Estonia
Estonia is well endowed with fossil fuels mainly in the form of oil shale. Oil shale was historically the source of electricity, supplying around 80% of the electricity consumed in Estonia in 2018. The use of oil shale has been decreasing, dropping to 49% in 2021. Meanwhile, the use of renewable energy sources have been increasing mainly in the form of biomass, wind energy and solar PV. The oil shale based electricity production has undergone major changes with opening of the new Auvere Power Plant in 2018 and the closing of old ones. Estonia imports most of the natural gas and petroleum products it consumes. Imported natural gas is mainly used for the purposes of heat generation in district heating and industrial boilers.
This note provides an overview of Estonia’s digital education ecosystem, including the digital tools for system and institutional management and digital resources for teaching and learning that are publicly provided to schools and educational stakeholders. The note outlines how public responsibilities for the governance of digital education are divided and examines how Estonia supports the equitable and effective access to and use of digital technology and data in education. This includes through practices and policies on procurement, interoperability, data privacy and regulation, and digital competencies. Finally, the note discusses how Estonia engages in any initiatives, including with the EdTech sector, to drive innovation and research and development towards an effective digital ecosystem.
Estonia can legally issue the following two types of rulings within the scope of the transparency framework: (i) permanent establishment rulings and (ii) related party conduit rulings.
This country profile benchmarks recent trends in entrepreneurship and self-employment for women, youth, seniors and immigrants in Estonia relative to the average for the European Union. It also presents new policy developments and topical policy issues related to inclusive entrepreneurship.
Government action plays a pivotal role in ensuring secure and sustainable energy transitions and combatting the climate crisis. Energy policy is critical not just for the energy sector but also for meeting environmental, economic and social goals. Governments need to respond to their country’s specific needs, adapt to regional contexts and help address global challenges. In this context, the International Energy Agency (IEA) conducts Energy Policy Reviews to support governments in developing more impactful energy and climate policies.
This Energy Policy Review was prepared in partnership between the Government of Estonia and the IEA. It draws on the IEA's extensive knowledge and the inputs of expert peers from IEA member countries to assess Estonia’s most pressing energy sector challenges and provide recommendations on how to address them, backed by international best practices. The report also highlights areas where Estonia’s leadership can serve as an example in promoting secure clean energy transitions. It also promotes the exchange of best practices among countries to foster learning, build consensus and strengthen political will for a sustainable and affordable clean energy future.
En 2021, l’Estonie a accueilli 37 000 nouveaux immigrés à long terme ou permanents (y compris les changements de statut et la libre circulation), soit 41 % de plus qu’en 2020. Ce chiffre comprend 11 % d’immigrés admis au titre de la libre circulation, 81 % de migrants de travail, 7.8 % de membres de la famille (y compris la famille accompagnante) et 0.1 % de migrants humanitaires. Environ 1 200 permis ont été délivrés à des étudiants en mobilité internationale dans l’enseignement supérieur et 5 100 à des travailleurs migrants temporaires et saisonniers (à l’exclusion de la migration intra-UE). Par ailleurs, 2 600 détachements intra-UE ont été enregistrés en 2021, soit une baisse de ‑6 % par rapport à 2020. Ces travailleurs détachés ont généralement des contrats de courte durée.
In 2021, Estonia received 37 000 new immigrants on a long-term or permanent basis (including changes of status and free mobility), 41% more than in 2020. This figure comprises 11% immigrants benefitting from free mobility, 81% labour migrants, 7.8% family members (including accompanying family) and 0.1% humanitarian migrants. Around 1 200 permits were issued to tertiary-level international students and 5 100 to temporary and seasonal labour migrants (excluding intra-EU migration). In addition, 2 600 intra-EU postings were recorded in 2021, a ‑6% decrease compared to 2020. These posted workers are generally on short-term contracts.
This country note provides an overview of the key characteristics of the education system in Estonia. It draws on data from Education at a Glance 2023. In line with the thematic focus of this year’s Education at a Glance, it emphasises vocational education and training (VET), while also covering other parts of the education system. Data in this note are provided for the latest available year. Readers interested in the reference years for the data are referred to the corresponding tables in Education at a Glance 2023.