Indonesia
This document sets out a new method for assessing the implications of public expenditure cuts for income distribution. The instrument is a social accounting matrix providing the appropriate conceptual framework for estimating all the direct and indirect effects of changes in any given category of public expenditure (e.g. agricultural investment or education spending). By using this matrix it is possible to calculate the upstream effects of an adjustment measure on income distribution. It shows, for instance, that a decline in agricultural investment reduces employment and wages in the building sector. Similarly, a fall in education spending depresses the incomes of the skilled dependent labour force. The downstream effects have also been estimated: in the case of education this means cutbacks in free services to families and so a fall in their incomes.
This method has been applied to Indonesia in 1984-88 by comparing the observed effects of lower public spending due to structural ...
After rice, maize is the second most important staple food in Indonesia, and is cultivated under a diversity of agro-ecological conditions. While food accounts for more than half total maize utilisation, demand for maize as livestock feed - particularly for poultry - has been growing rapidly in recent years. The Indonesian Development Plan sets production targets for maize for different regions, according to different technological "packages" in terms of the type of seed used and level of other inputs. Although the recommended technology packages imply wider diffusion of improved seed, only a small share of the total area cultivated is sown to hybrids and the commercial seeds industry is only just emerging.
Unlike rice and soybean, maize is not a major focus of policy intervention. Nevertheless, farm revenue in maize production has been increasing despite growing production costs per hectare. Given the high price of hybrids compared to open-pollinated varieties so far obtained ...
Foreign borrowing as a source of additional savings can be valuable to a nation whose supply of long-term investment funds is scarce, relative to the amount of its productive investment opportunities. Indonesia is an example of such a country. It has abundant investment opportunities, but because of a limited capital market has financed many of its development projects from international sources. It has maintained a policy of restricting foreign commercial borrowing while maximizing the share of funds from multilateral and bilateral sources at preferential terms.
At the end of 1986, Indonesia's total outstanding external debt was estimated at $43.5 billion, 43 per cent of which was denominated in US dollars, and 22 per cent in Japanese yen. The current rates of public foreign debt services to exports is in the 30 per cent range and the rates of total foreign debt service to exports is in the 40 per cent range.
Since 1984, the co-ordination of debt management and trade ...
Like most petroleum producing countries, Indonesia experienced a sharp deterioration in its export conditions during the early 1980s. Given the country's heavy reliance on oil taxation and relatively low per capita income, this exogenous shock seriously disrupted development plans and induced extensive structural adjustments in the economy. Indonesia has taken greater initiative than some to stabilize its economy and reduce the distortionary threat of expansionist policies inherited from the oil boom. Its success in this regard was due to an eventual willingness to implement voluntary stabilization and relatively favorable credit rating. In this study, a calibrated intertemporal general equilibrium model is used to evaluate the Indonesian adjustment policy of the period 1980-86 with particular attention to the growth and distributional implications of adjustment. The findings of this report indicate that more efficacious policies could have been implemented. These policies would ...
Lorsqu'ils fixent les priorités des dépenses publiques dans les secteurs de l'éducation et de la santé, les gouvernements des pays en développement optent trop souvent pour des programmes coûteux qui ne bénéficient qu'à des segments spécifiques de la population et, en général, pas aux pauvres. C'est le cas en particulier de certains hôpitaux urbains et des universités. En revanche, les pauvres tirent davantage profit des dépenses consacrées à des programmes à vocation universelle, comme la construction de dispensaires ou d'écoles maternelles et primaires en milieux rural et urbain. Cet ouvrage plaide pour une réorientation des politiques en faveur de dépenses publiques de santé et d'éducation favorables aux pauvres.
When setting spending priorities in education and health, countries all too often target expensive schemes which can be shown only to benefit specific sections of the population, often the non-poor. The building of certain urban hospitals and universities may fall into this category. Wherever expenditure is directed to universal schemes, such as establishing rural and urban clinics, kindergartens and primary schools, however, the poor can be shown to benefit more. This book pleads for a series of policy orientations leading towards pro-poor health and education spending.
Earthquakes and other natural disasters are unpredictable, and often deadly. In developed and developing countries alike, the cost in human life and infrastructure is very high. The danger to schools is of particular concern, given the concentration of young people attending them, and schools' broader role in communities -- not the least of which is their common use as places of refuge after an earthquake or other disaster.
Les tremblements de terre et autres désastres naturels sont imprévisibles et souvent mortels. Ils entraînent des coûts élevés, tant dans les pays développés que dans les pays en développement, sur le plan humain comme au niveau des infrastructures. Le danger couru par les établissements d'enseignement est particulièrement préoccupant étant donné la concentration de jeunes occupants qu'ils abritent et le rôle élargi qu'ils jouent au niveau de la communauté. Ils sont en particulier communément utilisés comme lieux de refuge après un tremblement de terre ou un autre désastre.
Between 1995 and 2002, development in Indonesia was dominated by the Asian economic crisis of 1997 and an ensuing national political crisis. However, growth in real GDP per capita was substantial before the crisis and income per capita rebounded by 2000 and began increasing again. Still, Indonesia has the second-lowest income per person among WEI countries at less than one-half of the group average. Despite the crises, poverty reduction has been considerable with extreme poverty falling from 21.0 to 6.7 per cent between 1990 and 2000. These data imply that the UN Millennium Development...
Indonesia is located at the convergence of three major tectonic plates, namely the Eurasian, the Indo-Australian and the Pacific plates. This situation generates thousands of earthquakes every year, most of which are potentially destructive.
Following the financial crisis of 1997-98, Indonesia learned many lessons dealing with insolvency resolution in the financial industry and in other commercial companies. How to treat failing companies without creating distortions in the financial system became the art of crisis management in Indonesia.
This chapter discusses the Indonesian experience with inflation targeting (IT). The author emphasises rapid structural changes in post-crisis Indonesia as an important feature of the country’s monetary regime. The need to deal with fiscal dominance and relatively shallow financial markets are additional important challenges for the monetary authorities, especially against a backdrop of exchange-rate volatility and sudden shifts in capital inflows. The author argues that, due to these characteristics of the Indonesian regime, policy co-ordination between the monetary authorities and the government at large needs to be enhanced. This co-ordination is particularly important to minimise the inflationary pressures associated with a large share of administered prices (which are set by the government) in the consumer price index and volatile food prices.
Belarus
Act on the Use of Atomic Energy (2008)
France
Safety guideline on final disposal of radioactive waste in a deep geological repository (2008)
Decree concerning the procedures applicable to foreign spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste reprocessing (2008)
Germany
Amendment to the 1986 Act on Preventive Protection of the Public Against Radiation (2008)
Order on the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail (2008)
Act on the 2004 Protocols to Amend the Paris Convention and the Brussels Supplementary Convention;
Act to Amend the Atomic Energy Act (2008)
Hungary
Energy Policy 2007-2020 Framework Strategy (2008)
Indonesia
Regulation on licensing of uses of ionizing radiation sources and nuclear materials (2008)
Italy
Implementing law on urgent provisions for economic development etc. (2008)
Montenegro
Law on the Environment (2008)
Romania
Decision on the organisational structure of the Nuclear Agency (2008)
Decision on the selection of the investors of Units 3 and 4 of Cernavoda NPP (2008)
Consolidated version the Civil Protection Law (2008)
National strategy for preventing emergency situations (2008)
National strategy for information sharing and communication in the event of an emergency (2008)
Russian Federation
Decree transferring responsibilities to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology (2008)
Slovak Republic
Transposition of Council Directive 2006/117/Euratom (2008)
Ukraine
Decree creating the state enterprise “Nuclear Fuel” (2008)
Amendment to the law on radioactive waste management (2008)
United Kingdom
New Ministry for Energy and Climate Change (2008)
United States
Next generation nuclear plant licensing strategy (2008)
Public health and environmental radiation protection standards for Yucca Mountain, Nevada (2008)
Inflation adjustment to the Price-Anderson Act (2008)
Labour productivity, capital accumulation, and GDP per capita appears in OECD Economic Surveys: South Africa: Economic Assessment.