depth analysis on several topical issues:
A lower oil price future? The decline in oil prices and changed market conditions has prompted a broad debate over how and when the oil market will re-balance. This analysis will examine the implications for markets, policies, investment, the fuel mix and emissions if oil prices stay lower for longer.
India’s energy outlook: How India’s energy sector develops over the coming decades will have profound implications both for the country’s own prospects and for the global energy system as a whole. With new impetus behind efforts to upgrade the country’s energy supply, this comprehensive, in-depth analysis will assess the multiple challenges and opportunities facing India as it develops the resources and infrastructure to meet rapidly rising energy demand.
Renewables and energy efficiency: In the run-up to COP21, the Outlook will provide a report on the competitive position of fast-growing renewable energy technologies in different markets, how this evolves and what implications this might have for policy; the analysis also tracks for the first time the coverage of energy use by efficiency policies around the world and the ways in which product design, recycling and reuse (“material efficiency”) can contribute to energy savings.
Unconventional gas: In addition to an update on the opportunities and challenges that face the development of unconventional gas globally, analysis will focus on the prospects for unconventional gas in China and how this might affect China’s energy outlook as well as regional and global balances.
Water is abundant in Brazil, but unevenly distributed across regions and users. Remarkable progress to reform the sector has been achieved since the 1997 National Water Law, but economic, climate and urbanisation trends generate threats that may jeopardize national growth and development. The consequences are particularly acute in regions where tensions across water users already exist or are likely to grow. The report is the result of a policy dialogue with more than 100 stakeholders at different levels in Brazil. It assesses the performance of Brazil’s water governance and suggests policy recommendations for strengthening the co-ordination between federal and state water policies and for setting up more robust water allocation regimes that can better cope with future risks. The report concludes with an action plan, which suggests concrete milestones and champion institutions to implement those recommendations.
Thema dieses Berichts sind die Herausforderungen für das urbane Wassermanagement im OECD-Raum. Untersucht werden Maßnahmen auf nationaler und kommunaler Ebene in Bezug auf Wasserrisiken, die städtische Infrastruktur und Dynamik sowie Institutionen und Governance-Regelungen. Die Analyse richtet den Blick auf vier miteinander verknüpfte Bereiche – Finanzierung, Innovation, Kooperation mit ländlichen Gemeinden im Umland und Governance – und schlägt eine lösungsorientierte Typologie auf der Grundlage bestimmter städtischer Merkmale vor. Dabei wird insbesondere festgestellt, dass ein nachhaltiges Wassermanagement das Zusammenwirken verschiedener staatlicher Ebenen voraussetzt, die mit lokalen Initiativen und Akteuren zusammenarbeiten.
Water resources allocation determines who is able to use water resources, how, when and where. It directly affects the value (economic, ecological, socio-cultural) that individuals and society obtain from water resources. This report overviews how allocation works in a range of countries and how the performance of allocation arrangements can be improved to adjust to changing conditions.
Capturing information from 27 OECD countries and key partner economies, the report presents key findings from the OECD Survey of Water Resources Allocation and case studies of successful allocation reform. It provides practical policy guidance for water allocation in the form of a "health check", which can be used to assess the performance of current arrangements and manage the transition to improved regimes.