Estonia
La réforme des activités d'enseignement et de formation ainsi que la valorisation des ressources humaines font partie intégrante de la transition vers la démocratie et l'économie de marché. L'Estonie a réalisé des progrès dans tous ces domaines depuis le début des réformes en 1990. Tout le problème pour le ministère de l'Education a été de promouvoir et de favoriser des réformes propres à répondre aux besoins d’une économie et d’une société nouvelles ainsi qu'aux intérêts de tous les jeunes et adultes, malgré la pénurie de ressources financières et humaines. Cet ouvrage donne un aperçu général des questions régionales, fait l'historique du système éducatif en Estonie et décrit l'évolution de l'éducation dans ce pays depuis les changements politiques. Il présente ensuite une analyse du système éducatif tout entier et signale les principales orientations à suivre pour renforcer les réformes compte tenu des difficultés auxquelles ont dû faire face les décideurs, les collectivités, les entreprises, les éducateurs, les parents et les élèves dans un environnement en pleine mutation. En conclusion, il comprend une série de recommandations essentielles qui concernent les objectifs de l'éducation, l'efficacité des apprentissages, les débouchés et les programmes d'enseignement, la gestion et la gouvernance dans un souci de flexibilité, d'adaptabilité et d'évolution, et, enfin, les ressources et le financement. Cet examen sera d'une très grande utilité aux spécialistes estoniens ainsi qu'à leurs homologues internationaux.
OECD's 2001 review of Estonia's education system. Reform of education, training and human resource development is an integral part of the transition to a democratic society and market economy. This report finds that Estonia has made progress in all these areas since reform began in 1990. The challenge for the Ministry of Education has been to promote and support changes that meet the needs of the new economy and society as well as the interests of all young people and adults, in the face of a shortage of financial and human resources. This book first gives a brief overview of regional issues and a history of education in Estonia and describes the development of education in the country since the political changes. It then presents an analysis of the entire education system and identifies key directions for the reinforcement of the reforms in light of the challenges encountered by officials, communities, enterprises, educators, parents and students under very dynamic conditions. It concludes with a set of key recommendations of goals of education, learning effectiveness, outcomes and the curriculum, management and governance for flexibility, responsiveness and change, and resources and financing.
Creating favourable conditions for FDI and openness to foreign trade have been key elements of Estonia’s economic strategy. Estonia has been included in the first wave of accession of new Members to the European Union and it joined the World Trade Organisation in 2000. The revamping of the old regime and privatisation are practically complete, and special attention is being given to reducing bureaucracy and regulation further. Very few restrictions to FDI remain. Estonia now faces the challenge of keeping up with the competition and catching up with the richer nations. On 26 July 2001, Estonia became eligible for adherence to the OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises. This will help to consolidate Estonia's recent achievements and further expand its economic relations with OECD countries and other adherents to the Declaration.
In accordance with decisions made by the FDI, the OECD has initiated surveys on fiscal decentralisation for the purpose of providing international comparisons on the design of fiscal systems across levels of government. The FDI is a joint initiative of the OECD, the World Bank, USAID, the Council of Europe, The Open Society Institute, UNDP and OECD Member countries to assist transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe in carrying out intergovernmental reforms. In 2000 the surveys took place in six countries: three OECD Member countries, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland, and the three Baltic States, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In "Fiscal Design Surveys across Levels of Government" OECD Tax Policy Studies, no 7, 2001, the overall concept of the surveys and the comparative results for the six countries are brought. The full country reports are available through www.OECD-iLibrary.org, and the internet site of the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, www.oecd.org/daf/fa
Depuis qu’elle a recouvré son indépendance, en 1991, l’Estonie a connu une remarquable transformation économique. Fin 2000, elle avait reçu environ 2.65 milliards de dollars d’IDE en provenance des pays européens et des Etats-Unis, et investi quelque 443 millions de dollars dans les autres pays baltes. L’IDE a financé des investissements nouveaux, des fusions-acquisitions et la privatisation d’entreprises d’Etat. L’instauration de conditions propices à l’IDE et l’ouverture aux échanges sont les éléments clés de la stratégie économique de l’Estonie. L’Estonie a été incluse dans le premier cercle des pays candidats à l’entrée dans l’UE, et a adhéré à l’Organisation mondiale du commerce le 13 novembre 2001. La refonte de l’ancien régime et la privatisation sont pratiquement achevées, et les autorités s’efforcent tout particulièrement de réduire la bureaucratie et d’améliorer encore la réglementation. Il subsiste très peu de restrictions à l’encontre de l’IDE. L’Estonie doit maintenant relever le défi de la concurrence et rattraper les nations plus prospères. Le 26 juillet 2001, l’Estonie a été admise à adhérer à la Déclaration de l’OCDE sur l’investissement international et les entreprises multinationales. Cela contribuera sans aucun doute à consolider les avancées récentes de l’Estonie et à développer encore ses relations économiques avec les pays de l’OCDE et les autres adhérents à la Déclaration.
This conference proceedings takes a detailed look at the outlook for the dairy industry in the Baltics. It finds that intense competition for raw material, changing consumer demand and internationalisation are potent forces shaping the global dairy industry today and that impending EU accession offers the Baltic countries a unique window of opportunity to accelerate consolidation and to create a more economically viable and sustainable dairy sector.
This review analyses the key issues facing each of the Baltic States - Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania - given its specific economic and social trends. It provides detailed information and policy recommendations in five topical areas: labour law; "active" and "passive" labour market policies; pension reform; long-term care of the elderly; and social assistance benefits as a last resort. This publication is part of the OECD’s ongoing co-operation with non-member economies around the world.
Estonia has enjoyed five consecutive years of economic growth. Supported by improving demand for Estonian export and continuously strong domestic demand the real GDP growth accelerated from 5.2% in 2003 to an estimated 6% in 2004.
In many OECD countries, tertiary education systems have experienced rapid growth over the last decade. With tertiary education increasingly seen as a fundamental pillar for economic growth, these systems must now address the pressures of a globalising economy and labour market. Within governance frameworks that encourage institutions, individually and collectively, to fulfil multiple missions, tertiary education systems must aim for the broad objectives of growth, full employment and social cohesion.
In this context, the OECD launched a major review of tertiary education with the participation of 24 nations. The principal objective of the review is to assist countries in understanding how the organisation, management and delivery of tertiary education can help them achieve their economic and social goals. Estonia is one of 14 countries which opted to host a Country Review, in which a team of external reviewers carried out an in-depth analysis of tertiary education policies. This report includes:
- an overview of Estonia's tertiary education system;
- an account of trends and developments in tertiary education in Estonia;
- an analysis of the strengths and challenges in tertiary education in Estonia; and
- recommendations for future policy development.
This review of tertiary education in Estonia forms part of the OECD Thematic Review of Tertiary Education, a project conducted between 2004 and 2008.
Since independence, Estonia has been at the forefront of institutional reform in the area of financial management. Budget formulation is divided into two distinct stages: strategic planning and preparation of the annual budget that is submitted to Parliament. This article describes key characteristics of budgeting in Estonia, including the development of the State Budget Strategy, the parliamentary process, the organisation of budget execution, and systems for accounting and auditing.