Guatemala
Por lo que se refiere a los indicadores de inversión y transformación productiva, la inversión total en Guatemala aumentó del 13.9% del PIB en 2016 al 16.8% en 2022, siguiendo la tendencia del promedio de ALC, que aumentó del 20.8% al 21.3% en el mismo período. La inversión privada se incrementó ligeramente en Guatemala, del 12.6% del PIB al 12.8%, aunque se mantiene por debajo del promedio de ALC (15.8% en 2019). La productividad laboral de Guatemala, medida con respecto a la producción de Estados Unidos por persona empleada, en general se mantuvo sin cambios, al situarse en el 15.7% en 2016 y el 15.8% en 2023, por debajo del promedio de ALC del 27.1% en 2023. La proporción de exportaciones de productos de alta tecnología en los bienes manufacturados exportados totales descendió del 5.8% en 2016 al 5.2% en 2021, por debajo del promedio de ALC (7.2%). Las percepciones positivas de la inversión extranjera directa (IED), que descendieron en toda la región de ALC, también lo hicieron en Guatemala, del 55.1% en 2016 al 45.5% en 2020. Los ingresos tributarios del país aumentaron del 13.2% del PIB en 2016 al 14.2% en 2021, manteniéndose por debajo del promedio regional del 21.5%. Los ingresos tributarios ambientales se mantuvieron prácticamente sin cambios, al descender del 0.9% del PIB en 2016 al 0.8% en 2021.
Regarding investment and production transformation indicators, total investment in Guatemala increased from 13.9% of GDP in 2016 to 16.8% in 2022, following the average trend for the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region, which increased from 20.8% to 21.3% over the same period. Private investment rose slightly in Guatemala, from 12.6% of GDP to 12.8%, but remains below the LAC average (15.8% in 2019). Guatemala’s labour productivity, measured against output per employed person in the United States, remained largely unchanged at 15.7% in 2016 and 15.8% in 2023, below the LAC average of 27.1% in 2023. The share of exports of high-tech products in total exported manufactured goods declined from 5.8% in 2016 to 5.2% in 2021, below the LAC average (7.2%). Positive perceptions of foreign direct investment (FDI), which declined across the LAC region, fell in Guatemala from 55.1% in 2016 to 45.5% in 2020. The country’s tax revenue increased from 13.2% of GDP in 2016 to 14.2% in 2021, remaining below the regional average of 21.5%. Environment-related tax revenues remained almost unchanged, declining from 0.9% of GDP in 2016 to 0.8% in 2021.
En 2019, se registraron en Guatemala emisiones totales de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) per cápita de 2.1 toneladas equivalentes de dióxido de carbono (t CO2e), situándose en niveles inferiores a los promedios de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) (6.3) y de los países miembros de la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) (9.1). Ese mismo año, la proporción de población expuesta a niveles de contaminación del aire que suponen un riesgo para la salud humana (PM2.5 a más de 10 µg/m3) fue del 100%, por encima del 95.4% registrado en ALC y del 61.0% en los países miembros de la OCDE. La zona marina protegida de Guatemala representó tan solo el 0.8% de sus aguas territoriales en 2021, frente al 7.3% registrado en ALC y al 18.6% en la OCDE. En materia fiscal, los ingresos tributarios ambientales supusieron el 0.8% del producto interno bruto (PIB) en 2020, situándose por debajo de los promedios de ALC (1.0%) y de la OCDE (2.1%). El total de ingresos tributarios expresado como porcentaje del PIB (12.4%) en 2020 siguió siendo inferior a los promedios de ALC (21.9%) y de la OCDE (33.5%).
In 2019, total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita in Guatemala were 2.1 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (t CO2e), lower than the averages for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) (6.3) and countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (9.1). That same year, the share of the population exposed to air pollution levels that pose risks to human health (PM2.5 at more than 10 µg/m3) was 100%, higher than 95.4% for LAC and 61.0% for the OECD. The marine protected area of Guatemala accounted for 0.8% of its territorial waters in 2021, compared to 7.3% for LAC and 18.6% for the OECD. On the fiscal side, environmentally related tax revenue was 0.8% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020, below the averages for LAC (1.0%) and the OECD (2.1%). Total tax revenue as a percentage of GDP (12.4%) in 2020 remained lower than the averages for LAC (21.9%) and the OECD (33.5%).
Good governance is a building block for the performance of regulators, including civil aviation authorities. This paper reports the results of a mapping of governance arrangements across 29 civil aviation authorities in Latin American and Caribbean countries, with the International Civil Aviation Organization’s South American and North American, Central American and Caribbean regions.
Applying the methodology of the OECD Indicators on the Governance of Sector Regulators, the results provide a birds-eye view of the independence, accountability and scope of action of participating authorities. This paper explains the indicator methodology, summarises key data points, and presents high-level take aways.
This report compiles comparable tax revenue statistics over the period 1990-2020 for 27 Latin American and Caribbean economies. Based on the OECD Revenue Statistics database, it applies the OECD methodology to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to enable comparison of tax levels and tax structures on a consistent basis, both among the economies of the region and with other economies. This publication is jointly undertaken by the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, the OECD Development Centre, the Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations (CIAT), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).
La crisis golpeó fuertemente la economía de Guatemala y contrajo el producto interno bruto (PIB) un 1.5% anual. Esta recesión provocó un aumento de más de tres puntos porcentuales de la pobreza extrema, que alcanzó el 18.7% en 2020, mientras que la tasa de pobreza se mantuvo relativamente estable, en un 50.9%, de acuerdo con las últimas estimaciones internacionales comparables. Previo a la crisis, el gasto público en salud era del 5.8% del PIB, porcentaje que se mantuvo constante a lo largo de un decenio, en comparación con los promedios del 6.8% en la región de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) y del 8.8% en los países de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE). En 2020, el 56.0% de los guatemaltecos se declaraban satisfechos con los servicios sanitarios, valor similar al de la región de ALC (48.2%) y muy inferior al de la OCDE (70.7%). La pandemia afectó en particular a la educación ya que, entre marzo de 2020 y mayo de 2021, las escuelas han estado totalmente cerradas durante 33 semanas, frente a 26 semanas en la región de ALC y 15 semanas en la OCDE. Los niños y sus familias sufrieron en consecuencia, debido a la interrupción de la educación y al aumento de la carga del cuidado infantil, sobre todo teniendo en cuenta que solo el 40.7% de la población tenía acceso a Internet en 2019.
The crisis hit Guatemala’s economy hard. In 2020, gross domestic product (GDP) contracted annually by 1.5%. The economic downturn has increased extreme poverty by more than three percentage points, reaching 18.7% in 2020, while the poverty rate remained relatively stable at 50.9%, based on latest international comparable estimations. Before the crisis, Guatemala’s public expenditures on health stood at 5.8% of GDP, almost unchanged over a decade, compared to the averages of 6.8% in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region and 8.8% in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. In 2020, 56.0% of people in Guatemala declared being satisfied with health care, a proportion similar to LAC (48.2%) and much lower than the OECD (70.7%). The pandemic particularly affected education. Between March 2020 and May 2021, schools were fully closed for 33 weeks, compared to 26 weeks in LAC and 15 weeks in the OECD. Both children and families suffered a lot as a result, due to the disruption of education and the increased burden of childcare, especially considering that only 40.7% of the population had Internet access, in 2019.
For many private sector actors, especially micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs), it remains challenging to understand how the impacts of climate change may influence their business profitability and continuity over time, and how they can manage climate risks. This working paper explores how governments and development co-operation providers can further engage with the private sector to address these challenges and strengthen its resilience to the negative impacts of climate change. The paper focuses on different roles of the private sector in strengthening climate resilience. It then examines how governments and development co-operation can foster such roles through enhancing domestic institutions and networks, policy frameworks, climate and weather data and information, and financing mechanisms. The proposed actions draw from the experiences of three case studies: Guatemala, the Philippines and Senegal.
This report compiles comparable tax revenue statistics over the period 1990-2019 for 27 Latin American and Caribbean economies. Based on the OECD Revenue Statistics database, it applies the OECD methodology to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to enable comparison of tax levels and tax structures on a consistent basis, both among the economies of the region and with other economies. This publication is jointly undertaken by the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, the OECD Development Centre, the Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations (CIAT), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). The 2021 edition is produced with the support of the EU Regional Facility for Development in Transition for Latin America and the Caribbean, which results from joint work led by the European Union, the OECD and its Development Centre, and ECLAC.
México sigue superando a América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) con respecto a la configuración de una sociedad y economía digitales incluyentes. El país se ha esforzado para mejorar el acceso digital de todos sus ciudadanos. En la última década, ha aumentado el número de usuarios de Internet y de suscripciones a servicios de banda ancha móvil activa y fija. México ascendió en el Índice de desarrollo de gobierno electrónico del 0.59 en 2008 al 0.68 en 2018, una evolución superior al promedio de ALC, pero inferior al promedio de la OCDE.
A terceira edição do Panorama das Administrações Públicas: América Latina e Caribe contém as evidências disponíveis mais atualizadas sobre as administrações públicas e seu desempenho na ALC, comparando-as aos países da OCDE. Esta publicação inclui indicadores sobre finanças públicas e economia, emprego público, centros de governo, governança regulatória, dados abertos governamentais, integridade do setor público, aquisições públicas e, pela primeira vez, sobre os resultados centrais dos governos (p.ex., confiança nas instituições, redução da desigualdade). Os indicadores de governança são especialmente úteis para monitorar e comparar o desempenho dos governos nas suas reformas da administração pública. Cada indicador é apresentado em formato acessível para o leitor, e consiste em figuras ou quadros que ilustram as variações nos países e ao longo do tempo, análises descritivas breves, enfatizando os temas principais em cada área, e uma seção metodológica com a definição do indicador bem como qualquer limitação na comparabilidade dos dados.
Guatemala continues to progress in enhancing digital access and use for all. The share of Internet users increased from 8.3% in 2008 to 65.0% in 2018, which is above the current Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) average (62.9%). Active mobile broadband subscriptions also increased but are below the LAC and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) averages. The country has made progress in enhancing trust in the digital ecosystem, as seen by improvement in perceived trust in online privacy and in the Global Cybersecurity Index. In particular, the Global Cybersecurity Index increased from 0.21 in 2016 to 0.25 in 2018, but remains below LAC (0.43) and OECD (0.79) averages.