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Die Ausgabe enthält Fachkapitel mit Politikdebatten zur Qualität der selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit, einschließlich neuer Formen der selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit wie der abhängigen selbstständigen Erwerbstätigkeit und der Scheinselbstständigkeit. Sie enthält auch Debatten zum Potenzial der selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit als Anpassungsmechanismus bei umfassenden Unternehmensumstrukturierungen. Jedes Fachkapitel bietet einen Überblick über aktuelle Politikdebatten und Herausforderungen, und formuliert im Anschluss Empfehlungen an Entscheidungsträger. Anschließend werden in Länderprofilen neue Trends im Unternehmertum der sozialen Zielgruppen sowie wesentliche politische Herausforderungen und jüngste politische Maßnahmen aller 28 EU-Mitgliedstaaten vorgestellt.
Die Ausgabe enthält Fachkapitel mit Politikdebatten zur Qualität der selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit, einschließlich neuer Formen der selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit wie der abhängigen selbstständigen Erwerbstätigkeit und der Scheinselbstständigkeit. Sie enthält auch Debatten zum Potenzial der selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit als Anpassungsmechanismus bei umfassenden Unternehmensumstrukturierungen. Jedes Fachkapitel bietet einen Überblick über aktuelle Politikdebatten und Herausforderungen, und formuliert im Anschluss Empfehlungen an Entscheidungsträger. Anschließend werden in Länderprofilen neue Trends im Unternehmertum der sozialen Zielgruppen sowie wesentliche politische Herausforderungen und jüngste politische Maßnahmen aller 28 EU-Mitgliedstaaten vorgestellt.
Pallier la pénurie d’entrepreneurs 2017 est la quatrième édition d’une série de publications qui examinent la manière dont les politiques publiques à l’échelon national, régional et local peuvent soutenir la création d’emplois en encourageant la création d’entreprises et le travail indépendant auprès des personnes issues de groupes sociaux défavorisés ou sous-représentés. Ce rapport montre que la lutte contre le chômage et la stimulation de l’inclusion sociale pourraient être considérablement renforcées en promouvant l’entrepreneuriat au sein de pans de la population telles que les femmes, les jeunes, les seniors, les chômeurs et les migrants, si les problèmes spécifiques auxquels ces parts de la population sont confrontées sont traités et si les politiques en faveur de l’entrepreneuriat sont ouvertes à tous.
Cette édition contient des chapitres de discussion thématiques sur la qualité du travail indépendant, y compris sur ses nouvelles formes, telles que le travail indépendant dépendant et le faux travail indépendant, ainsi que sur le potentiel du travail indépendant en tant que mécanisme d’ajustement dans la restructuration des grandes entreprises. Chaque chapitre thématique traite des enjeux et défis politiques actuels et formule des recommandations à l’intention des décideurs politiques. Enfin, les profils nationaux mettent en évidence les tendances récentes observées en matière d’entrepreneuriat au sein des groupes sociaux cibles, les principaux défis politiques et les mesures politiques récentes dans chacun des 28 États membres de l’UE.
Skills are the key to shaping a better future. Skills are central to the capacity of countries and people to thrive in an increasingly interconnected and rapidly changing world. Megatrends such as globalisation, technological advance and demographic change are reshaping work and society, generating a growing demand for higher levels of skills, as well as new sets of skills.
OECD Skills Strategy projects provide a strategic and comprehensive approach to assess countries’ skills challenges and opportunities, and build more effective skills systems. The OECD works collaboratively with countries to develop policy responses that are tailored to each country’s specific skills needs. The foundation of this approach is the OECD Skills Strategy framework, which allows for an exploration of what countries can do better to i) develop relevant skills over the life course, ii) use skills effectively in work and in society, and iii) strengthen the governance of the skills system.
This report OECD Skills Strategy Latvia: Assessment and Recommendations identifies opportunities and makes recommendations to strengthen the skills outcomes of students, foster a culture of lifelong learning, reduce skills imbalances in the labour market, and strengthen the governance of the skills system.
The German vocational education and training (VET) system is admired around the world for its ability to prepare young people for skilled employment. In Germany, VET smooths transitions into work and is closely aligned with labour market demand. This report focuses on an unprecedented test of the German VET system: how to respond to the significant increase in migrants who arrived in the country in 2015-16. The study explores both the opportunities and the challenges presented by migration. Germany has already devoted significant attention to VET as a mechanism for enabling integration – and for good reason. Work-based learning assists integration because it demonstrably gives learners skills that employers want in real-world settings. The report assesses the barriers faced by learners in their journeys into and through VET, exploring how such challenges can be addressed. In addition, the study looks at system-wide issues in relation to how VET provision and integration policy is governed. Lastly, it explores opportunities for increased flexibility in the German VET system of relevance to all youth at risk of not succeeding in VET. In responding to migrant needs, German VET can become more inclusive without reducing quality.
El número de estudiantes de educación superior en México se duplicó en la década pasada y cada año más de medio millón de egresados de este nivel se incorporan al mercado laboral. Encontrar empleo adecuado es difícil y un gran número de jóvenes egresados universitarios trabajan en puestos para los cuales están sobrecalificados o consiguen empleos sin seguridad social ni cobertura de pensión. México no es el único país en esta situación. En muchas naciones de la OCDE, los resultados de la educación superior, menores a lo esperado, son una desilusión para los graduados y sus familias, quienes desearían obtener empleos de buena calidad y con buenos ingresos como respuesta a su inversión formativa. La baja rentabilidad es también una preocupación para los gobiernos, que gastan en el desarrollo de competencias para impulsar la productividad y la innovación a escalas nacional y regional. Para responder a estas inquietudes, la OCDE ha emprendido un análisis exhaustivo de los resultados y la relevancia de los sistemas de educación superior para el mercado laboral. El objetivo es ayudar a los países a mejorar las políticas públicas y las prácticas institucionales mediante un conocimiento más amplio de las capacidades y los obstáculos existentes, y las recomendaciones que ayuden a cerrar esas brechas. México fue una de las primeras naciones en sumarse a este ejercicio, junto con Noruega y Estados Unidos de América.
Skills are the key to shaping a better future. Skills are central to the capacity of countries and people to thrive in an increasingly interconnected and rapidly changing world. Megatrends such as globalisation, technological advance and demographic change are reshaping work and society, generating a growing demand for higher levels of skills, as well as new sets of skills.
OECD Skills Strategy projects provide a strategic and comprehensive approach to assess countries’ skills challenges and opportunities, and build more effective skills systems. The OECD works collaboratively with countries to develop policy responses that are tailored to each country’s specific skills needs. The foundation of this approach is the OECD Skills Strategy framework, which allows for an exploration of what countries can do better to i) develop relevant skills over the life course, ii) use skills effectively in work and in society, and iii) strengthen the governance of the skills system.
This report, OECD Skills Strategy Poland: Assessment and Recommendations, identifies opportunities and recommends actions to make the education system more reponsive to labour market needs, foster participation in adult learning, increase the use of skills in workplaces and strengthen the governance of the skills system in Poland.
The Missing Entrepreneurs 2019 is the fifth edition in a series of biennial reports that examine how public policies at national, regional and local levels can support job creation, economic growth and social inclusion by overcoming obstacles to business start-ups and self-employment by people from disadvantaged or under-represented groups in entrepreneurship. It shows that there is substantial potential to combat unemployment and increase labour market participation by facilitating business creation in populations such as women, youth, the unemployed, and immigrants. However, the specific problems they face need to be recognised and addressed with effective and efficient policy measures. The 2019 edition contains two thematic policy chapters on the potential of digital entrepreneurship for making entrepreneurship more inclusive and increasing the scale-up potential of start-ups by entrepreneurs from disadvantaged groups. These thematic chapters discuss current policy issues and present the range of policy actions currently used in EU and OECD countries. The chapters also offer policy advice to national, regional and local policy makers. Finally, the report contains country profiles that highlight recent trends in entrepreneurship by women, youth, seniors and immigrants, key policy issues and recent policy actions in each of the 28 EU Member States.
La edición 2019 de las Perspectivas de empleo de la OCDE presenta nueva evidencia de los cambios en la estabilidad del empleo, el desempleo y la proporción de trabajos bien remunerados, asimismo analiza sus implicaciones en las políticas públicas con respecto a cómo la tecnología, la globalización, el envejecimiento de la población y otras megatendencias están transformando el mercado laboral de los países de la OCDE. El informe analiza cómo la regulación del mercado laboral debe utilizarse para extender los derechos y protecciones más allá de los trabajadores estándar, así como volver a equilibrar el poder de negociación entre empleadores y trabajadores. Examina cómo la negociación colectiva y el diálogo social pueden movilizarse para encauzar los retos emergentes en el mercado laboral, considerando el rol que desempeñan el gobierno, los actores sociales y las nuevas formas de organización colectiva. El papel del aprendizaje para adultos también se enfoca hacia los grupos más vulnerables. Finalmente, el informe evalúa los retos de las políticas de protección social, mostrando evidencia de las brechas de apoyo que afectan a los diferentes tipos de trabajadores y propone vertientes de reforma para preservar y fortalecer el papel fundamental de los sistemas de protección social.
Collective bargaining and workers’ voice are often discussed in the past rather than in the future tense, but can they play a role in the context of a rapidly changing world of work? This report provides a comprehensive assessment of the functioning of collective bargaining systems and workers’ voice arrangements across OECD countries, and new insights on their effect on labour market performance today. The publication provides a detailed review of existing collective bargaining institutions and workers’ voice arrangements. It analyses the role of these institutions for employment, wages, labour market inclusiveness, as well as non-monetary aspects of job quality. The publication also discusses how collective bargaining can be mobilised to address emerging challenges in the labour market, and identifies the type of government intervention that may be required to do this. The report provides a resource for policy makers, trade unions and employers’ organisations interested in understanding how collective bargaining and workers' voice can be used to complement public regulation in shaping ever-changing labour markets.
This edition of the Reader’s Companion accompanies Skills Matter: Additional Results from the Survey of Adult Skills that reports the results from the 39 countries and regions that participated in the 3 rounds of data collection in the first cycle of PIAAC, with a particular focus on the 6 countries that participated in the third round of the study (Ecuador, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Peru and the United States). It describes the design and methodology of the survey and its relationship to other international assessments of young students and adults.
The Survey of Adult Skills, a product of the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), was designed to provide insights into the availability of some key skills in society and how they are used at work and at home. The first survey of its kind, it directly measures proficiency in several information-processing skills – namely literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments.
In the wake of the technological revolution that began in the last decades of the 20th century, labour-market demand for information-processing and other high-level cognitive and interpersonal skills have been growing substantially. Based on the results from the 33 countries and regions that participated in the 1st and 2nd round of the Survey of Adult Skills in 2011-12 and in 2014-15, this report describes adults’ proficiency in three information-processing skills, and examines how proficiency is related to labour-market and social outcomes. It also places special emphasis on the results from the 3rd and final round of the first cycle of PIAAC in 2017-18, which included 6 countries (Ecuador, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Peru and the United States). The Survey of Adult Skills, a product of the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), was designed to provide insights into the availability of some of these key skills in society and how they are used at work and at home. The first survey of its kind, it directly measures proficiency in three information-processing skills: literacy, numeracy and problem-solving in technology-rich environments.
This report offers guidance on how to manage industrial transition and is directed towards all policymakers seeking to improve the “what” and “how” of policies that promote industrial change. It identifies how regions in industrial transition can become more competitive and more resilient in the context of major shifts brought about by globalisation, decarbonisation and ongoing technological change. It takes stock of discussions emanating from a series of peer-learning workshops jointly organised in 2018 by the European Commission and the OECD. The report presents a number of implementation tools that policymakers have at their disposal to activate regional innovation potential to help tackle these challenges and the often accompanying ones such as an unsuitable skills base, unemployment due to deindustrialisation, and limited investment opportunities.
Bringing together economic analysis and regional and country practice from the participating regions and countries on the topics of the future of work, entrepreneurship, innovation, transitioning to a climate-neutral economy and inclusive growth, the report identifies cross-cutting lessons to help policy-makers better design the next generation of smart specialisation and regional innovation strategies.
In Brazil, as in other countries, innovation in the public sector is a core leadership challenge. Reflection is required on who these leaders are, what they should be able to do, and how they should be selected and held accountable to achieve results. This study establishes a new assessment framework for senior civil service (SCS) systems, based on the 2019 OECD Recommendation on Public Service Leadership and Capability. Using this framework, the study assesses Brazil’s current system and recommends specific actions to improve it. The report also contributes to a broader debate on public leadership competencies in public sector innovation, and the systems needed to appoint the most effective people and help them achieve results.
A rise in non-standard work in many countries and an increased fragmentation of worker careers have created new challenges for training policies at a time when structural transformation is creating a need for both re- and up-skilling. Individual learning accounts have received renewed attention from policy makers, due to their ability to make training rights “portable” from one job or employment status to another.
This report examines past and existing individual learning accounts and other individual schemes to finance training, based on a review of the existing literature as well as six new case studies commissioned by the OECD: The Upper Austrian Bildungskonto, the French Compte Personnel de Formation, the Scottish Individual Learning Accounts/Individual Training Accounts, the Singapore SkillsFuture Credit, the Tuscan Carta ILA, and the Individual Training Accounts in Michigan and Washington in the United States. The report takes stock of these experiences and identifies the advantages and disadvantages of such schemes, as well as the key trade-offs and questions to consider in designing a successful scheme, including targeting, funding, participation of under-represented groups and quality issues.
In einer Zeit, in der strukturelle Veränderungen Umschulungen und Höherqualifizierungen notwendig machen, steht die Weiterbildungspolitik aufgrund der in vielen Ländern beobachteten Zunahme atypischer Beschäftigungsformen und der stärkeren Fragmentierung beruflicher Laufbahnen vor neuen Herausforderungen. Individuelle Weiterbildungskonten stoßen bei den Politikverantwortlichen derzeit erneut auf Interesse, da sie die Möglichkeit bieten, Weiterbildungsansprüche von einem Arbeitsplatz oder Erwerbsstatus auf einen anderen zu übertragen.
Dieser Bericht untersucht frühere und bestehende individuelle Weiterbildungskonten und andere individuelle Programme zur Finanzierung weiterführenden Lernens und stützt sich dabei auf die vorhandene Fachliteratur sowie auf sechs neue Fallstudien, die von der OECD in Auftrag gegeben wurden: das oberösterreichische Bildungskonto, das französische Compte Personnel de Formation, die schottischen Individual Learning Accounts/Individual Training Accounts, der singapurische SkillsFuture Credit, die toskanische Carta ILA und die Individual Training Accounts in Michigan und Washington in den Vereinigten Staaten. Der Bericht beschreibt die mit diesen Programmen gemachten Erfahrungen, benennt ihre Vor- und Nachteile sowie die wichtigsten Zielkonflikte und Fragen, die es bei der Konzeption eines erfolgreichen Programms zu beachten gilt, insbesondere Zielgruppenorientierung, Finanzierung, Beteiligung unterrepräsentierter Gruppen und Qualität.
The series Investing in Youth builds on the expertise of the OECD on youth employment, social support and skills. It covers both OECD countries and key emerging economies. The report on Korea presents new results from a comprehensive analysis of the situation of young people in Korea, exploiting various sources of survey-based and administrative data. It provides a detailed assessment of education, employment and social policies in Korea from an international perspective, and offers tailored recommendations to help improve the school-to-work transition. Earlier reviews in the same series have looked at youth policies in Brazil (2014), Latvia and Tunisia (2015), Australia, Lithuania and Sweden (2016), Japan (2017), Norway (2018), and Finland and Peru (2019).
Korean families are changing fast. While birth rates remain low, Koreans are marrying and starting a family later than ever before, if at all. Couple-with-children households, the dominant household type in Korea until recently, will soon make up fewer than one quarter of all households. These changes will have a profound effect on Korea’s future. Among other things, the Korean labour force is set to decline by about 2.5 million workers by 2040, with potential major implications for economic performance and the sustainability of public finances. Since the early 2000s, public policy has changed to help parents reconcile work and family commitments: Korea has developed a comprehensive formal day-care and kindergarten system with enrolment rates that are now on par with the Nordic countries. Korea also has one year of paid parental leave for both parents, but only about 25% of mothers and 5% of fathers use it, as workplace cultures are often not conducive to parents, especially fathers, taking leave. Cultural change will take time, but this review suggests there also is a need for additional labour market, education and social policy reform to help Koreans achieve both work and family aspirations, and contribute to the rejuvenation of Korean society.
OECD Reviews of Digital Transformation: Going Digital in Colombia analyses recent developments of the digital economy in the country, reviews policies related to digitalisation and makes recommendations to increase policy coherence in this area. The report examines recent developments in infrastructures for the digital economy, telecom markets and related regulations and policies in Colombia. It reviews trends in the use of digital technologies by individuals, businesses and the government, and examines policies to foster diffusion. The report also examines opportunities and challenges raised by digitalisation for production, innovation, jobs and skills.
The report reconsiders these policies in relation to their coherence among different domains and in order to foster synergies across government ministries, levels and institutions, based on the integrated policy framework of the OECD's Going Digital: Making the Transformation Work for Growth and Well-being project.
Nachdem betriebliche Ausbildungen und andere Formen des arbeitsplatzbasierten Lernens in vielen Ländern eine gewisse Zeit relativ vernachlässigt worden sind, gewinnen sie nun wieder an Bedeutung. Dabei wird zunehmend gewürdigt, dass sie nicht nur den Übergang von der Schule ins Erwerbsleben erleichtern, sondern auch für die Wirtschaft von Nutzen sind. Es ist allerdings nach wie vor eine große Herausforderung, Auszubildende, Ausbildungsbetriebe, Sozialpartner sowie Bildungs- und Ausbildungssysteme in das arbeitsplatzbasierte Lernen einzubinden. Vor diesem Hintergrund enthält Sieben Fragen zur betrieblichen Ausbildung Anregungen zur Ausgestaltung und Umsetzung hochwertiger betrieblicher Ausbildungen unter Verwendung von Material aus dem OECD-Projekt Lernen am Arbeitsplatz in der beruflichen Bildung.
Dieser Bericht liefert Antworten auf sieben Fragen, die sich die einzelnen Länder und Politikverantwortlichen häufig stellen, wenn es darum geht, Ausbildungssysteme für junge Menschen und/oder ältere Arbeitskräfte einzuführen oder zu reformieren. Können betriebliche Ausbildungen in jedem Land einen sinnvollen Beitrag leisten? Sollten Unternehmen finanzielle Ausbildungsanreize erhalten? Wie sieht eine angemessene Ausbildungsvergütung aus und wie lange sollte eine betriebliche Ausbildung dauern? Wie lassen sich gute Lernerfahrungen im Betrieb gewährleisten? Wie kann die betriebliche Ausbildung auf förderungsbedürftige junge Menschen ausgerichtet werden? Und wie kann das Interesse potenzieller Auszubildender geweckt werden?
Ausgehend von neuen Analysen und konkreten Beispielen aus der ganzen Welt stellt diese Studie Grundregeln für ein erfolgreiches Praxishandeln vor.
L'édition 2019 des Perspectives des migrations internationales analyse les évolutions récentes des mouvements et des politiques migratoires dans les pays de l'OCDE et dans quelques économies non-OCDE. Il examine également l'évolution de la situation des immigrés sur le marché du travail dans les pays de l'OCDE. Le rapport comprend deux chapitres spéciaux, l'un sur la contribution des migrations temporaires au marché du travail dans les pays de l'OCDE et le second sur les effets de long terme de la présence des membres de la famille sur l'intégration. Le rapport comprend également des notes par pays et une annexe statistique.