Browse by: "2011"

The global energy system faces urgent challenges. Concerns about energy security are growing, as highlighted by the recent political turmoil in Northern Africa and the nuclear incident in Fukushima. At the same time, the need to respond to climate change is more critical than ever. Against this background, many governments have increased efforts to promote deployment of renewable energy – low-carbon sources that can strengthen energy security. This has stimulated unprecedented rise in deployment, and renewables are now the fastest growing sector of the energy mix.

This “coming of age” of renewable energy also brings challenges. Growth is focused on a few of the available technologies, and rapid deployment is confined to a relatively small number of countries. In more advanced markets, managing support costs and system integration of large shares of renewable energy in a time of economic weakness and budget austerity has sparked vigorous political debate.

The IEA’s new report, Deploying Renewables 2011: Best and Future Policy Practice:

·         Provides a comprehensive review and analysis of renewable energy policy and market trends;

·         Analyses in detail the dynamics of deployment and provides best-practice policy principles for different stages of market maturity;

·         Assesses the impact and cost-effectiveness of support policies using new methodological tools and indicators;

·         Investigates the strategic reasons underpinning the pursuit of RE deployment by different countries and the prospects for globalisation of RE. 

This new book builds on and extends a 2008 IEA publication, drawing on recent policy and deployment experience world-wide.  It provides guidance for policy makers and other stakeholders to avoid past mistakes, overcome new challenges and reap the benefits of deploying renewables – today and tomorrow.

Despite its relatively small size, Slovenia is a good illustration of the potential of regional development policy. Its internal diversity, openness and experience of rapid structural change all reinforce the need for efficient reallocation of resources, while underscoring the need to take account of the potential positive and negative externalities associated with the shifting structure of economic activity.  

With 36% of the national territory falling under Natura 2000 protection, spatial planning is particularly challenging and yet also particularly important. Given the absence of a regional tier of government and the extreme fragmentation of the municipal level of authority, Slovenia needs to develop capacity at intermediate levels, to address policy problems that are best tackled at a scale in between the local and the national. 

“Shifting wealth” – a process that started in the 1990s and took off in the 2000s – has led to a completely new geography of growth driven by the economic rise of large developing countries, in particular China and India. The resulting re-configuration of the global economy will shape the political, economic and social agendas of international development as those of the converging and poor countries for the years to come.

This report analyses the impact of “Shifting wealth” on social cohesion, largely focusing on high-growth converging countries. A “cohesive” society works towards the well-being of all its members, creates a sense of belonging and fights against the marginalization within and between different groups of societies. The question this report asks is how does the structural transformation in converging economies affect their “social fabric”, their sense of belonging or put generally their ability to peacefully manage collective action problems.

Recent events in well performing countries in the Arab world but also beyond such as in Thailand, China and India seem to suggest that economic growth, rising fiscal resources and improvements in education are not sufficient  to create cohesion; governments need to address social deficits and actively promote social cohesion if long-term development is to be sustainable.   

This book contributes to the current debate on migration policy, focusing on three main elements in the standard migration policy dialogue: the regulation of flows, the integration of immigrants and the impact of labour mobility on development.
In particular it argues that the current governance of international migration is both insufficient and inefficient. Restrictive and non-cooperative migration policies not only affect development in sending countries but also have counterproductive effects in the countries that implement them. Likewise, the lack of integration policies generates costs for society. In this respect, the book focuses on South-South migration and highlights the specific risks of neglecting integration in developing countries. It also analyses the effects of emigration on origin-country labour markets and underlines the externalities of immigration policies in migrant-sending countries.

The book explores the feasibility of implementing a coherent governance framework centred on three complementary objectives: i) a more flexible regulation of international migration flows; ii) a better integration of immigrants in developing countries; and iii) a higher impact of labour mobility on development.

The Monitoring Survey of the Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations provides one of the only sources of evidence of development impact in fragile and conflict-affected states. Based on 13 national consultations and using a mixed methods approach, the survey has catalysed dialogue among national and international stakeholders and contributed to deepening consensus on key goals and priorities. This report synthesises main findings and recommendations from across these 13 countries, providing evidence from the ground of what works and what doesn’t.

Die OECD-Verrechnungspreisleitlinien für multinationale Unternehmen und Steuerverwaltungen bieten Orientierungen für die Anwendung des „Fremdvergleichsgrundsatzes“, der den internationalen Konsens im Hinblick auf die Verrechnungspreisgestaltung, d.h. die Bewertung grenzüberschreitender Geschäftsvorfälle zwischen verbundenen Unternehmen für Besteuerungszwecke, darstellt. In einer globalen Wirtschaft, in der multinationale Unternehmen eine herausragende Rolle spielen, sind die Verrechnungspreise für Steuerverwaltungen und Steuerpflichtige gleichermaßen von größter Bedeutung. Die Regierungen müssen sicherstellen, dass die steuerpflichtigen Gewinne multinationaler Unternehmen nicht künstlich aus ihrem Land hinaus verlagert werden und die von den multinationalen Unternehmen in den einzelnen Ländern ausgewiesene Besteuerungsgrundlage die jeweils dort ausgeübte Wirtschaftstätigkeit widerspiegelt. Für die Steuerpflichtigen ist es äußerst wichtig, das Risiko der wirtschaftlichen Doppelbesteuerung zu begrenzen, zu der es auf Grund von Streitigkeiten zwischen zwei Ländern bei der Ermittlung der fremdvergleichskonformen Vergütung für die grenzüberschreitenden Geschäftsvorfälle der Steuerpflichtigen mit verbundenen Unternehmen kommen kann.

Die OECD-Verrechnungspreisleitlinien wurden 1995 in ihrer Originalfassung vom Rat der OECD zur Veröffentlichung freigegeben. 2009 wurden die Leitlinien teilweise aktualisiert, was vorrangig durch Änderungen des Kommentars zu Artikel 25 über Verständigungsverfahren zur Lösung grenzüberschreiten­der Steuerkonflikte sowie durch die Einführung eines neuen Absatzes 5 zu Artikel 25 zum Thema Schiedsverfahren bedingt war, die im Rahmen der Aktualisierung des OECD-Musterabkommens im Jahr 2008 erfolgte. In der Fassung aus dem Jahr 2010 wurden die Kapitel I-III erheblich überarbeitet, mit neuen Leitlinien
- zur Auswahl der unter den Gegebenheiten des Einzelfalls am besten geeigneten Verrechnungspreis­methode,
- zur praktischen Anwendung der geschäftsvorfallbezogenen Gewinnmethoden (geschäftsvorfallbezogene Nettomargenmethode und Gewinnaufteilungsmethode) sowie           
- zur Durchführung von Vergleichbarkeitsanalysen.   
Darüber hinaus wurde ein neues Kapitel IX zu den verrechnungspreisbezogenen Aspekten von Umstrukturierungen der Geschäftstätigkeit hinzugefügt. An den übrigen Abschnitten der Leitlinien wurden Änderungen zur Wahrung der Konsistenz vorgenommen.

Plus de 200 donneurs multilatéraux reçoivent ou font transiter par leur intermédiaire 40 % de l’aide totale. Afin d’acheminer cette aide efficacement et de mieux coordonner leurs efforts, l'Aide multilatérale 2010 présente les tendances de l’aide multilatérale et l’utilisation totale (budgets centraux et contributions extrabudgétaires) du système multilatéral et se concentre sur les fonds d’affectation spéciale du Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement (PNUD) et de la Banque Mondiale. Ce rapport analyse les perspectives d’évolution – sous l’angle du développement – de l’architecture du financement de la lutte contre le changement climatique et donne une vue d’ensemble des réactions de la part des multilatéraux face à la crise financière et économique.

Tandis que le Rapport sur la coopération pour le développement de l'OCDE offre des statistiques et des analyses incontournables concernant les évolutions les plus récentes intervenues sur la scène internationale de l’aide, le rapport sur l’Aide multilatérale se penche en particulier sur les évolutions de l’aide multilatérale.

With 22% of the national population (11.2 million inhabitants), the Gauteng city-region is the largest and richest region in South Africa, contributing to one-third of national GDP. The area encompasses a series of connected cities, including Johannesburg and the national capital of Tshwane (formerly Pretoria), that function as a single, integrated region. Gauteng has been South Africa’s growth engine: for every additional 1% growth in population in the province, 1.6% is added to its contribution to national growth, implying higher productivity than in other parts of the country. Nevertheless, the city-region’s growth potential is constrained by deep socio-economic challenges, including high unemployment (26.9%) and low productivity growth. Its rapid demographic and economic development has also reinforced the spatial segregation instituted under apartheid.

Against the backdrop of South Africa’s achievements since the fall of apartheid, this Review evaluates measures to position economic development policy and to confront economic inequality in Gauteng. The issues of adequate housing as a catalyst of economic development and a vehicle for socioeconomic integration, transport mobility and public service delivery are examined in detail. The Review also assesses the economic growth potential of the manufacturing and green sectors, as well as governance issues, focussing on the potential of intergovernmental collaboration in advancing a cross-cutting regional approach for Gauteng.  

World Energy Outlook 2011 brings together the latest data, policy developments, and the experience of another year to provide robust analysis and insight into global energy markets, today and for the next 25 years. This edition of the IEA’s flagship WEO publication gives the latest energy demand and supply projections for different future scenarios, broken down by country, fuel and sector. It also gives special focus to such topical energy sector issues as:  

• Russia's energy prospects and their implications for global markets.

• The role of coal in driving economic growth in an emissions-constrained world.

• The implications of a possible delay in oil and gas sector investment in the Middle East and North Africa.

• How high-carbon infrastructure “lock-in” is making the 2°C climate change goal more challenging and expensive to meet.

• The scale of fossil fuel subsidies and support for renewable energy and their impact on energy, economic and environmental trends.

• A “Low Nuclear Case” to investigate what a rapid slowdown in the use of nuclear power would mean for the global energy landscape.

• The scale and type of investment needed to provide modern energy to the billions of the world’s poor that do not have it.